Top 8 How Many Degrees Fahrenheit Is 120 Degrees Celsius The 106 Correct Answer

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Answer: 120° Celsius is equal to 248° Fahrenheit.212 degrees Fahrenheit equals 100 degrees Celsius!One was the “use temperature” and the other was “the maximum temperature” to prevent scalding. It’s generally agreed that 120 degrees Fahrenheit is the maximum safe hot water temperature that should be delivered from a fixture.

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Chart

Celsius	Fahrenheit
70°C	158°F
80°C	176°F
90°C	194°F
100°C	212°F

Contents

Is 100 degrees Celsius the same as 212 degrees Fahrenheit?

212 degrees Fahrenheit equals 100 degrees Celsius!

Is 120 Fahrenheit cold or hot?

One was the “use temperature” and the other was “the maximum temperature” to prevent scalding. It’s generally agreed that 120 degrees Fahrenheit is the maximum safe hot water temperature that should be delivered from a fixture.

What is 100 degrees Celsius turned into Fahrenheit?

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Chart

Celsius	Fahrenheit
70°C	158°F
80°C	176°F
90°C	194°F
100°C	212°F

What is 180 Celsius in Fahrenheit for baking?

Answer: 180° Celsius is equal to 356° Fahrenheit.

What temp is 200 Fahrenheit in Celsius?

How much is 200 degrees Fahrenheit in Celsius? 200°F = 93.33 °C.

Is 37.0 a normal temp?

The average normal body temperature is generally accepted as 98.6°F (37°C). Some studies have shown that the “normal” body temperature can have a wide range, from 97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C). A temperature over 100.4°F (38°C) most often means you have a fever caused by an infection or illness.

How hot is shower water?

Studies have found that the average water temperature for a person’s shower is 105 degrees Fahrenheit. While a nice hot shower can offer many benefits, turning your water down a few degrees can also bring about several advantages.

How hot is too hot for a bath?

Safety Rules For Hot Tubs

Hot tub water temperatures should never exceed 104 degrees Fahrenheit. A temperature of 100 degrees is considered safe for a healthy adult.

What does 120 Fahrenheit mean?

The temperature in degrees Celsius equivalent to 120 degrees Fahrenheit is 48.89 °C.

Is 99 a fever?

An adult probably has a fever when the temperature is above 99°F to 99.5°F (37.2°C to 37.5°C), depending on the time of day.

Is 99.0 normal for adults?

“Typically anything in the range of 97 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit is considered normal,” says Dr. Ford. “But there are times when a perfectly healthy person might have a body temperature that’s slightly higher or slightly lower than that.”

IS 100 C hot or cold?

Temperature

Temperature °C	What might be at this temperature	How it feels
50		Extremely hot
60	Washing machine setting for hot wash	Too hot to live in
90	Washing machine setting for hottest wash	Too hot to live in
100	Water boils in the kettle

What temp is 220 c?

Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit	Celsius	Terminology
350 degrees F	177 degrees C	Moderate
375 degrees F	190 degrees C	Moderate
400 degrees F	200 degrees C	Moderately Hot
425 degrees F	220 degrees C	Hot

IS 180 c the same as 350 F?

A moderate oven temperature is often a range of 180 to 190 C (350–375 F), and a hot temperature is above 200–230 C (400–450 F).

What temperature in Celsius is 375 Fahrenheit?

375 degrees Fahrenheit equals 190.56 degrees Celsius!

What is the answer of 212 F?

The boiling point of water is 212 degrees Fahrenheit and 212 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 100 degree Celsius.

What would happen if boiling water is Measure 100 in Celsius or 212 in Fahrenheit?

At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F). At higher altitudes the temperature of the boiling point is lower. See also vaporization.

What is the boiling point of 212 Fahrenheit?

Summary: The Boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius and 212 degrees Fahrenheit.

On which temperature scale is 212 degrees the boiling point of water?

Water boils at 212° on the Fahrenheit scale, so a measurement of 132° on a Fahrenheit scale is legitimate for hot (but non-boiling) water.

Temperature Conversion Trick (Celsius to Fahrenheit) | Don’t Memorise

What is 120 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit? [Solved]

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What is 120 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit? [Solved]

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Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for 212 f to c | 212 Fahrenheit to Celsius | [+ Examples] Updating The answer to 212°F to C. This calculator will help you know how hot or cold 212F is in Celcius. The F to C formula is (F − 32) × 5/9.
Table of Contents:

How To Convert 212 F to C

Frequently asked questions about converting 212 Fahrenheit into Celsius

For Celsius Conversions

Common F and C Temperature Table

Oven temperature chart

DANGEROUS ANIMALS

212 Fahrenheit to Celsius

The answer is: 100 degrees Celsius or 100° C

Let’s look into the conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius scales in detail.

Calculate 212° Fahrenheit to Celsius (212F to °C) Fahrenheit Celsius 212 Degrees Fahrenheit = 100 Degrees Celsius

Temperatures, across the world, are measured either in Fahrenheit(the US temperature scale) or Celsius(the metric scale), two of the most popular and widely used scales.

Temperature Conversion – Degrees Fahrenheit into Degrees Celsius

Fahrenheit to celsius conversion formula is all about converting the temperature denoting in Fahrenheit to Celsius. As mentioned earlier, the temperature of boiling (hot) water in Celsius is 0 degrees and in Fahrenheit is 21 degrees, the formula to convert F to C is

°C = (°F − 32) x 5/9

The math is here is fairly simple, and can be easily understood by an example. Let’s say we need to 212 Fahrenheit to Celsius

How To Convert 212 F to C?

To convert 212 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, all one needs is to put in the values in the converter equation-

°C = (°F − 32) x 5/9

C = 100 degrees

Thus, after applying the formula to convert 212 Fahrenheit to Celsius, the answer is –

212°F = 100°C

or

212 degrees Fahrenheit equals 100 degrees Celsius!

Frequently asked questions about converting 212 Fahrenheit into Celsius

How much is 212 degrees Fahrenheit in Celsius?

212F to C = 100 °C

How to Convert From Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit – Quick and Easy Method

How to Convert From Fahrenheit to C… To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video How to Convert From Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit

What is the formula to calculate Fahrenheit to Celsius?

The F to C formula is

(F − 32) × 5/9 = C

When we enter 212 for F in the formula, we get

(212 − 32) × 5/9 = 100 C

To be able to solve the (212 − 32) × 5/9 equation, we first subtract 32 from 212, then we multiply the difference by 5, and then finally we divide the product by 9 to get the answer in Celsius.

What is the simplest way of converting Fahrenheit into Celsius?

The boiling temperature of water in Fahrenheit is 21 and 0 in Celsius. So, the simplest formula to calculate the difference is

C = (F − 32) × 5/9

For converting Fahrenheit into Celsius, you can use this formula – Fahrenheit Temperature – 32/ 2 = Celsius Temperature.

But this is not the only formula that is used for the conversion as some people believe it doesn’t give out the exact number.

One another formula that is believed to be equally easy and quick is

(°F – 32) x .5556

While there are other temperature units like Kelvin, Réaumur, and Rankine as well, Degree Celsius and Degree Fahrenheit are the most commonly used.

While Fahrenheit is primarily used in the US and its territories, Celsius has gained more popularity in the rest of the world. For those using these two different scales, the numbers that denote that temperature are quite different.

For example, water freezes at Zero Degree Celsius and boils at 100 degrees, the readings are 32-degree Fahrenheit as the freezing point of water and 212 degrees for boiling.

For Celsius Conversions

For Celsius conversion, all you need to do is start with the temperature in Celsius. Subtract 30 from the resultant figure, and finally, divide your answer by 2!

Common F and C Temperature Table

°C °F What it represents? -40 -40 Celsius equals Fahrenheit. It represents extreme cold day −18 0 Represents an average cold winter day. 0 32 Represents freezing point of water. 10 50 Represents a pleasant cool day. 21 70 Represents a typical room temperature. 58 136 Represents the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth. -88 -126 Represents the lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth. 15 59 Represents surface temperature of Earth. 30 86 Represents a hot day. 37 98.6 Represents a normal body temperature. 40 104 Represents a hot shower temperature. 100 212 Represents boiling point of water 180 356 Represents baking temperature in an oven. *Bold temperatures are exact in values. Other temperatures are rounded to the nearest degree.

Key Inferences about Fahrenheit and Celsius

Celsius and Fahrenheit are commonly misspelled as Celcius and Farenheit.

The formula to find a Celsius temperature from Fahrenheit is: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32

The formula to find a Fahrenheit temperature from Celsius is: °°C = (°F – 32) × 5/9

The two temperature scales are equal at -40°.

Oven temperature chart

Fahrenheit Celsius Gas Mark Warm or Not? 275° F 140° C 1 Very Cool or Very Slow 300° F 150° C 2 Cool or Slow 325° F 165° C 3 Warm 350° F 177° C 4 Moderate 375° F 190° C 5 Moderate 400° F 200° C 6 Moderately Hot 425° F 220° C 7 Hot 450° F 230° C 8 Hot 475° F 245° C 9 Hot 500° F 260° C 10 Very Hot

History of The Two Most Popular Temperature Units

The Fahrenheit temperature scale is named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724 and was originally used for temperature measurement through mercury thermometers that he invented himself.

Meanwhile, the Celsius scale was originally called centigrade but later came to be named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius in 1742. But when the scale was first introduced, it was quite the reverse of what it is today. Anders labeled 0 Degree Celsius as the boiling point of water, while 100 denoted the freezing point.

However, after Celsius passed away, Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus flipped it to the opposite, the same as it is used today.

Our Take

While this is the formula that is used for the conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius, there are few diversions and it is not always a perfect conversion either making it slightly more difficult than what appears to be.

All said and done, one must understand that since both the scales are offset, meaning that neither of them is defined as starting from zero, there comes a slightly complicated angle to the above-mentioned formula.

Besides, the two scales do not start with a zero, and they both add a different additional value for every unit of heat. This is why it is not every time possible to get an exact value of the conversion by applying the formula.

Reverse Conversion: Celsius to Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit Celsius 212.01 °F 100.01 °C 212.02 °F 100.01 °C 212.03 °F 100.02 °C 212.04 °F 100.02 °C 212.05 °F 100.03 °C 212.06 °F 100.03 °C 212.07 °F 100.04 °C 212.08 °F 100.04 °C 212.09 °F 100.05 °C 212.1 °F 100.06 °C 212.11 °F 100.06 °C 212.12 °F 100.07 °C 212.13 °F 100.07 °C 212.14 °F 100.08 °C 212.15 °F 100.08 °C 212.16 °F 100.09 °C 212.17 °F 100.09 °C 212.18 °F 100.1 °C 212.19 °F 100.11 °C 212.2 °F 100.11 °C 212.21 °F 100.12 °C 212.22 °F 100.12 °C 212.23 °F 100.13 °C 212.24 °F 100.13 °C Fahrenheit Celsius 212.25 °F 100.14 °C 212.26 °F 100.14 °C 212.27 °F 100.15 °C 212.28 °F 100.16 °C 212.29 °F 100.16 °C 212.3 °F 100.17 °C 212.31 °F 100.17 °C 212.32 °F 100.18 °C 212.33 °F 100.18 °C 212.34 °F 100.19 °C 212.35 °F 100.19 °C 212.36 °F 100.2 °C 212.37 °F 100.21 °C 212.38 °F 100.21 °C 212.39 °F 100.22 °C 212.4 °F 100.22 °C 212.41 °F 100.23 °C 212.42 °F 100.23 °C 212.43 °F 100.24 °C 212.44 °F 100.24 °C 212.45 °F 100.25 °C 212.46 °F 100.26 °C 212.47 °F 100.26 °C 212.48 °F 100.27 °C 212.49 °F 100.27 °C Fahrenheit Celsius 212.5 °F 100.28 °C 212.51 °F 100.28 °C 212.52 °F 100.29 °C 212.53 °F 100.29 °C 212.54 °F 100.3 °C 212.55 °F 100.31 °C 212.56 °F 100.31 °C 212.57 °F 100.32 °C 212.58 °F 100.32 °C 212.59 °F 100.33 °C 212.6 °F 100.33 °C 212.61 °F 100.34 °C 212.62 °F 100.34 °C 212.63 °F 100.35 °C 212.64 °F 100.36 °C 212.65 °F 100.36 °C 212.66 °F 100.37 °C 212.67 °F 100.37 °C 212.68 °F 100.38 °C 212.69 °F 100.38 °C 212.7 °F 100.39 °C 212.71 °F 100.39 °C 212.72 °F 100.4 °C 212.73 °F 100.41 °C 212.74 °F 100.41 °C Fahrenheit Celsius 212.75 °F 100.42 °C 212.76 °F 100.42 °C 212.77 °F 100.43 °C 212.78 °F 100.43 °C 212.79 °F 100.44 °C 212.8 °F 100.44 °C 212.81 °F 100.45 °C 212.82 °F 100.46 °C 212.83 °F 100.46 °C 212.84 °F 100.47 °C 212.85 °F 100.47 °C 212.86 °F 100.48 °C 212.87 °F 100.48 °C 212.88 °F 100.49 °C 212.89 °F 100.49 °C 212.9 °F 100.5 °C 212.91 °F 100.51 °C 212.92 °F 100.51 °C 212.93 °F 100.52 °C 212.94 °F 100.52 °C 212.95 °F 100.53 °C 212.96 °F 100.53 °C 212.97 °F 100.54 °C 212.98 °F 100.54 °C 212.99 °F 100.55 °C

EXAMPLE °F TO °C CONVERSIONS

What are safe hot water temperatures?

I am often asked, “What is a safe hot water temperature for domestic hot water?” If you read the model codes, it states the maximum hot water temperature for a shower or bathtub is 120 degrees Fahrenheit. If you read the warning labels on the side of most water heaters the maximum hot water temperature is 120 degrees Fahrenheit on some labels and 125 degrees Fahrenheit on other labels. The 125 degree limit probably allows for some temperature loss before the hot water gets to the fixtures. Most water heater literature and warning labels mention the availability of thermostatic mixing valves or automatic temperature compensating valves and they recommend their use. If you look at many of the industry standards for shower mixing valves, they state the valves must have limit stops that are adjustable to limit the maximum hot water temperature to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The testing in the standards gives test criteria for testing the shower valves to these limits.

I have served on the working groups for several plumbing industry standards committees for temperature actuated mixing valves and shower valves and it is generally agreed that 120 degrees is the maximum, safe hot water temperature. I also have served on hot water system design standards committees where the participants had agreed that maximum domestic hot water temperature from plumbing fixtures used for bathing and washing purposes should be 120 degrees Fahrenheit. There were a few exceptions for bidets, sitz baths and whirlpool tubs that had temperatures lower than 120 degrees Fahrenheit for the recommended maximum temperatures to prevent scalding. It also should be noted that some other uses like commercial dishwashers and laundries may need temperatures higher than 120 degrees Fahrenheit. There were two temperatures discussed for each fixture during the design standard meetings. One was the “use temperature” and the other was “the maximum temperature” to prevent scalding.

It’s generally agreed that 120 degrees Fahrenheit is the maximum safe hot water temperature that should be delivered from a fixture. Therefore hot water above 120 degrees Fahrenheit can be considered hazardous. Model codes address this in various code sections.

The 2009 edition of the International Plumbing Code has the following language:

2009 IPC Section 102.2 — Existing installations. Plumbing systems lawfully in existence at the time of the adoption of this code shall be permitted to have their use and maintenance continued if the use, maintenance or repair is in accordance with the original design and no hazard to life, health or property is created by such plumbing system.

2009 IPC Section 102.4 — Additions, alterations or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations or repairs to any plumbing system shall conform to that required for a new plumbing system without requiring the existing plumbing system to comply with all the requirements of this code. Additions, alterations or repairs shall not cause an existing system to become unsafe, insanitary or overloaded. Minor additions, alterations, renovations and repairs to existing plumbing systems shall meet the provisions for new construction, unless such work is done in the same manner and arrangement as was in the existing system, is not hazardous and is approved.

2009 IPC Section 424.3 — Individual shower valves. Individual shower and tub-shower combination valves shall be balanced-pressure, thermostatic or combination balanced-pressure/thermostatic valves that conform to the requirements of ASSE 1016 or ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 and shall be installed at the point of use. Shower and tub-shower combination valves required by this section shall be equipped with a means to limit the maximum setting of the valve to 120°F (49°C), which shall be field adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In-line thermostatic valves shall not be utilized for compliance with this section.

The last sentence that states “in-line devices shall not be used for compliance with this section” does not mean in-line devices should not be used, it means the in-line devices will not protect against thermal shock and an automatic temperature or pressure compensating type shower valve conforming to ASSE 1016 must still be used to protect against pressure imbalances between the hot and cold water system which can lead to thermal shock incidents. A properly designed system would have a water heater set at 140 degrees Fahrenheit followed by a master thermostatic mixing valve set at a maximum of 120 degrees Fahrenheit and compensating type shower valves conforming to ASSE 1016 or CSA B125.1 located at each shower. Each shower valve should have the maximum temperature limit stop set to a safe temperature below 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

2009 IPC Section 424.5 — Bathtub and whirlpool bathtub valves. The hot water supplied to bathtubs and whirlpool bathtubs shall be limited to a maximum temperature of 120°F (49°C) by a water-temperature limiting device that conforms to ASSE 1070 or CSA B125.3, except where such protection is otherwise provided by a combination tub/shower valve in accordance with Section 424.3.

2009 IPC Section 424.7 — Temperature-actuated, flow reduction valves for individual fixture fittings. Temperature-actuated, flow reduction devices, where installed for individual fixture fittings, shall conform to ASSE 1062. Such valves shall not be used alone as a substitute for the balanced pressure, thermostatic or combination shower valves required in Section 424.3.

The 2009 edition of the Uniform Plumbing Code Has the following Language:

2009 UPC Section 101.4.1.2 — Maintenance. The plumbing and drainage system of any premises under the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall be maintained in a sanitary and safe operating condition by the owner or the owner’s agent.

2009 UPC Section 101.4.1.3 — Existing Construction. No provision of this code shall be deemed to require a change in any portion of a plumbing or drainage system or any other work regulated by this code in or on an existing building or lot when such work was installed and is maintained in accordance with law in effect prior to the effective date of this code, except when any such plumbing or drainage system or other work regulated by this code is determined by the Authority Having Jurisdiction to be in fact dangerous, unsafe, insanitary, or a nuisance and a menace to life, health, or property.

414.5 Limitation of Hot Water in Bathtubs and Whirlpool Bathtubs. The maximum hot water temperature discharging from the bathtub and whirlpool bathtub filler shall be limited to 120ºF (49ºC) by a device that conforms to ASSE 1070 or CSA B125.3. The water heater thermostat shall not be considered a control for meeting this provision.

416.3 Limitation of Water Temperature in Bidets.

The maximum hot water temperature discharging from a bidet shall be limited to 110ºF (43ºC) by a device that conforms to ASSE 1070 or CSA B125.3. The water heater thermostat shall not be considered a control for meeting this provision.

418.0 Shower and Tub-Shower Combination Control Valves.

Showers and tub-shower combinations in buildings shall be provided with individual control valves of the pressure balance, thermostatic, or combination pressure balance/thermostatic mixing valve type that provide scald and thermal shock protection. These valves shall conform to ASSE 1016 or ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1. Gang showers, when supplied with a single temperature-controlled water supply pipe, shall be controlled by a mixing valve that conforms to ASSE 1069. Handle position stops shall be provided on such valves and shall be adjusted per the manufacturer’s instructions to deliver a maximum mixed water setting of 120°F (49°C). The water heater thermostat shall not be considered a suitable control for meeting this provision.

The codes generally agree if there is a hazardous condition or a condition that is unsafe or a nuisance to life, health and property it should be corrected. It is also generally agreed that water above 120 degrees Fahrenheit at fixtures for bathing and washing with a few exceptions for lower temperatures can be considered dangerous and proper precautions should be taken to prevent the hot water from being a scalding hazard by using the proper safety devices.

When I hear about people setting their water heater to 120 degrees Fahrenheit to prevent scalding, I know they have good intentions, but most people do not know you cannot accurately control the hot water temperature leaving a water heater with the thermostat dial.

Water Heater Thermostats Do Not Control the Water Heater Outlet Temperatures!

If you adjust the water heater thermostat for the burner or heating element on a water heater down to 120 degrees, it will not prevent scalding. Water heater thermostats cannot be relied upon to control the hot water temperature leaving a water heater. Water heater manufacturers recommend that installers set thermostats at 120 – 125 F, and most of them ship the water heaters at an even lower temperature setting. It is not possible to set a water heater thermostat at a given temperature and get a relatively constant temperature of hot water from a water heater. The thermostat can not accurately control the water heater outlet temperature with a water heater thermostat.

My experience has been that not many people know that water heater thermostats cannot control the outlet temperature of a water heater. This warrants an explanation of how a water heater thermostat works so everyone understands the dial on the water heater does not have the accuracy to control the outlet temperature of storage type heater.

Water heater thermostats do not provide precise temperature controls for hot water systems. For example: the thermostat dial calibration test of ANSI Z21.10.1-1998, which is the applicable standard for gas-fired water heaters, allows the temperature to vary 10 degrees above or below the thermostat setting. I have talked to water heater manufacturers that have indicated that the controls can vary as much as 15 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit above or below the set point of the thermostat. From my experience, I have recorded the temperature leaving the top portion of a water heater over a long period of time during intermittent uses and saw temperature swings over 40 degrees Fahrenheit leaving the water heater. The shower valve standards do not have this kind of temperature fluctuation included their testing for all types of shower valves. The significant temperature swings are because the thermostat is inserted into the lower portion of a water heater tank and turns the fuel supply to the heater on and off. Most new water heater thermostat dials have no way to know what the temperature in the tank is. There is rarely a fixed temperature indicated on the dial, however some manufacturers publish temperatures associated with various marks on the thermostat dial or in their literature even though the dial cannot not control the outlet temperature of the water heater, it only controls when the energy to the heater is turned “on” and “off” by sensing the cold water coming into the bottom of the heater.

Generally, if the water heater thermostat dial is set at 120 degrees Fahrenheit, the burner would come on when the temperature at the thermostat reaches about 105 degrees Fahrenheit. The burner stays on until the water around the thermostat which is near the bottom of the heater reaches about 135 degrees Fahrenheit. (The “burner off” temperature is about 30 degrees higher than when the burner came “on” and generally about 15 degrees above the theoretical set point of the thermostat).

Most people don’t realize that the maximum temperature limit test of the ANSI Z21.10.1 Gas Water Heater Standard allows the outlet water temperature of the water heater to rise significantly above the thermostat setting. This provision in the standard accounts for the phenomenon known as “stacking” or “thermal layering”. The hot water is less dense and rises to the top of the hot water tank. Just like hot air rises and lifts a hot air balloon, hot water rises to the top of the tank and the cooler water drops to the bottom of the tank. Stacking or thermal layering occurs when the hot water rises to the top of the heater due to recurring short duration heating cycles caused by a frequent number of small quantity hot water uses. Frequent short draws cause cold water to enter the bottom of the water heater where the thermostatic element senses the cold water from the turbulent flow stirring in the bottom of the heater. The cold water causes the water heater to cycle on. This phenomenon can occur in any type of storage water heater and generally is more significant in vertical heaters.

I have recorded temperatures as high as 150 to 166 degrees Fahrenheit at the top of water heaters that had the thermostats set between 120 to 125 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures over 151 degrees Fahrenheit are extremely high temperatures and can cause serious scald burns in only a two seconds of contact with the skin. (See Table 1 – Water Temperature Effects on Adult Skin) It should be noted that the time temperature relationships in Table 1 are based upon the thickness of the skin for adult males. Children and the elderly typically have a thinner layer of the skin or epidermis and the exposure times can be shorter or the same burns can occurs in a given time at slightly lower temperatures.

Time/Temperature Relationships for Water Temperature Effects on Adult Skin

The time/temperature relationship for scald burns comes from the burn studies done by Dr. Moritz and Dr. Henrique in the 1940s. Their studies were conducted on military soldiers for up to first degree burns and they used pigs for conducting time/temperature exposure tests for second degree burns. From their research the following chart was published

Kitchen sinks and Lavatories

Kitchen sinks and lavatories have been the source of many scalding injuries because the codes do not have specific temperature limits listed for those fixtures. However it has been recognized by the industry that 120 degrees Fahrenheit is the maximum safe hot water temperature for showers and bathtub showers.

This is why I always recommend installing the proper type of an ASSE 1017 thermostatic mixing valve on the outlet piping of a water heater to limit the hot water distribution temperatures to a maximum safe delivery temperature of 120 F. If high temperature hot water is required for a specific use in a building, I recommend utilizing a piping branch with the 140 degree or higher temperature hot water for the specific uses and I use a master mixing valve conforming to ASSE 1017 or ASSE 1070 in-line which lowers the temperature for all of the hand washing and other sinks to a safe temperature and I use an ASSE 1016 or CSA B125.1 device for the individual showers or tub/shower combination fixtures in the building. You could use local mixing valve conforming to ASSE 1070 on the local branch piping serving a fixture or group of fixtures utilized for bathing or washing. Mixing valves can then reduce the hot water temperature to a safe temperature.

I always recommend setting the thermostat dial on the water heater at 140 degrees Fahrenheit and mixing the hot water down to a safe temperature with a master temperature actuated thermostatic mixing valve located near the water heater. The master mixing valve should conform to ASSE 1017 or CSA B-125.3. The mixing valve blends the hot water from the water heater storage tank with cold water and delivers a relatively constant temperature of tempered water to the plumbing system. The mixing valve can be set to deliver hot water to the system at or below 120 degrees Fahrenheit. This design reduces the threat of Legionella bacteria or any other organic pathogen growth in the water heater storage tank, and also storing hot water at 140 degrees Fahrenheit allows a smaller water heater than one with a lower stored temperature.

Hot water systems are generally designed and water heaters are generally sized to store hot water at 140 F. When the thermostat is set at a lower temperature, the water heater has a reduced capacity to deliver hot water and therefore should be larger.

Often when the water heater thermostat is adjusted down users run out of hot water, and the water heater thermostat is generally re-adjusted to a temperature above 120 F to adjust for the shortage of hot water during peak periods. When adjustments to the thermostat setting are made, most maintenance personnel and most users do not know they must also readjust the maximum temperature limit stop on all anti-scald type shower valves. Adjusting the thermostat increases the temperature to a scalding temperature at the shower or at other fixtures. In some cases, the thermostat is adjusted even higher than the original setting which creates an ever greater scalding risk. Even with the thermostat turned lower, the water heater will continue to be capable of storing and delivering hot water at temperatures well above 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

In my opinion, the answer to the equestion “What are safe hot water temperatures?” is always: “The maximum safe hot water temperature to prevent scalding is 120 degrees Fahrenheit.” The solution is using a master thermostatic mixing valve to control the hot water temperature to the domestic hot water system and you should use anti-scald shower valves at showers and tub/showers. You should never use the water heater burner control thermostat to try and prevent scalding injuries.

Ron George is President of Ron George Design & Consulting Services. He has served as Chairman of the International Residential Plumbing & Mechanical Code Committee. He is active in plumbing code and plumbing product standard development committees with ICC, IAPMO, ASSE, ASME, ISEA and ASTM. His company specializes in plumbing, piping, fire protection and HVAC system design and consulting services. He also provides plumbing and mechanical code consulting services and he provides investigations of mechanical system failures and litigation support. His company also provides 3D cad services and Building Information Modeling (BIM) services. E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.rongeorgedesign.com

Temperature Conversion: Celsius to Fahrenheit

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Looking to change Fahrenheit to Celsius or Celsius to Fahrenheit? Use our simple Celsius to Fahrenheit Temperature Converter, our temperature conversion charts, or calculate C to F or F to C yourself using the conversion formulas.

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About Fahrenheit and Celsius

The Fahrenheit temperature scale is named for German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and is the measurement of temperature commonly used by the United States (and its associated territories) and by several nations in the Caribbean. On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F (at sea level).

The Celsius temperature scale—originally called centigrade and later renamed for Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius—is used almost everywhere else in the world. On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C (at sea level).

F° to C°: Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion Formula

To convert temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 and multiply by .5556 (or 5/9).

Example: (50°F – 32) x .5556 = 10°C

Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion Chart Fahrenheit Celsius -40°F -40°C -30°F -34°C -20°F -29°C -10°F -23°C 0°F -18°C 10°F -12°C 20°F -7°C 32°F 0°C 40°F 4°C 50°F 10°C 60°F 16°C 70°F 21°C 80°F 27°C 90°F 32°C 100°F 38°C

C° to F°: Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula

To convert temperatures in degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.8 (or 9/5) and add 32.

Example: (30°C x 1.8) + 32 = 86°F

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Chart Celsius Fahrenheit -40°C -40°F -30°C -22°F -20°C -4°F -10°C 14°F 0°C 32°F 10°C 50°F 20°C 68°F 30°C 86°F 40°C 104°F 50°C 122°F 60°C 140°F 70°C 158°F 80°C 176°F 90°C 194°F 100°C 212°F

Other Conversions

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