Top 41 How Many Ozone Treatments To Get Rid Of Cigarette Smoke Best 279 Answer

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It normally takes about one day to remove the smoke odor and a little longer to remove the pet smell. We even had a deceased tenant that was not discovered until a week later. After three days of ozone treatment the OdorFree had totally removed all the odors.Use an Ozone Generator

An ozone generator is an easy and effective way to remove not only the smell of smoke, but also sewage, mildew, and mould. With a mobile unit, you can put use it in each room until the cigarette smoke smell is gone, then move it to the next room.Ozone is not considered useful for odor removal in building ventilation systems (ASHRAE, 1989). While there are few scientific studies to support the claim that ozone effectively removes odors, it is plausible that some odorous chemicals will react with ozone.

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Does ozone machine get rid of cigarette smoke?

Use an Ozone Generator

An ozone generator is an easy and effective way to remove not only the smell of smoke, but also sewage, mildew, and mould. With a mobile unit, you can put use it in each room until the cigarette smoke smell is gone, then move it to the next room.

Does ozone permanently remove odors?

Ozone is not considered useful for odor removal in building ventilation systems (ASHRAE, 1989). While there are few scientific studies to support the claim that ozone effectively removes odors, it is plausible that some odorous chemicals will react with ozone.

Does ozone remove tobacco smell?

Remediation companies frequently use ozone generators to eliminate odors from mold, tobacco, and fire damage, blasting homes with high levels of ozone.

How long does it take for ozone to clear a room?

-Allow the basement to air out. With open windows, it should take about 30 minutes to air out. If you are unable to open windows in your basement, it may take up to 4 hours for the ozone smell to dissipate and revert back to breathable oxygen.

How long does it take for ozone to remove smoke smell?

It normally takes about one day to remove the smoke odor and a little longer to remove the pet smell. We even had a deceased tenant that was not discovered until a week later. After three days of ozone treatment the OdorFree had totally removed all the odors.

Does ozone get rid of third hand smoke?

Final Note: Don’t Use Ozone to Remove Thirdhand Smoke

However, this is not an ideal solution for homes and should rarely be used to clean a home. Ozone is an airborne chemical that is effective for removing odors and pollutants, but it’s also dangerous to our health.

How much does it cost to ozone a house?

It typically costs $600 for someone to clean a 1,000-sq-foot home, though many high output ozone generator rentals can easily cost thousands.

How long after ozone machine is it safe?

It takes 3-4 hours for ozone to break down into regular oxygen at greater concentration levels. To be safe, wait at least 4 hours after turning off an ozone generator before returning to the room. Ozone dispersion in the air is influenced by room size, temperature, dust, and pollutants.

Do ozone generators work on cigarette smoke in cars?

This is where an ozone generator can help. An ozone generator will pump O3 into the car where it can saturate the fabric and other interior components and kill the bacteria creating the odor. Doing the shock treatment can get rid of human/pet odors, cigarette smoke, and even mildew smell from water damage.

How do I remove cigarette smoke smell from a house?

Placing bowls of activated charcoal (powdered form) around your room may help to absorb the smoke odors. Fresh Air. In the warmer weather, leave your windows and doors open as much as possible. Fresh air will eventually dissipate the smell of smoke.

How do you air smoke out of a house?

Air out your house by opening all of the windows and doors and let the sunshine in, which can help kill germs and bacteria. (Plus, it’s good for morale!) Turn on all the fans, even the exhaust fans in the bathrooms and kitchen. Get some cross-ventilation going by sticking box fans in your windows — facing out!

Is ozone treatment for car safe?

Ozone is a gas which will dissipate after about half an hour after treatment, so there is no risk of exposure from your vehicle.

Can you be in a house with an ozone machine?

Can You Be In a House With an Ozone Machine? No, you cannot stay in the house with an ozone machine that’s turned on. Ozone generators are hazardous to health, and that’s why humans, animals, plants, or any type of electronics need to be removed before running an ozone generator.

What are the risks of ozone therapy?

People should never inhale ozone. If it enters the mouth, nose, or eyes, it can burn and cause coughing, nausea, vomiting, or headaches. More severe exposure can lead to respiratory complications. People who undergo ozone therapy sometimes experience the Herxheimer reaction.

How do I remove cigarette smoke smell from a house?

Placing bowls of activated charcoal (powdered form) around your room may help to absorb the smoke odors. Fresh Air. In the warmer weather, leave your windows and doors open as much as possible. Fresh air will eventually dissipate the smell of smoke.

How do you get rid of cigarette smoke smell?

keeping open containers of charcoal or white vinegar in each room, to absorb the smell and changing them weekly. ventilating your environment, perhaps by directing a fan to blow smoke out the window, and smoking cigarettes only near open windows. running air purifiers with HEPA filters in each room.

How do I get rid of cigarette smell in my apartment?

Turn on available ceiling fans and place portable fans next to windows facing outward to blow out any remaining smoke in the space.
  1. Absorb the smoke. …
  2. Repaint Ceilings & Walls. …
  3. Details Matter: Light Bulbs and Air Filters. …
  4. Wash Windows and Window Coverings. …
  5. Refresh Cabinets and Upholstery. …
  6. Cleanse Carpets and Rugs.

How do you get rid of cigarette smoke?

Baking soda and activated charcoal: Sprinkling either baking soda or activated charcoal powder (sold at pet stores) can remove cigarette odors just as it can mildew smells. If you are trying to reduce the cigarette stench in a room, you can either put the powders in open bowls, or sprinkle on a surface.


Cigarette Odor Elimination – Will the Ozone Generator Work?
Cigarette Odor Elimination – Will the Ozone Generator Work?


Cigarette Smoke Removal Machine | Get Rid of Cigarette Smell | OdorFree

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  • Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for Cigarette Smoke Removal Machine | Get Rid of Cigarette Smell | OdorFree Updating ozone generator, ozone machine, ozone odor removal, odor eliminating machine, odor removal machine, o3 generatorLingering cigarette smells are frustrating and attach themselves to seemingly everything. OdorFree’s ozone generators eliminate cigarette smoke odor with the flip of a switch.
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Cigarette Smoke Removal Machine | Get Rid of Cigarette Smell | OdorFree
Cigarette Smoke Removal Machine | Get Rid of Cigarette Smell | OdorFree

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How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House – Ozone Clean

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  • Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House – Ozone Clean Updating Maybe you recently quit smoking or you just can’t take the smell in your house anymore. Well, here’s how to get the smell of smoke out of your house quickly.
  • Table of Contents:

blogs

Remove All Sources of the Smell

Wash Everything You Can

Get Good Ventilation in Your Home

Use Baking Soda on Your Carpet

Use Vinegar on Other Surfaces

Use an Ozone Generator

Know How to Get the Smell of Smoke Out

How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House - Ozone Clean
How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House – Ozone Clean

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Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners | US EPA

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  • Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners | US EPA Updating Ozone generators that are sold as air cleaners intentionally produce the gas ozone.
  • Table of Contents:

Introduction and Purpose

What is Ozone

How is Ozone Harmful

Is There Such a Thing as Good Ozone and Bad Ozone

Are Ozone Generators Effective in Controlling Indoor Air Pollution

If I Follow Manufacturers’ Directions Can I be Harmed

Why is it Difficult to Control Ozone Exposure with an Ozone Generator

Can Ozone be Used in Unoccupied Spaces

What Other Methods Can Be Used to Control Indoor Air Pollution

Conclusions

Recommendation

Additional Resources

Information Sources

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Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners | US EPA
Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners | US EPA

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Answering Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone Generators

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    Answering Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone Generators

    – Airthereal

    Updating …

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    Answering Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone Generators

    – Airthereal

    Updating   Since news has come out that ozone generators may be effective in the decontamination process for removing viruses, Airthereal units have been selling out as businesses, medical facilities, transportation services and more are eager to deep clean and disinfect their spaces. We’ve also been handling a lot of questions

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      Answering Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone Generators
      
      
      
        – Airthereal
Answering Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone Generators

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It’s tough to get rid of cigarette smells, but an ozone treatment can do it – The Washington Post

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It’s tough to get rid of cigarette smells, but an ozone treatment can do it - The Washington Post
It’s tough to get rid of cigarette smells, but an ozone treatment can do it – The Washington Post

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How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House – Ozone Clean

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  • Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House – Ozone Clean Use an Ozone Generator … An ozone generator is an easy and effective way to remove not only the smell of smoke, but also sewage, mildew, and mould. With a … Maybe you recently quit smoking or you just can’t take the smell in your house anymore. Well, here’s how to get the smell of smoke out of your house quickly.
  • Table of Contents:

blogs

Remove All Sources of the Smell

Wash Everything You Can

Get Good Ventilation in Your Home

Use Baking Soda on Your Carpet

Use Vinegar on Other Surfaces

Use an Ozone Generator

Know How to Get the Smell of Smoke Out

How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House - Ozone Clean
How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House – Ozone Clean

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Permanently Eliminate Tobacco Smoke with Ozone | SanusAer

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Permanently Eliminate Tobacco Smoke with Ozone | SanusAer
Permanently Eliminate Tobacco Smoke with Ozone | SanusAer

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Smoke sanitation – Ozonetech

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What are you looking for

Efficient and chemical-free removal of smoke and related odors

Smoke sanitation - Ozonetech
Smoke sanitation – Ozonetech

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On the Level: How to remove cigarette smoke smell from a home – Capital Gazette

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On the Level: How to remove cigarette smoke smell from a home – Capital Gazette
On the Level: How to remove cigarette smoke smell from a home – Capital Gazette

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Ozone for Tobacco Odor Removal – Oxidation Technologies News

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Ozone for Tobacco Odor Removal – Oxidation Technologies News
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Cigarette Smoke Removal Machine

Ozone Safety

Ozone generators are for use in unoccupied spaces and not running when people or pets are present. While O3 is a powerful oxidizer that will eliminate most odors, long-term exposure is not recommended by government agencies because it can contribute to eye and respiratory irritation. More…

These are valid safety concerns because the ozone breaks apart molecules as part of the oxidation process, especially odor causing molecules. However, humans and pets are also made up of molecules, so ozone at high levels has the potential to irritate the eyes and respiratory system, especially those with asthma or COPD. Therefore, ozone should be used with caution. In the recent past, some direct marketing companies sold air purifiers that produce ozone to consumers for use in occupied spaces. This created concern at the EPA, the FDA and the American Lung Association, which resulted in adverse publicity for the ozone industry. For decades prior to that time, ozone had been used commercially in the hotel, apartment, janitorial, water and fire damage remediation industries and many others, while spaces were unoccupied. So the state of California now has ozone restrictions for consumer air purifiers, and industrial ozone cleaners like the OdorFree have special labeling requirements. Beware of any type of air purifier that produces ozone and claims the product is for use in occupied spaces. Less

High Output Claims

Sellers on the internet often make false claims regarding the performance of their products in order to obtain a sale. Beware of sales claims for ozone generators with very high ozone output at a price that seems to be too good to be true. More…

In the event these units were creating the extremely high levels of output claimed, the ozone would be causing unseen damage to vulnerable materials like speakers, leather furniture, electronics and other materials. Once ozone reaches a certain level, degradation and deterioration of materials begins. Ozone can do great things, but as with any substance, too much or excessive levels will create problems. And extreme levels are not required for permanent odor removal. Moderation is the key to a successful ozone treatment. Ozone output levels can vary as a result of air temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and other factors. And there are no set standards or protocols for testing ozone production in milligrams per hour (mg/hr). A high output number is sometimes posted simply to attract buyers. Unfortunately, there is no authority to prevent this type of misinformation from being uploaded and distributed on the web. The vast majority of portable ozone generators sold in the US for commercial use employ ceramic plates. These machines generally produce ozone at output levels of 300 mg/hr to 2,000 mg/hr for the purpose of permanently removing odors. Mica plates fell into disfavor by most companies decades ago because they were not serviceable. Recently, they have reappeared with internet sellers. Less

Check the Warranty

All ozone generators require periodic cleaning of the ozone producing elements to continue operating. Beware of units offered on the Internet that cannot be maintained by the buyer because they will stop functioning after a period of time. The OdorFree carries a 5 year warranty because it is built to be easily maintained. More…

How to Get the Smell of Smoke out of Your House

In the UK, 15.1% of people over the age of 18 smoke cigarettes. Perhaps you were one of these habitual smokers, but not anymore. In this case, you may find yourself very sensitive to the smell of smoke, and unfortunately, the smell’s built up in our home.

Or maybe you were never a smoker but have smoke damage in your home that you’d like to get rid of.

Either way, if you’re wondering how to get the smell of smoke out of your house, then keep reading. We’ll give you some top tips on how to do so.

Remove All Sources of the Smell

This may seem like an obvious tip, but if you were a smoker for years, you may not think twice about those filled-up ashtrays scattered about your house. Whether they’re fresh ashes from someone else or you’ve been lazy and haven’t tidied up since you quit smoking, these ashtrays will contribute a lot to the smell of smoke.

Grab all the ashtrays, dump them out, then wash them thoroughly to remove every trace of ash. Then, store them in the cupboard so you won’t be tempted to smoke again. Out of sight, out of mind.

Wash Everything You Can

If it’s made of fabric and it’s in your house, then chances are, it has some degree of cigarette smell in it. This means everything from your towels and clothes to your curtains and tablecloths may have the smell of smoke in it. When you combine everything, they’re sure to make your house reek of smoke.

Once you’ve removed all the sources of the smell of smoke, the next thing you should do is wash all the fabric you can. This is best done on a sunny day, as you’ll be able to hang everything out to dry.

If you don’t do this and your house still smells like smoke, all that hard work can be for nothing. All that fabric may just reabsorb the cigarette smell, causing you to have to wash everything again.

Get Good Ventilation in Your Home

When you don’t have windows and vents open in your home, the air can become stagnant and stale inside. Not only will it feel and smell stuffy, but it’ll also trap all the smoke smell in as well.

If the weather’s good, why not open the windows and let some fresh air in? Drawing the curtains back and letting in both the sunshine and crisp air can do wonders for your health. Plus, it’ll allow the stale smokey air to be released outside and not stay trapped inside.

On the other hand, if it’s the wintertime and the weather is quite dreary, you can still crack the windows open a bit. Every little bit helps. Also, make sure your vents are open so the smokey air can escape outside through other means too.

Another thing you can do to help in either case is to strategically place a few fans around your home. This can push out the stale air quicker than just waiting for it to escape on its own.

And considering most UK homes aren’t equipped with air conditioners, this can help you stay cool when the weather gets a bit hotter. It’s a win-win situation!

Use Baking Soda on Your Carpet

Have you heard of the trick of putting some baking soda in your fridge to get rid of nasty odours? Or of sprinkling some in your shoes so they aren’t so smelly?

Well, you can use baking soda for getting rid of the smell of smoke too! Baking soda has incredible deodourising properties, so take full advantage of it.

Sprinkle it all over your carpets and any other surfaces that may have absorbed the smell of smoke but you can’t wash, like your settee. Let it sit overnight so it can work its magic. On the next day, simply vacuum all your carpets and surfaces.

This should get rid of most of the smoke smell. If it doesn’t, you may want to repeat this process with fresh baking soda.

Use Vinegar on Other Surfaces

For hard surfaces, you should use vinegar to try and get the smell of smoke out. Just mix some white vinegar with water and use it to wash things like your flooring and walls.

This can benefit you in two ways. One, it’ll get rid of the lingering smell of cigarette smoke. Also, it’ll get rid of the greasy residue left on your walls. As a result, your walls will look refreshed and a lot newer afterwards.

Use an Ozone Generator

An ozone generator is an easy and effective way to remove not only the smell of smoke, but also sewage, mildew, and mould.

With a mobile unit, you can put use it in each room until the cigarette smoke smell is gone, then move it to the next room. This can help sanitize all rooms of your house and ensure your property not only smells fresh but is a healthy environment for you and your family as well.

Know How to Get the Smell of Smoke Out

Whether you’ve recently quit smoking, had a tenant who smokes move out, or have light smoke damage in your property, knowing how to get the smell of smoke out of your house can be a valuable skill.

By incorporating the methods we’ve given you above into your chores, you can make sure any cigarette smoke doesn’t linger in your home. Plus, you can keep properly maintain your property so other harmful things (like mould and mildew) don’t form. Keep your family happy and healthy!

Are you interested in having a permanent ozone generator in your home? Then take a look at our OC700 Natural Cleaner unit now.

Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners

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There is a large body of written material on ozone and the use of ozone indoors. However, much of this material makes claims or draws conclusions without substantiation and sound science. In developing Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners, the EPA reviewed a wide assortment of this literature, including information provided by a leading manufacturer of ozone generating devices. In keeping with EPA’s policy of insuring that the information it provides is based on sound science, only peer reviewed, scientifically supported findings and conclusions were relied upon in developing this document. Several brands of ozone generators have EPA establishment number on their packaging. This number helps EPA identify the specific facility that produces the product. The display of this number does not imply EPA endorsement or suggest in any way that EPA has found the product to be either safe or effective. Please Note: EPA does not certify air cleaning devices. The Agency does not recommend air cleaning devices or manufacturers. If you need information on specific devices or manufacturers, one resource you can consult is the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM), (202) 872-5955. AHAM conducts four certification programs for each category – room air cleaners, room air conditioners, dehumidifiers and refrigerator/freezers. The air cleaner certification program is known as AC-1.

Introduction and Purpose

Ozone generators that are sold as air cleaners intentionally produce the gas ozone. Often the vendors of ozone generators make statements and distribute material that lead the public to believe that these devices are always safe and effective in controlling indoor air pollution. For almost a century, health professionals have refuted these claims (Sawyer, et. al 1913; Salls, 1927; Boeniger, 1995; American Lung Association, 1997; Al-Ahmady, 1997). The purpose of this document is to provide accurate information regarding the use of ozone-generating devices in indoor occupied spaces. This information is based on the most credible scientific evidence currently available.

Some vendors suggest that these devices have been approved by the federal government for use in occupied spaces. To the contrary, NO agency of the federal government has approved these devices for use in occupied spaces. Because of these claims, and because ozone can cause health problems at high concentrations, several federal government agencies have worked in consultation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to produce this public information document.

What is Ozone?

Ozone is a molecule composed of three atoms of oxygen. Two atoms of oxygen form the basic oxygen molecule–the oxygen we breathe that is essential to life. The third oxygen atom can detach from the ozone molecule, and re-attach to molecules of other substances, thereby altering their chemical composition. It is this ability to react with other substances that forms the basis of manufacturers’ claims.

How is Ozone Harmful?

The same chemical properties that allow high concentrations of ozone to react with organic material outside the body give it the ability to react with similar organic material that makes up the body, and potentially cause harmful health consequences. When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs. Relatively low amounts can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and throat irritation. Ozone may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections. People vary widely in their susceptibility to ozone. Healthy people, as well as those with respiratory difficulty, can experience breathing problems when exposed to ozone. Exercise during exposure to ozone causes a greater amount of ozone to be inhaled, and increases the risk of harmful respiratory effects. Recovery from the harmful effects can occur following short-term exposure to low levels of ozone, but health effects may become more damaging and recovery less certain at higher levels or from longer exposures (US EPA, 1996a, 1996b).

Manufacturers and vendors of ozone devices often use misleading terms to describe ozone. Terms such as “energized oxygen” or “pure air” suggest that ozone is a healthy kind of oxygen. Ozone is a toxic gas with vastly different chemical and toxicological properties from oxygen. Several federal agencies have established health standards or recommendations to limit human exposure to ozone. These exposure limits are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Ozone Heath Effects and Standards

Health Effects Risk Factors Health Standards* Potential risk of experiencing:

Decreases in lung function

Aggravation of asthma

Throat irritation and cough

Chest pain and shortness of breath

Inflammation of lung tissue

Higher susceptibility to respiratory infection Factors expected to increase risk and severity of health effects are:

Increase in ozone air concentration

Greater duration of exposure for some health effects

Activities that raise the breathing rate (e.g., exercise)

Certain pre-existing lung diseases (e.g., asthma) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires ozone output of indoor medical devices to be no more than 0.05 ppm.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that workers not be exposed to an average concentration of more than 0.10 ppm for 8 hours.

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends an upper limit of 0.10 ppm, not to be exceeded at any time.

EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is a maximum 8 hour average outdoor concentration of 0.08 ppm See – the Clean Air Act (* ppm = parts per million)

Is There Such a Thing as “Good Ozone” and “Bad Ozone”?

The phrase “good up high – bad nearby” has been used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to make the distinction between ozone in the upper and lower atmosphere. Ozone in the upper atmosphere–referred to as “stratospheric ozone”–helps filter out damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Though ozone in the stratosphere is protective, ozone in the atmosphere – which is the air we breathe – can be harmful to the respiratory system. Harmful levels of ozone can be produced by the interaction of sunlight with certain chemicals emitted to the environment (e.g., automobile emissions and chemical emissions of industrial plants). These harmful concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere are often accompanied by high concentrations of other pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, fine particles and hydrocarbons. Whether pure or mixed with other chemicals, ozone can be harmful to health.

Are Ozone Generators Effective in Controlling Indoor Air Pollution?

Available scientific evidence shows that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone has little potential to remove indoor air contaminants.

Some manufacturers or vendors suggest that ozone will render almost every chemical contaminant harmless by producing a chemical reaction whose only by-products are carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. This is misleading.

First, a review of scientific research shows that, for many of the chemicals commonly found in indoor environments, the reaction process with ozone may take months or years (Boeniger, 1995). For all practical purposes, ozone does not react at all with such chemicals. And contrary to specific claims by some vendors, ozone generators are not effective in removing carbon monoxide (Salls, 1927; Shaughnessy et al., 1994) or formaldehyde (Esswein and Boeniger, 1994).

Second, for many of the chemicals with which ozone does readily react, the reaction can form a variety of harmful or irritating by-products (Weschler et al., 1992a, 1992b, 1996; Zhang and Lioy, 1994). For example, in a laboratory experiment that mixed ozone with chemicals from new carpet, ozone reduced many of these chemicals, including those which can produce new carpet odor. However, in the process, the reaction produced a variety of aldehydes, and the total concentration of organic chemicals in the air increased rather than decreased after the introduction of ozone (Weschler, et. al., 1992b). In addition to aldehydes, ozone may also increase indoor concentrations of formic acid (Zhang and Lioy, 1994), both of which can irritate the lungs if produced in sufficient amounts. Some of the potential by-products produced by ozone’s reactions with other chemicals are themselves very reactive and capable of producing irritating and corrosive by-products (Weschler and Shields, 1996, 1997a, 1997b). Given the complexity of the chemical reactions that occur, additional research is needed to more completely understand the complex interactions of indoor chemicals in the presence of ozone.

Third, ozone does not remove particles (e.g., dust and pollen) from the air, including the particles that cause most allergies. However, some ozone generators are manufactured with an “ion generator” or “ionizer” in the same unit. An ionizer is a device that disperses negatively (and/or positively) charged ions into the air. These ions attach to particles in the air giving them a negative (or positive) charge so that the particles may attach to nearby surfaces such as walls or furniture, or attach to one another and settle out of the air. In recent experiments, ionizers were found to be less effective in removing particles of dust, tobacco smoke, pollen or fungal spores than either high efficiency particle filters or electrostatic precipitators. (Shaughnessy et al., 1994; Pierce, et al., 1996). However, it is apparent from other experiments that the effectiveness of particle air cleaners, including electrostatic precipitators, ion generators, or pleated filters varies widely (U.S. EPA, 1995).

There is evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals.

In an experiment designed to produce formaldehyde concentrations representative of an embalming studio, where formaldehyde is the main odor producer, ozone showed no effect in reducing formaldehyde concentration (Esswein and Boeniger, 1994). Other experiments suggest that body odor may be masked by the smell of ozone but is not removed by ozone (Witheridge and Yaglou, 1939). Ozone is not considered useful for odor removal in building ventilation systems (ASHRAE, 1989).

While there are few scientific studies to support the claim that ozone effectively removes odors, it is plausible that some odorous chemicals will react with ozone. For example, in some experiments, ozone appeared to react readily with certain chemicals, including some chemicals that contribute to the smell of new carpet (Weschler, 1992b; Zhang and Lioy, 1994). Ozone is also believed to react with acrolein, one of the many odorous and irritating chemicals found in secondhand tobacco smoke (US EPA, 1995).

If used at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone applied to indoor air does not effectively remove viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants.

Some data suggest that low levels of ozone may reduce airborne concentrations and inhibit the growth of some biological organisms while ozone is present, but ozone concentrations would have to be 5 – 10 times higher than public health standards allow before the ozone could decontaminate the air sufficiently to prevent survival and regeneration of the organisms once the ozone is removed (Dyas, et al.,1983; Foarde et al., 1997).

Even at high concentrations, ozone may have no effect on biological contaminants embedded in porous material such as duct lining or ceiling tiles (Foarde et al, 1997). In other words, ozone produced by ozone generators may inhibit the growth of some biological agents while it is present, but it is unlikely to fully decontaminate the air unless concentrations are high enough to be a health concern if people are present. Even with high levels of ozone, contaminants embedded in porous material may not be affected at all.

If I Follow Manufacturers’ Directions, Can I be Harmed?

Results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer’s operating instructions.

There are many brands and models of ozone generators on the market. They vary in the amount of ozone they can produce. In many circumstances, the use of an ozone generator may not result in ozone concentrations that exceed public health standards. But many factors affect the indoor concentration of ozone so that under some conditions ozone concentrations may exceed public health standards.

In one study (Shaughnessy and Oatman, 1991), a large ozone generator recommended by the manufacturer for spaces “up to 3,000 square feet,” was placed in a 350 square foot room and run at a high setting. The ozone in the room quickly reached concentrations that were exceptionally high–0.50 to 0.80 ppm which is 5-10 times higher than public health limits (see Table 1.)

In an EPA study, several different devices were placed in a home environment, in various rooms, with doors alternately opened and closed, and with the central ventilation system fan alternately turned on and off. The results showed that some ozone generators, when run at a high setting with interior doors closed, would frequently produce concentrations of 0.20 – 0.30 ppm. A powerful unit set on high with the interior doors opened achieved values of 0.12 to 0.20 ppm in adjacent rooms. When units were not run on high, and interior doors were open, concentrations generally did not exceed public health standards (US EPA, 1995).

The concentrations reported above were adjusted to exclude that portion of the ozone concentration brought in from the outdoors. Indoor concentrations of ozone brought in from outside are typically 0.01- 0.02 ppm, but could be as high as 0.03 – 0.05 ppm (Hayes, 1991; U.S. EPA, 1996b; Weschler et al., 1989, 1996; Zhang and Lioy; 1994). If the outdoor portion of ozone were included in the indoor concentrations reported above, the concentrations inside would have been correspondingly higher, increasing the risk of excessive ozone exposure.

None of the studies reported above involved the simultaneous use of more than one device. The simultaneous use of multiple devices increases the total ozone output and therefore greatly increases the risk of excessive ozone exposure.

Why is it Difficult to Control Ozone Exposure with an Ozone Generator?

The actual concentration of ozone produced by an ozone generator depends on many factors. Concentrations will be higher if a more powerful device or more than one device is used, if a device is placed in a small space rather than a large space, if interior doors are closed rather than open and, if the room has fewer rather than more materials and furnishings that adsorb or react with ozone and, provided that outdoor concentrations of ozone are low, if there is less rather than more outdoor air ventilation.

The proximity of a person to the ozone generating device can also affect one’s exposure. The concentration is highest at the point where the ozone exits from the device, and generally decreases as one moves further away.

Manufacturers and vendors advise users to size the device properly to the space or spaces in which it is used. Unfortunately, some manufacturers’ recommendations about appropriate sizes for particular spaces have not been sufficiently precise to guarantee that ozone concentrations will not exceed public health limits. Further, some literature distributed by vendors suggests that users err on the side of operating a more powerful machine than would normally be appropriate for the intended space, the rationale being that the user may move in the future, or may want to use the machine in a larger space later on. Using a more powerful machine increases the risk of excessive ozone exposure.

Ozone generators typically provide a control setting by which the ozone output can be adjusted. The ozone output of these devices is usually not proportional to the control setting. That is, a setting at medium does not necessarily generate an ozone level that is halfway between the levels at low and high. The relationship between the control setting and the output varies considerably among devices, although most appear to elevate the ozone output much more than one would expect as the control setting is increased from low to high. In experiments to date, the high setting in some devices generated 10 times the level obtained at the medium setting (US EPA, 1995). Manufacturer’s instructions on some devices link the control setting to room size and thus indicate what setting is appropriate for different room sizes. However, room size is only one factor affecting ozone levels in the room.

In addition to adjusting the control setting to the size of the room, users have sometimes been advised to lower the ozone setting if they can smell the ozone. Unfortunately, the ability to detect ozone by smell varies considerably from person to person, and one’s ability to smell ozone rapidly deteriorates in the presence of ozone. While the smell of ozone may indicate that the concentration is too high, lack of odor does not guarantee that levels are safe.

At least one manufacturer is offering units with an ozone sensor that turns the ozone generator on and off with the intent of maintaining ozone concentrations in the space below health standards. EPA is currently evaluating the effectiveness and reliability of these sensors, and plans to conduct further research to improve society’s understanding of ozone chemistry indoors. EPA will report its findings as the results of this research become available.

Can Ozone be Used in Unoccupied Spaces?

Ozone has been extensively used for water purification, but ozone chemistry in water is not the same as ozone chemistry in air. High concentrations of ozone in air, when people are not present, are sometimes used to help decontaminate an unoccupied space from certain chemical or biological contaminants or odors (e.g., fire restoration). However, little is known about the chemical by-products left behind by these processes (Dunston and Spivak, 1997). While high concentrations of ozone in air may sometimes be appropriate in these circumstances, conditions should be sufficiently controlled to insure that no person or pet becomes exposed. Ozone can adversely affect indoor plants, and damage materials such as rubber, electrical wire coatings and fabrics and art work containing susceptible dyes and pigments (U.S. EPA, 1996a).

What Other Methods Can Be Used to Control Indoor Air Pollution?

The three most common approaches to reducing indoor air pollution, in order of effectiveness, are:

Source Control: Eliminate or control the sources of pollution; Ventilation: Dilute and exhaust pollutants through outdoor air ventilation and Air Cleaning: Remove pollutants through proven air cleaning methods.

Of the three, the first approach — source control — is the most effective. This involves minimizing the use of products and materials that cause indoor pollution, employing good hygiene practices to minimize biological contaminants (including the control of humidity and moisture, and occasional cleaning and disinfection of wet or moist surfaces), and using good housekeeping practices to control particles.

The second approach — outdoor air ventilation — is also effective and commonly employed. Ventilation methods include installing an exhaust fan close to the source of contaminants, increasing outdoor air flows in mechanical ventilation systems, and opening windows, especially when pollutant sources are in use.

The third approach — air cleaning — is not generally regarded as sufficient in itself, but is sometimes used to supplement source control and ventilation. Air filters, electronic particle air cleaners and ionizers are often used to remove airborne particles, and gas adsorbing material is sometimes used to remove gaseous contaminants when source control and ventilation are inadequate.

See Additional Resources section below for more detailed information about these methods.

Conclusions

Whether in its pure form or mixed with other chemicals, ozone can be harmful to health.

When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs. Relatively low amounts of ozone can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and, throat irritation. It may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma as well as compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections.

Some studies show that ozone concentrations produced by ozone generators can exceed health standards even when one follows manufacturer’s instructions.

Many factors affect ozone concentrations including the amount of ozone produced by the machine(s), the size of the indoor space, the amount of material in the room with which ozone reacts, the outdoor ozone concentration, and the amount of ventilation. These factors make it difficult to control the ozone concentration in all circumstances.

Available scientific evidence shows that, at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is generally ineffective in controlling indoor air pollution.

The concentration of ozone would have to greatly exceed health standards to be effective in removing most indoor air contaminants. In the process of reacting with chemicals indoors, ozone can produce other chemicals that themselves can be irritating and corrosive.

Recommendation

The public is advised to use proven methods of controlling indoor air pollution. These methods include eliminating or controlling pollutant sources, increasing outdoor air ventilation and using proven methods of air cleaning.

Additional Resources

See Indoor Air Quality Publications

Publications

Information Sources

California Department of Health Services, Indoor Air Quality Program, DHS-IAQ Program Assistance Line: (510) 620-2874, Fax: (510) 620-2825

Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Response Center, (202) 326-3128.

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,or call Consumer Hotline, English/Spanish: (800) 638-2772, Hearing/Speech Impaired: (800) 6388270.

The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) has developed an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-approved standard for portable air cleaners (ANSI/AHAM Standard AC-1-1988). This standard may be useful in estimating the effectiveness of portable air cleaners. Under this standard, room air cleaner effectiveness is rated by a clean air delivery rate (CADR) for each of three particle types in indoor air: tobacco smoke, dust and pollen. Only a limited number of air cleaners had been certified under this program when this document was written.

A listing of AHAM-certified room air cleaners and their CADRs can be obtained from Aham Verifide

Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)

(202) 872-5955

Bibliography

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