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API RP 932-B – IHS Markit Standards Store
This recommended practice proves guance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and …
Source: global.ihs.com
Date Published: 9/22/2022
View: 5930
API RP 932-B | Engineering360 – Standards – GlobalSpec
This recommended practice proves guance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, …
Source: standards.globalspec.com
Date Published: 4/25/2021
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API RP 932-B pdf free download – API standards list
API RP 932-B pdf free download · 1 Hydroprocessing units use hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures along with a suitable catalyst to improve the …
Source: api.freestandardsdocuments.com
Date Published: 1/3/2022
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API | Recommended Practice 932-B
Proves guance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and inspection practices to …
Source: mechanicalintegrity101.com
Date Published: 10/1/2022
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API RP 932-B – Techstreet
Proves guance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, …
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Date Published: 3/17/2022
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API RP 932-B
Norwegian title: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guelines for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) …
Source: www.standard.no
Date Published: 9/17/2022
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API RP 932-B – 2019-06 – Beuth.de
API RP 932-B – 2019-06. Jetzt informieren!
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Date Published: 12/29/2021
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API RP 932-B:2019 – SAI Global Store
Buy API RP 932-B:2019 Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guelines for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor …
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Date Published: 7/11/2022
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API RP 932-B: 2019 [paper] – Kreisler Publications
API RP 932-B: 2019 [paper]. Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guelines for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent …
Source: kreisler-publications.nl
Date Published: 9/14/2021
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- Date Published: 2021. 4. 21.
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API RP 932-B pdf free download
API RP 932-B pdf free download.Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guidelines for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) Systems.
4.1.3 Surveys dealt with flow distribution through air cooler banks, inlet and outlet piping designs, determining and monitoring adequate wash water injection rates, material selection, flow velocities through tubes and piping, etc.
4.1.4 The survey results highlight industry-wide experience with corrosion in the reactor effluent system of hydroprocessing units. From the earliest studies to the most recent, corrosion continues to cause unscheduled unit outages, and in some instances, catastrophic events involving major fires and explosions. Although early studies proposed guidelines for operating, monitoring, and inspecting effluent systems, significant corrosion and leaks in these systems were still being reported on a regular basis at industry forums. Industry experience- sharing sessions, as well as the first and second editions of this recommended practice, have helped to reduce the frequency of these failures.
4.2 Typical Hydroprocessing Units
4.2.1 Hydroprocessing units use hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures along with a suitable catalyst to improve the quality of the feedstock. Common to all units is the production of H2S and NH3 from the reaction of hydrogen with sulfur and nitrogen present in the hydrocarbon feed.
4.2.2 Hydrotreating processes remove heteroatoms, such as sulfur and nitrogen, from the feedstock. The removal of sulfur can be necessary for either processing in downstream units where the sulfur can contaminate the catalyst or for product quality reasons. Feedstocks to the units can vary from light naphtha to heavy vacuum residuum. Generally, the “heavier” feedstocks require the most severe operation (i.e. higher temperature and pressure) and contain higher concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen that produce the highest concentrations of H2S and NH3. Several other reactions can also occur, including the conversion of any chlorides in the feed to HCI. The formation of H2S, NH3, and HCI are of primary importance to fouling and corrosion in the reactor effluent system. Generally, these three reactants will interact to form NH4CI and NH4HS, but in units with minimal nitrogen in the feed, highly corrosive HCI may form. Figure 1 shows a typical process flow diagram.
4.2.3 Hydrocracking is a process whereby low-value hydrocarbon feedstocks are cracked or broken down into higher-value hydrocarbons. Typically, this takes heavy hydrocarbons and creates lighter hydrocarbons, such as cracking coker distillate, to make gasoline. Figure 2 shows a typical process flow diagram.
4.2.4 Hydrocracking and hydrotreating units have similar process characteristics, especially in the front-end processing, as illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The feed is preheated through a series of exchangers and a furnace to temperatures of -700 °F (370 °C). Hydrogen is injected into the feed upstream of the reactor. The hydrogen and feedstock enter the reactor, where the catalyst promotes the reaction of hydrogen with sulfur and nitrogen to produce H2S and NH3. The reactor effluent is a mixture that includes H2S, NH3, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and possibly HCI and H20. Again, these reactants will generally interact to form NH4CI and NH4HS salts unless minimal nitrogen is present in the feed. Downstream of the reactor, the effluent is cooled through a series of shell-and-tube heat exchangers.
4.2.5 Downstream of the heat exchangers, the effluent is separated into hydrogen-rich vapor, water, and hydrocarbons. Units can have several different design schemes (described more fully in 4.3).
4.2.6 Continuous injection of wash water into the reactor effluent stream is commonly used to prevent fouling by NH4HS and NH4CI salts, typically upstream of the REAC or shell-and-tube heat exchanger. For some hydroprocessing units (primarily low-severity naphtha hydrotreaters), good feed quality does not result in salt deposition, and therefore, the use of wash water is not required. Other units may produce a low volume of salts that may only require intermittent wash water.API RP 932-B pdf download.
Recommended Practice 932-B
Recommended Practice 932-B
Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guidelines for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) Systems
Provides guidance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and inspection practices to manage corrosion and fouling in the wet sections of hydroprocessing reactor effluent systems. The reactor effluent system includes all equipment and piping between the exchanger upstream of the wash water injection point and the cold, low-pressure separator (CLPS). The majority of these systems have an air cooler; however, some systems utilize only shell- and-tube heat exchangers. Reactor effluent systems are prone to fouling and corrosion by ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) salts.
2nd Edition | March 2012
Purchase the document through the API Publications Store.
API RP 932-B
Full Description
Provides guidance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and inspection practices to manage corrosion and fouling in the wet sections of hydroprocessing reactor effluent systems. The reactor effluent system includes the equipment and piping subject to ammonium salting, NH 4 HS corrosion, and associated fouling. This system usually begins at the last feed/effluent exchanger or first water injection point and continues through the cold high-pressure separator (1, 2, and 3 separator designs) or cold high- and low-pressure separators (4 and 5 separator designs). The reactor effluent system specifically excludes the stripper, fractionator, and final separation sections. However, guidance in this document may be applicable to ammonium salt corrosion mitigation in those areas, as well. The majority of these systems have an air cooler; however, some systems utilize only shell and tube heat exchangers. Reactor effluent systems are prone to fouling and corrosion by ammonium bisulfide (NH 4 HS) and ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) salts.
This recommended practice is applicable to process streams in which NH 4 Cl and NH 4 HS salts can form and deposit in equipment and piping or dissolve in water to form aqueous solutions of these salts. Included in this practice are: details of deterioration mechanisms; methods to assess and monitor the corrosivity of systems; details on materials selection, design, and fabrication of equipment for new and revamped processes; considerations in equipment repairs; and details of an inspection plan.
API RP 932-B
Scope:
This recommended practice (RP) provides guidance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and inspection practices to manage corrosion and fouling in the wet sections of hydroprocessing reactor effluent systems. The reactor effluent system includes all equipment and piping between the exchanger upstream of the wash water injection point and the cold, low-pressure separator (CLPS). The majority of these systems have an air cooler, however, some systems utilize only shell and tube heat exchangers. Reactor effluent systems are prone to fouling and corrosion by ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) salts.
An understanding of all variables impacting corrosion and fouling in these systems is necessary to improve the reliability, safety, and environmental impact associated with them. Past attempts to define generic optimum equipment design and acceptable operating variables to minimize fouling and corrosion have had limited success due to the interdependence of the variables. Corrosion can occur at high rates and be extremely localized, making it difficult to inspect for deterioration and to accurately predict remaining life of equipment and piping. Within the refining industry, continuing equipment replacements, unplanned outages, and catastrophic incidents illustrate the current need to better understand the corrosion characteristics and provide guidance on all factors that can impact fouling and corrosion.
API RP 932-B: 2019 [paper]
Beschreibung
Design, Materials, Fabrication, Operation, and Inspection Guidelines for Corrosion Control in Hydroprocessing Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) Systems, 3rd edition
Provides guidance to engineering and plant personnel on equipment and piping design, material selection, fabrication, operation, and inspection practices to manage corrosion and fouling in the wet sections of hydroprocessing reactor effluent systems. The reactor effluent system includes the equipment and piping subject to ammonium salting, NH4HS corrosion, and associated fouling. This system usually begins at the last feed/effluent exchanger or first water injection point and continues through the cold high-pressure separator (1, 2, and 3 separator designs) or cold high- and low-pressure separators (4 and 5 separator designs). The reactor effluent system specifically excludes the stripper, fractionator, and final separation sections. However, guidance in this document may be applicable to ammonium salt corrosion mitigation in those areas, as well. The majority of these systems have an air cooler; however, some systems utilize only shell and tube heat exchangers. Reactor effluent systems are prone to fouling and corrosion by ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) salts.
An understanding of all variables impacting corrosion and fouling in these systems is necessary to improve the reliability, safety, and environmental impact associated with them. Past attempts to define generic optimum equipment design and acceptable operating variables to minimize fouling and corrosion have had limited success due to the interdependence of the variables. Corrosion can occur at high rates and be extremely localized, making it difficult to inspect for deterioration and to accurately predict remaining life of equipment and piping. Within the refining industry, continuing equipment replacements, unplanned outages, and catastrophic incidents illustrate the current need to better understand the corrosion characteristics and provide guidance on all factors that can impact fouling and corrosion.
This recommended practice is applicable to process streams in which NH4Cl and NH4HS salts can form and deposit in equipment and piping or dissolve in water to form aqueous solutions of these salts. Included in this practice are:
details of deterioration mechanisms;
methods to assess and monitor the corrosivity of systems;
details on materials selection, design, and fabrication of equipment for new and revamped processes;
considerations in equipment repairs; and
details of an inspection plan.
Table 1 lists factors affecting reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) system performance and section reference for more detail.
Materials and corrosion specialists should be consulted for additional unit-specific interpretation and application of this document. Each facility needs to establish its own safe operating envelope to ensure satisfactory service. This recommended practice helps to identify key variables necessary for monitoring and establishing the operating envelope.
Other equipment downstream of the REAC can also deteriorate from these ammonium salts. These include the recycle and sour gas systems and the H2S stripper and product fractionator overhead systems. Although these are beyond the scope of this document, plant personnel should be alert to these other locations where ammonium salt fouling and corrosion can occur.
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