당신은 주제를 찾고 있습니까 “think sociology 2nd edition pdf free – How To Download Any Book From Amazon For Free“? 다음 카테고리의 웹사이트 https://chewathai27.com/you 에서 귀하의 모든 질문에 답변해 드립니다: https://chewathai27.com/you/blog. 바로 아래에서 답을 찾을 수 있습니다. 작성자 Modern World 이(가) 작성한 기사에는 조회수 1,006,541회 및 좋아요 8,064개 개의 좋아요가 있습니다.
think sociology 2nd edition pdf free 주제에 대한 동영상 보기
여기에서 이 주제에 대한 비디오를 시청하십시오. 주의 깊게 살펴보고 읽고 있는 내용에 대한 피드백을 제공하세요!
d여기에서 How To Download Any Book From Amazon For Free – think sociology 2nd edition pdf free 주제에 대한 세부정보를 참조하세요
Please help me to reach 1000 subscribers
If you didn’t find some books you go through this video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3mIpNKggrg
How to create a folder without any name:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGYjQop5730
Earn money for free from Google :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzD7GkkU23U
Shutdown your Pc in 1 second!!!! :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqdzAxrquxo
think sociology 2nd edition pdf free 주제에 대한 자세한 내용은 여기를 참조하세요.
Think: Sociology – Second Candian Edition 0205929931 …
Second Canadian edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-205-92993-1 (pbk.) 1. Sociology. 2. Sociology—Research. 3.
Source: dokumen.pub
Date Published: 12/3/2022
View: 7158
Think sociology carl 2011 pdf free – Weebly
Think sociology carl 2011 pdf free. Continue. Page 2 … introduction to the Foundations of Sociology Chapter 2. Sociological Research: How do we learn …
Source: puvebimu.weebly.com
Date Published: 9/27/2022
View: 1195
Think Sociology By John Carl – PDF Free Download
THINK, Second Edition. John D. Carl. CHAPTER. Second Edition. This PDF book incorporate think sociology 2011 document. To download free think sociology the …
Source: docplayer.net
Date Published: 6/21/2021
View: 7620
THINK Sociology 2nd Edition – Carl, John – Amazon.com
ISBN-13. 978-0205777181 ; Page 1 ; Page 1 ; of 3 ; Tell the Publisher! I’d like to read this book on Kindle
Source: www.amazon.com
Date Published: 11/30/2022
View: 181
Carl, THINK Sociology, 2nd Edition – Pearson
With an engaging visual design, 15 page chapters, and readings from popular trade titles, THINK Sociology is the introductory Sociology text your students …
Source: www.pearson.com
Date Published: 3/27/2021
View: 5961
Think Sociology (Canadian) 2nd edition – Textbooks
Buy Think Sociology (Canadian) 2nd edition (9780205929931) by John D. Carl for up to 90% … Think Sociology (Canadian) by John D. Carl – ISBN 9780205929931.
Source: www.textbooks.com
Date Published: 8/7/2021
View: 6695
Introduction to Sociology 2e – cloudfront.net
ENHANCED TEXTBOOK ISBN-13 978-1-938168-97-0 … Figure 1.4 People have been thinking like sociologists long before sociology became a separate academic …
Source: d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net
Date Published: 7/5/2021
View: 8945
THINK Sociology by John Carl | ISBN: 9780205777181 – Alibris
Buy THINK Sociology 2nd edition by John Carl (ISBN: 9780205777181) online at Alibris. Our marketplace offers millions of titles from sellers worldwe.
Source: www.alibris.com
Date Published: 12/9/2022
View: 2719
Critical sociology, second edition | Request PDF – ResearchGate
In this second edition, Buechler discusses the changing relationship between social movements and democracy. The book contains chapters on how to think …
Source: www.researchgate.net
Date Published: 8/27/2021
View: 285
주제와 관련된 이미지 think sociology 2nd edition pdf free
주제와 관련된 더 많은 사진을 참조하십시오 How To Download Any Book From Amazon For Free. 댓글에서 더 많은 관련 이미지를 보거나 필요한 경우 더 많은 관련 기사를 볼 수 있습니다.
주제에 대한 기사 평가 think sociology 2nd edition pdf free
- Author: Modern World
- Views: 조회수 1,006,541회
- Likes: 좋아요 8,064개
- Date Published: 2017. 2. 12.
- Video Url link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzjuYIUqnXo
Second Candian Edition 0205929931, 9780205929931
Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
01 Sociology
An Introduction to the Foundations of Sociology
Get the Topic: What is Sociology?
Sociology Defined
Developing a Sociological Imagination
Émile Durkheim’s Theory on Suicide
Individual Choice and Social Forces
Think Sociologically: What Are the Four Major Sociological Perspectives?
The Functionalist Perspective
Auguste comte
Herbert Spencer
Émile Durkheim
Talcott Parsons
Robert Merton
Criticisms of Functionalism
The Conflict Perspective
Karl Marx
W.E.B. Du Bois
Ralf Dahrendorf
John Bellamy Foster
Criticisms of Conflict Theory
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
George Herbert Mead
Herbert Blumer
Erving Goffman
Howard Becker
Criticisms of Symbolic Interactionism
The Feminist Perspective
Liberal vs. Radical Feminism
Harriet Martineau
Jane Addams
Dorothy Smith
Criticisms of Feminist Theory
The Four Perspectives—How Are They Interrelated?
Applying Sociological Theories
Discover Sociology in Action: Why is Community Learning Important?
Getting Involved in Sociology—Community Learning
02 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
How Do We Learn about Society and Social Behaviour?
Get the Topic: What Are Research Methods?
Objectivity
Scientific Method: What Are the Six Steps of Social Research?
Variables
Concepts and Operationalizing Variables
Cause and Correlation
Comparative, Cross-Sectional, and Longitudinal Studies
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Populations
Samples
Collecting Data
Survey
Experiments
Field Research
Case Studies
Ethnography
Secondary Data Analysis
Triangulation
Measures of Central Tendency
Evaluating Data
How to Read a Table
Ethical Concerns
Research Ethics in Operation
Think Sociologically: How Do Sociologists Use Research Methods?
Research Methods and the Four Paradigms
Discover Sociology in Action: How is Research involved in Social Policy?
Social Policy and Statistics
03 CULTURE
A Framework for the Individual
Get the Topic: What is Culture?
Cultural Transmission
Material Culture
Nonmaterial Culture
Components of Culture
Symbols
language
Gestures
Values
Ideal vs. Real Culture
Canadian Values
Norms and Sanctions
Folkways
Laws
Mores
Cultural Diversity
Subcultures and Countercultures
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Cultural Change
Think Sociologically: How Do the Sociological Perspectives Interpret Culture?
Symbolic Interactionism—Culture as Interaction
Functionalism—The Functions of Culture
Conflict Theory—Cultural Conflict
Feminist Theory—gender Inequality in Culture
Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Social Policy Influence Culture?
Social Policy—Bill 101
04 SOCIALIZATION
The Process of Fitting Into Society
Get the Topic: What is Socialization?
The Nature vs. Nurture Debate—What Makes Us Who We Are?
Theories of Socialization
Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self
George Herbert Mead— The Three Stages of the “I–Me” Self
Erving Goffman— Dramaturgy and the Presentation of Self
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Theories of Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan and the “Morality of Care”
Agents of Socialization
The Family
Peers
Schools
The Media
Can We Be “Resocialized”? Experiencing the Total Institution
Think Sociologically: How Do the Four Theoretical Perspectives View Socialization?
Symbolic Interactionism
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Feminist Theory
Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Understanding Socialization Help Us Improve Our Society?
Applying Sociological Thinking in the World, Social Policy, and the canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
05 SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND INTERACTION
Macro and Micro Orientations
Get the Topic: What Elements Create the Social Structures?
Social Structures
Culture
Social Class
Social Status
Social Roles
Social Institutions
Holding Society Together
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Get the Topic: What Are the Characteristics of Social Interaction?
Social Groups
Primary and Secondary Groups
In-Groups and Out-Groups
Reference Groups
Group Size, Structure, and Interaction
Leadership Styles
Conformity
Social Capital and Social Networks
Formal Organizations
Think Sociologically: How Do the Four Perspectives View Social Structures and Social Interaction?
Functionalism—The Essential Features of Social Structures
Adaptation and Replacement
Socialization and Orientation
Production and Exchange
Social Order
Unity and Purpose
Conflict Theory—Worker Participation
Feminist Theory—The Gender Wage Gap in Canada
Symbolic Interactionism—Personal Space
Discover Sociology in Action: How Can Social Policies Improve Society?
Social Policy—Childcare in Canada
06 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Wealth and Poverty in the World
Get the Topic: What is Social Stratification?
Social Stratification Systems
Slavery
Caste Systems
Class Systems
Get the Topic: What is Global Stratification?
Global Stratification—No Longer Three Worlds
Measures of Stratification
Measures of Stratification in Developed Nations
Quality of Life
Think Sociologically: What Causes Global Stratification?
Walter Rostow’s Modernization Theory
Functionalism
Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Model
Conflict Theory
Neocolonialism
Globalization
Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Discover Sociology in Action: What is Being Done to Assist Poor Countries?
Social Policy: Foreign Aid
07 SOCIAL CLASS IN CANADA
Stratification in a Modern Society
Get the Topic: How is Poverty Defined in Canada?
Income Distribution
Wealth Distribution
How is Poverty Defined in Canada?
Power
Prestige
Class Structure in Canada
Neighbourhoods and Social Class
Social Mobility
Think Sociologically: What is the Class Structure in Canada?
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Discover Sociology in Action: What Social Policies Have Been Created to Ease Poverty?
Social Policy: Welfare for the Poor
Social Policy: Minimum Wage
08 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Growth and Sustainability
Get the Topic: What is Demography?
Population by the Numbers
Tools for Studying Population
Fertility Rates
Mortality Rates
Population Pyramids
Migration
Rate of Natural Increase
Doubling Time
Population Projections
Malthusian Theory
Demographic Transition Theory
Get the Topic: What is Environmental Sociology?
Human Ecology
Sustainable Development
Deep Ecology
Ecofeminism
Resource Management
Think Sociologically: Climate Change
Discover Sociology in Action: Can Governments Control Population Growth?
Population Control Programs
09 RACE AND ETHNICITY
Is It a Question of Colour?
Get the Topic: What is the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity?
Census Definitions
Racial Stratification in Canada
Income
Education
Minority and Dominant Groups
Racism
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Patterns of Interaction
Multiculturalism and Assimilation
Types of Minority Groups
Types of Minority Groups
Think Sociologically: What Causes Racist Attitudes, and How Do These Attitudes Affect People?
Conflict Theory: Split Labour-Market Theory
Symbolic Interactionism: Colour-Blind Racism
Functionalism: Institutional Discrimination in Canada
Feminist Theory: Intersectionality
Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Affirmative Action Help Minority Groups in Canada?
Affirmative Action
10 GENDER AND SEXUALITY
The Social Side of Sex
Get the Topic: What is the Difference Between Sex and Gender?
Sex vs. Gender
Gender Construction
Sexuality
Sexual Orientation
Patriarchy and Sexism
Gender Roles
The Fluidity of Gender Roles: Indonesia’s Bugis People
Gender and Inequality
Gender and the Workplace
Gender and the Family
Gender and Politics
Think Sociologically: What Are the Sociological Perspectives on Gender and gender Inequality?
Feminist Theory
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Discover Sociology in Action: What Policies Are in Place to Prevent Sexual Harassment and Abuse?
Social Policy—Stopping Sexual Harassment and Abuse
11 AGING AND HEALTH
The Greying of Society
Get the Topic: How Do Health and Aging Affect Stratification?
Health Defined
Social Epidemiology
Health in Canada: Living Off the Fat of the Land
Childhood Obesity
Stigmatization of the Obese
Obesity and Race
Health Care in Canada
Aging: the Greying of Canada
Aging and Demographic Change in Canada
Concerns About Aging
Think Sociologically: What Theories Exist About the Aging Process?
Functionalism—Disengaging from Society
Symbolic Interactionism—Living An Active Lifestyle
Conflict Theory—Aging and Inequality
Feminist Theory—gender Differences in Aging
Discover Sociology in Action: How Do We Take Care of Retired Canadians?
Taking Care of Retired Canadians
12 DEVIANCE AND CRIME
How Do Societies Respond to Deviance And Crime?
Get the Topic: What Are Deviance and Crime?
Deviance vs. Crime
What is Deviance?
Crime Statistics
The Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and the General Social Survey—Victimization
Crime Trends
Societal Responses to Deviance and Crime
Stigma
Shaming
Punishment
Prison and the Characteristics of Prison Inmates
Think Sociologically: Why Do Deviance and Crime Exist?
Historical Roots of Deviance and Crime Theories
The Classical School
Rational Choice Theory
The Positivist School
Sociological Theories
Functionalism—Functions of Deviance
Strain Theory
Conflict Theory—inequality Between Social Groups
Symbolic Interactionism—learning and Labelling
Differential Association Theory
Labelling Theory
Social Control Theories
Feminist Theory
Discover Sociology in Action: How Do We Deal with Crime in Canada?
Crime Control: the Criminal Justice System
Police
Courts
Correctional Services
13 THE FAMILY
How Do Societies Perpetuate Themselves?
Get the Topic: What is a Family?
Defining Family
Family Forms
Other Family Forms
Forms of Marriage
Trends of the Canadian Family
Courtship and Mate Selection
Issues in the Family
Think Sociologically: Is the Family in Decline?
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Conflict Theory
Functionalism
Discover Sociology in Action: How Are Families Changing?
Same-Sex Marriage in Canada
14 EDUCATION AND RELIGION
How Do Societies Pass on Information?
Get the Topic: How Do Societies Pass on Information?
Education in Society
Myths of Modern Education
Education Throughout the World
Education in Canada
Think Sociologically: How Does Education Affect Society?
Symbolic Interactionism: Teacher Expectancy
Functionalism: Functions of Education
Conflict Theory: The Hidden Curriculum
Feminist Theory: Gender and Education
Education and Religion
Religion in Society
Types of Religion
Organization in Religion
Religious Practices
Religion and the Economy
Changes in Religion
Religion in Canada
Think Sociologically: How Does Religion Affect Society?
Symbolic Interactionism: Sacred and Profane
Functionalism: Solidarity Through Worship
Conflict Theory: Religion and Inequality
Feminist Theory: The Patriarchal Nature of Religion
Discover Sociology in Action: What Social Policies Help Children Get a Better Education?
Improving Education with Africentric Schooling
15 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
How Do Societies Change?
Get the Topic: What Drives Social Change?
Shifts in Society
Stages of Social Change
Resistance to Change
Collective Behaviour
Theories of Collective Behaviour
Social Movements
Stages of Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Think Sociologically: What Are the Theories Behind Social Movements?
Conflict Theory: Deprivation
Functionalism: Value-Added Theory
Symbolic Interactionism: Framing Processes
Feminist Theory: An On-Going Social Movement
First-Wave Feminism
Second-Wave Feminism
Third-Wave Feminism
Discover Sociology in Action: How Do Social Movements influence Society?
Social Policy: Government Cash for Clunkers
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Endnotes
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Citation preview
Second Canadian Edition
JOHN D. CARL Rose State College
MARC BÉLANGER Vanier College
Toronto
Editor-in-Chief: Michelle Sartor Acquisitions Editor: Matthew Christian Senior Marketing Manager: Lisa Gillis Program Manager: Sö˘güt Y. Güleç Project Manager: Andrea Falkenberg Supervising Developmental Editor: John Polanszky Developmental Editor: Katherine Goodes Production Services: Cenveo® Publisher Services Permissions Project Manager: Daniela Glass Photo Permissions Research: Jen Simmons/PreMediaGlobal Text Permissions Research: Jill Dougan/Electronic Publishing Services Art Director: Zena Denchik Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Cover Image: wong yu liang, Shutterstock, Inc. Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text. Original edition published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. This edition is authorized for sale only in Canada. If you purchased this book outside the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the publisher or the author. Copyright © 2015, 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Canada Inc., Permissions Department, 26 Prince Andrew Place, Don Mills, Ontario, M3C 2T8, or fax your request to 416-447-3126, or submit a request to Permissions Requests at www.pearsoncanada.ca. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CKV Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Carl, John D., author Think sociology / John D. Carl, Marc Bélanger. — Second Canadian edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-205-92993-1 (pbk.) 1. Sociology. 2. Sociology—Research. 3. Sociology—Methodology. I. Bélanger, Marc, 1967–, author II. Title. HM585.C365 2014 301 C2013-906846-5
ISBN 978-0-205-92993-1
Brief Contents
01
Sociology
An Introduction to the Foundations of Sociology 03
02
SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
03
How Do We Learn about Society and Social Behaviour? 29
CULTURE
A Framework for the Individual 49
04
SOCIALIZATION
The Process of Fitting into Society 67
05
SOCIAL STRUCTUREs AND INTERACTION
Macro and Micro Orientations 87
06
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
07
Wealth and Poverty in the World 111
SOCIAL CLASS IN CANADA
Stratification in a Modern Society 131
08
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Growth and Sustainability 149
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Is It a Question of Colour? 167
10
Gender And Sexuality
11
The Social Side of Sex 185
AGING AND HEALTH
The Greying of Society 201
12
DEVIANCE AND CRIME
13
How Do Societies Respond to Deviance and Crime? 219
THE FAMILY
How Do Societies Perpetuate Themselves? 237
14
EDUCATION AND RELIGION
15
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
How Do Societies Change? 279
How Do Societies Pass on Information? 257
iii
09
Contents Preface viii About the Authors x
01 SOCIOLOGY An Introduction to the Foundations of Sociology 3 Get the Topic: What Is Sociology? 5 Sociology Defined 5 Developing a Sociological Imagination 6 Émile Durkheim’s Theory on Suicide 7 Individual Choice and Social Forces 7
iv
Think Sociologically: What Are the Four Major Sociological Perspectives? 8 The Functionalist Perspective 9 Auguste Comte 10 • Herbert Spencer 10 • Émile Durkheim 10 • Talcott Parsons 10 • Robert Merton 10 • Criticisms of Functionalism 11 The Conflict Perspective 12 Karl Marx 12 • W.E.B. Du Bois 12 • Ralf Dahrendorf 13 • John Bellamy Foster 13 • Criticisms of Conflict Theory 14 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 14 George Herbert Mead 15 • Herbert Blumer 16 • Erving Goffman 17 • Howard Becker 17 • Criticisms of Symbolic Interactionism 18 The Feminist Perspective 18 Liberal vs. Radical Feminism 18 • Harriet Martineau 19 • Jane Addams 19 • Dorothy Smith 19 • Criticisms of Feminist Theory 19 The Four Perspectives—How Are They Interrelated? 20 Applying Sociological Theories 21
Discover Sociology in Action: Why Is Community Learning Important? 24 Getting Involved in Sociology—Community Learning 24
02
• Triangulation 38 • Measures of Central Tendency 40 • Evaluating Data 40 • How to Read a Table 40 Ethical Concerns 41 Research Ethics in Operation 43
Think Sociologically: How Do Sociologists Use Research Methods? 44 Research Methods and the Four Paradigms 44
Discover Sociology in Action: How Is Research Involved
In Social Policy? 44
Social Policy and Statistics 44
03 Culture A Framework for the Individual 49 Get the Topic: What Is Culture? 50 Cultural Transmission 50 Material Culture 51 Nonmaterial Culture 51 Components of Culture 51 • Symbols 51 • Language 52 • Gestures 52 • Values 53 • Ideal vs. Real Culture 53 Canadian Values 53 Norms and Sanctions 54 Folkways 55 • Laws 55 • Mores 55 Cultural Diversity 56 Subcultures and Countercultures 57 • Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 58 • Cultural Change 59
Think Sociologically: How Do the Sociological Perspectives Interpret Culture? 60 Symbolic Interactionism—Culture as Interaction 60 Functionalism—The Functions of Culture 60 Conflict Theory—Cultural Conflict 60 Feminist Theory—Gender Inequality in Culture 61
Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Social Policy
Influence Culture? 63
Social Policy—Bill 101 63
SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH How Do We Learn about Society and Social Behaviour? 29
04
Get the Topic: What Are Research Methods? 30
Socialization The Process of Fitting Into Society 67
Objectivity 31 Scientific Method: What Are the Six Steps of Social Research? 31 Variables 32 Concepts and Operationalizing Variables 32 Cause and Correlation 33 Comparative, Cross-Sectional, and Longitudinal Studies 33 Quantitative and Qualitative Data 33 Populations 34 • Samples 34 Collecting Data 35 Survey 35 • Experiments 36 • Field Research 37 • Case Studies 38 • Ethnography 38 • Secondary Data Analysis 38
Get the Topic: What Is Socialization? 68 The Nature vs. Nurture Debate—What Makes Us Who We Are? 69 Theories of Socialization 70 Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self 70 • George Herbert Mead— The Three Stages of the “I–Me” Self 70 • Erving Goffman— Dramaturgy and the Presentation of Self 71 • Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development 72 • Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 72 Theories of Moral Development 74
FPO
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 74 • Carol Gilligan and the “Morality of Care” 75 Agents of Socialization 76 The Family 77 • Peers 77 • Schools 77 • The Media 77 Can We Be “Resocialized”? Experiencing the Total Institution 78
Think Sociologically: How Do the Four Theoretical Perspectives View Socialization? 79 Symbolic Interactionism 79 Functionalism 79 Conflict Theory 79 Feminist Theory 80
Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Understanding Socialization Help Us Improve Our Society? 82 Applying Sociological Thinking in the World, Social Policy, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 82
05
Get the Topic: What Is Global Stratification? 118 Global Stratification—No Longer Three Worlds 118 Measures of Stratification 118 • Measures of Stratification in Developed Nations 120 • Quality of Life 121
Think Sociologically: What Causes Global Stratification? 122 Walter Rostow’s Modernization Theory 122 Functionalism 122 Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Model 122 Conflict Theory 123 Neocolonialism 123 • Globalization 123 Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic 124 Symbolic Interactionism 124 Feminist Theory 125
Discover Sociology in Action: What Is Being Done to
Assist Poor Countries? 127 Social Policy: Foreign Aid 127
Social Structures and Interaction Macro and Micro Orientations 87
07
Get the Topic: What Elements Create the Social Structures? 89
Social Class in Canada Stratification in a Modern Society 131
Social Structures 89 Culture 89 • Social Class 89 • Social Status 90 • Social Roles 91 • Social Institutions 92 Holding Society Together 93 Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 93 • Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 93
Social Groups 94 Primary and Secondary Groups 94 • In-Groups and Out-Groups 95 • Reference Groups 95 • Group Size, Structure, and Interaction 96 • Leadership Styles 97 • Conformity 98 • Social Capital and Social Networks 99 • Formal Organizations 100
Think Sociologically: How Do the Four Perspectives View Social Structures and Social Interaction? 103 Functionalism—The Essential Features of Social Structures 103 Adaptation and Replacement 103 • Socialization and Orientation 104 • Production and Exchange 104 • Social Order 104 • Unity and Purpose 104 Conflict Theory—Worker Participation 104 Feminist Theory—The Gender Wage Gap in Canada 104 Symbolic Interactionism—Personal Space 105
Discover Sociology in Action: How Can Social Policies Improve Society? 107 Social Policy—Childcare in Canada 107
06 Social Stratification Wealth and Poverty in the World 111 Get the Topic: What Is Social Stratification? 112 Social Stratification Systems 113
Income Distribution 133 Wealth Distribution 134 How Is Poverty Defined in Canada? 134 Power 136 • Prestige 136 • Class Structure in Canada 137 • Neighbourhoods and Social Class 139 Social Mobility 140
Think Sociologically: What Is the Class Structure in Canada? 141 Functionalism 141 Conflict Theory 141 Symbolic Interactionism 142 Feminist Theory 142
Discover Sociology in Action: What Social Policies Have Been Created to Ease Poverty? 144 Social Policy: Welfare for the Poor 144 Social Policy: Minimum Wage 145
08 Population and Environmental Impact Growth and Sustainability 149 Get the Topic: What Is Demography? 151 Population by the Numbers 151 Tools for Studying Population 151 Fertility Rates 151 • Mortality Rates 152 • Population Pyramids 153 • Migration 153 • Rate of Natural Increase 154 • Doubling Time 155 • Population Projections 155 Malthusian Theory 155 Demographic Transition Theory 156
Contents
Get the Topic: What Are the Characteristics of Social Interaction? 94
Get the Topic: How Is Poverty Defined in Canada? 133
v
FPO
Slavery 113 • Caste Systems 115 • Class Systems 115
Get the Topic: What Is Environmental Sociology? 158
Symbolic Interactionism 195
Human Ecology 158 Sustainable Development 159 Deep Ecology 159 Ecofeminism 159 Resource Management 159
Discover Sociology in Action: What Policies Are in Place to Prevent Sexual Harassment and Abuse? 197
Think Sociologically: Climate Change 161 Discover Sociology in Action: Can Governments Control
Population Growth? 162
Population Control Programs 162
09 Race and Ethnicity Is It a Question of Colour? 167 Get the Topic: What Is the Difference Between Race and
Ethnicity? 169
Census Definitions 169 Racial Stratification in Canada 169 Income 170 • Education 170 • Minority and Dominant Groups 171 • Racism 172 • Prejudice vs. Discrimination 172 • Patterns of Interaction 172 • Multiculturalism and Assimilation 175 • Types of Minority Groups 175 Types of Minority Groups 177
Contents
vi
Think Sociologically: What Causes Racist Attitudes, and How Do These Attitudes Affect People? 178 Conflict Theory: Split Labour-Market Theory 178 Symbolic Interactionism: Colour-Blind Racism 178 Functionalism: Institutional Discrimination in Canada 179 Feminist Theory: Intersectionality 179
Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Affirmative Action Help Minority Groups in Canada? 181 Affirmative Action 181
10 Gender and Sexuality The Social Side of Sex 185 Get the Topic: What Is the Difference Between Sex and
Gender? 187
Sex vs. Gender 187 Gender Construction 187 Sexuality 188 Sexual Orientation 188 Patriarchy and Sexism 188 Gender Roles 189 The Fluidity of Gender Roles: Indonesia’s Bugis People 190 Gender and Inequality 190 Gender and the Workplace 190 • Gender and the Family 192 • Gender and Politics 192
Think Sociologically: What Are the Sociological
Perspectives on Gender and Gender Inequality? 194
Feminist Theory 194 Functionalism 194 Conflict Theory 194
Social Policy—Stopping Sexual Harassment and Abuse 197
11 Aging and Health The Greying of Society 201 Get the Topic: How Do Health and Aging Affect Stratification? 203 Health Defined 203 Social Epidemiology 203 Health in Canada: Living Off the Fat of the Land 207 Childhood Obesity 207 • Stigmatization of the Obese 207 • Obesity and Race 208 Health Care in Canada 208 Aging: the Greying of Canada 210 Aging and Demographic Change in Canada 210 • Concerns About Aging 211
Think Sociologically: What Theories Exist About the Aging Process? 212 Functionalism—Disengaging from Society 212 Symbolic Interactionism—Living An Active Lifestyle 212 Conflict Theory—Aging and Inequality 212 Feminist Theory—Gender Differences in Aging 213
Discover Sociology in Action: How Do We Take Care of
Retired Canadians? 215
Taking Care of Retired Canadians 215
12 Deviance and Crime How Do Societies Respond to Deviance And Crime? 219 Get the Topic: What Are Deviance and Crime? 221 Deviance vs. Crime 221 What Is Deviance? 221 Crime Statistics 222 The Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and the General Social Survey—Victimization 222 • Crime Trends 223 Societal Responses to Deviance and Crime 225 Stigma 225 • Shaming 225 • Punishment 225 • Prison and the Characteristics of Prison Inmates 226
Think Sociologically: Why Do Deviance and Crime Exist? 228 Historical Roots of Deviance and Crime Theories 228 The Classical School 228 • Rational Choice Theory 228 • The Positivist School 228 Sociological Theories 229 Functionalism—Functions of Deviance 229 • Strain Theory 229 • Conflict Theory—Inequality Between Social Groups 230 • Symbolic Interactionism—Learning and Labelling 230 • Differential Association Theory 230 • Labelling Theory 230 • Social Control Theories 230 Feminist Theory 231
Discover Sociology in Action: How Do We Deal with Crime
in Canada? 233
Crime Control: the Criminal Justice System 233 Police 233 • Courts 233 • Correctional Services 233
Types of Religion 266 • Organization in Religion 267 • Religious Practices 267 • Religion and the Economy 268 • Changes in Religion 269 • Religion in Canada 270
Think Sociologically: How Does Religion Affect Society? 271
13
Symbolic Interactionism: Sacred and Profane 271 Functionalism: Solidarity Through Worship 271 Conflict Theory: Religion and Inequality 271 Feminist Theory: The Patriarchal Nature of Religion 271
The Family How Do Societies Perpetuate Themselves? 237
Discover Sociology in Action: What Social Policies Help Children Get a Better Education? 275 Improving Education with Africentric Schooling 275
Get the Topic: What Is a Family? 239 Defining Family 239 Family Forms 240 • Other Family Forms 240 Forms of Marriage 241 Trends of the Canadian Family 241 Courtship and Mate Selection 242 Issues in the Family 245
Think Sociologically: Is the Family in Decline? 249 Symbolic Interactionism 249 Feminist Theory 249 Conflict Theory 249 Functionalism 250
Discover Sociology in Action: How Are Families
Changing? 253
Same-Sex Marriage in Canada 253
Get the Topic: How Do Societies Pass on Information? 259 Education in Society 259 Myths of Modern Education 259 • Education Throughout the World 260 • Education in Canada 260
Think Sociologically: How Does Education Affect Society? 264 Symbolic Interactionism: Teacher Expectancy 264 Functionalism: Functions of Education 264 Conflict Theory: The Hidden Curriculum 264 Feminist Theory: Gender and Education 265 Education and Religion 265 Religion in Society 266
Get the Topic: What Drives Social Change? 281 Shifts in Society 281 Stages of Social Change 281 • Resistance to Change 283 Collective Behaviour 284 Theories of Collective Behaviour 286 Social Movements 286 Stages of Social Movements 286 • Types of Social Movements 287
Think Sociologically: What Are the Theories Behind Social Movements? 291 Conflict Theory: Deprivation 291 Functionalism: Value-Added Theory 291 Symbolic Interactionism: Framing Processes 291 Feminist Theory: An On-Going Social Movement 292 First-Wave Feminism 292 • Second-Wave Feminism 293 • Third-Wave Feminism 293
Discover Sociology in Action: How Do Social Movements
Influence Society? 295
Social Policy: Government Cash for Clunkers 295 Glossary 298 Endnotes 304 Index 319
Contents
Education and Religion How Do Societies Pass on Information? 257
Collective Behaviour And Social Movements How Do Societies Change? 279
vii
14
15
Preface
viii
Think Sociology, Second Canadian Edition, is part of the popular THINK series of textbooks and follows the distinctive format of that series. It is a good basic introduction to sociology, and while it provides a firm theoretical grounding, it also includes many practical and applied examples. This makes it appealing to students who might want to pursue further study in the field of sociology. It is also suitable for students who are interested in finding employment in any domain that involves working with groups of people. The first Canadian edition of this book was well received, and we appreciate the feedback and suggestions from the many reviewers, instructors, and especially students who have used this text. Many of their suggestions have been incorporated into this second edition. While the concise writing style and brevity of the chapters are appealing to both instructors and students, one of the recurring requests was for more content. In the second edition, this has been addressed. More concepts have been included in a number of topics, and the theoretical discussions have been expanded to include more applied examples. Overall, the goal was to make this edition more “sociological” while still maintaining the succinct presentation. As with the first edition, we have not attempted to write an exhaustive explanation of the field of sociology. Rather, we present a brief and interesting introduction to the subject and show students that it is relevant to everything they do in social settings. One advantage of a new edition is the chance to benefit from the feedback of those who have used the text. In addition to updating the statistics and presenting more recent research, we have made the following improvements: • An entirely new chapter (Chapter 8), titled “Population and Environmental Impact,” has been added. This chapter focuses on the Canadian context and also includes a global perspective on these important topics. • Many students and teachers have expressed much appreciation for the feature called “Wrap Your Mind around the Theory,” popularly referred to as the “Theory Wheels.” We have kept them, but in many cases we have significantly revised them to reflect the content changes in the chapters. • The box titled “From Classroom to Community” has been deleted from each chapter in order to allow space for greater topic coverage and additional examples within the chapters. • In Chapter 1, the all-important theory chapter, we have revised and expanded the four major perspectives. Since these are the foundation of sociology, we have given particular attention to making the different theoretical perspectives clear and easy to understand. • Chapter 2, “Sociological Research,” has been reorganized in order to make this challenging topic easier to understand. • The first edition chapters titled “Social Structure and Interaction” and “Groups and Societies” have been combined, and some of their material has been distributed to other chapters. • Chapter 10 has a new title: “Gender and Sexuality.” This reflects the addition of the important topics of sexuality and sexual orientation, which were absent in the first edition. • Chapter 12 also has a new title: “Deviance and Crime.” The discussion of deviance is broader, and crime is described as a particular kind of deviance.
• Chapter 13 has been retitled “The Family” instead of “Marriage and
Family.” This is an acknowledgment of the increasing diversity of family forms in Canada. These new family forms have been presented in greater detail, and information on mate selection has also been added. The theoretical section of this chapter has been significantly revised. • In Chapter 15, “Collective Behaviour and Social Movements,” a section on the theories of collective behaviour has been added. While it is essential that an introductory text present the primary theories, concepts, and issues of the field, it is also important that the text challenges students to explore these topics as well. In sociology, we want students to learn and to practise using their sociological imagination. Hopefully, it is apparent that the main orientation of Think Sociology is practical and that it invites students to realize that the theoretical perspectives and concepts of sociology can help them better understand and appreciate their social lives.
Thinking Tools Within this text are the following tools to help students succeed:
•
Theory Wheels visually connect chapter topics to four theoretical perspectives—functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory, and symbolic interactionism—and help students see how these theories apply to everyday life.
■
> Activity Visit a homeless shelter in your community. Talk to the people there and find out how social factors contributed to their situation. How did they arrive at the shelter? What was their life like before? Write a paragraph describing one of the people you met and analyzing the factors that led to that person’s homelessness.
>>
Auguste Comte
Functionalists see society as being made up of different social institutions.
Each institution fulfills a social function and is connected to other social institutions.
Talcott Parsons Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) was a giant in the field of sociology. Parsons was interested in creating grand theories that attempted to explain every aspect of the human experience and how social systems interconnect. For Parsons, society is much like a bicycle wheel, made up of independent yet interdependent parts. When properly balanced, each independent spoke connected to the hub keeps the wheel spinning. But if just one spoke on a wheel breaks, the entire wheel will eventually fall out of balance. Similarly, society is an interrelated system, and if one part fails to work, the whole system suffers.11 Parsons also commented on the inertia of social systems, meaning that they tend to remain at rest if they are at rest, and they tend to stay in motion if they are already in motion. For example, when you go bowling, you must take a bowling ball and use your own force to make it roll down the lane. Once the ball starts rolling, it tends to keep rolling until the pins and the end of the lane stop it. Although the friction from the floor may slow it down, some other force must stop it. Parsons pointed out that the social world acts the same way. Thus, in order to change a society, some great force must impact the system, or it will remain unchanged. This is because societies naturally will find a balance. Thus change is unlikely and often disruptive. Of course, once the process of change starts, the system will continue on that path until some counter-reaction occurs due to social inertia.12
Robert Merton Robert K. Merton (1910–2003) was a contemporary of Parsons. One of Merton’s greatest theoretical contributions to functionalism was his understanding that social institutions have both intended and unintended functions. Merton identified two types: manifest functions, or factors that lead to an expected consequence or outcome, and latent functions, or factors that lead to an unforeseen or unexpected consequence.13 Merton suggested that when looking at any social event, soci-
14 Chapter 1
The studies of W.E.B Du Bois revealed inequality in the U.S. democratic system. What about in Canada? Is the Canadian system fair for each person in the photograph?
However, totally free-market capitalism will result in the destruction of the environment and the exploitation of workers throughout the world.21 The long and short of it, according to Foster, is that capitalism cannot continue to expand because we are reaching a stagnant point.
Criticisms of Conflict Theory While functionalists are accused of being too conservative, critics of conflict theory often say that it is too radical. A simple reading of conflict theory can seem to make the notion of conflict seem like a “bad” thing. However, in practice, a lot of conflict is actually institutionalized in society. When issues are debated in the House of Commons, Members of Parliament may represent conflicting viewpoints, but this conflict may result in a more equitable solution for all. Because one of the important principles of the conflict perspective is to look at society with a critical eye, many supporters of the conflict perspective are also social activists, usually in support of groups, like the poor, who lack social power and influence. For this reason, conflict theorists are accused of being biased and lacking in scientific objectivity. They counter this accusation by stating that observing social arrangements that are unfair, but doing nothing to change them, is immoral. After examining the works of functionalists and conflict theorists, you’re probably thinking in a macro manner. Whether you’re using functionalism or conflict theory, you are thinking like many sociologists. Yet sociologists can also take a more micro view. If you believe that the way
to understand the social world is through the individual, you might find symbolic interactionism appealing.
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Unlike the macro perspectives that focus on social institutions and large social groups, symbolic interactionism focuses on the way people interact with each other to create the social world in which they live. Communication is central to all human interactions. Symbolic interactionists believe that communication is possible because of symbols. Symbols are things that represent ideas or objects. The symbols we use are arbitrary, meaning that they vary from culture to culture. Of course, words are not the only symbols. Consider the photograph on page 16 of flags from countries around the world. The flag that probably has meaning for you is the Canadian flag. However, people from China, Brazil, Belgium, and the United Kingdom probably feel the same way about their flags as you do about yours. These symbols represent entire nations, and yet you cannot identify many of them, and they probably don’t hold much interest to you. This is because the
Do you know what LOL means? As long as you are with other people who speak the same language, you can interact.
The Conflict Theorists—At a Glance
KARL MARX
PostCapitalism = Many Groups
INTERFOTO/Alamy
Y
JOHN BELLAM FOSTER
W.E.B. DU BOIS
Greed = War + Poverty
“If men define situations as real., they are real in their consequences.”22 If you believe that your roommate was being rude, you will probably change how you behave toward him. It doesn’t matter what his real
Thomas theorem states that situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences. intentions were; you will react based on what you believe they were. Symbolic interactionism is the most micro of sociological approaches, as it often studies the activities of individuals and then draws connections to larger society from these. Studies of relationships, deviance, and even social movements can all use a symbolic interactionist approach. In many ways, symbolic interactionism blends sociology and psychology. Let’s take a look at the work of its founder, George Herbert Mead.
George Herbert Mead George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) was an American sociologist from the University of Chicago. Mead’s former students were so committed to him that after his death in 1931, they combined his articles, notes, and lectures into the book Mind, Self, and Society. This book introduced a new theory called “symbolic interactionism.”23 In Mind, Self, and Society, Mead suggested that the root of society is the symbols that teach us to understand the world. We then use these symbols to develop a sense of self, or identity. It is this identity that we then take into the world, and we interact with other identities to create society. Thus, the initial building blocks of society are our minds, the place we interpret symbols. How do you learn to interpret symbols? Mead suggested that you do this through the micro interactions you have every day. You have
Sociology
importance of a symbol is rooted in the culture from which it comes. Just as languages vary between people, so, too, do their symbol systems. Interactionists argue that individuals have the power to co-create the world, to make it what they want it to be. People develop standards and norms through a process of interacting with others. This way, we learn what is “normal” and acceptable behaviour. Widespread social acceptance of a behaviour is the main criterion in declaring it to be normal, and we quickly learn that different situations allow for different behaviours. For example, kissing your boyfriend or girlfriend on the lips is a perfectly acceptable behaviour. However, trying to kiss a co-worker on the lips could result in your being charged with sexual harassment. Context and setting affect our understanding of a social event. You probably behave differently in your sociology class than you would if you were at a friend’s house. Social order results when the members of society share common definitions of what is appropriate. Disputes arise when we do not share the same definitions. For example, if your roommate eats your food without asking your permission, you might interpret that behaviour as disrespectful and rude. However, he might feel that his behaviour shows that the two of you are friends and share everything with one another. This principle has come to be known as the Thomas theorem, which states that:
15
Jack Lui Photography
Capitalism = Destruction of Earth
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington DC
= Peace
Georgios Kollidas/Fotolia
Equal Wealth
DORF
AHREN
RALF D
>>
suicide rates.11 Indeed, the greater the proportion of low notes in national anthems, the higher the national suicide rates. The sociological perspective would suggest that the impact of music on suicide is best understood in relationship to a subculture where the music reflects and reinforces the values, attitudes, and behaviours of its members. For example, members of a particular music-based subculture may be initially drawn to a music genre based on individual differences, but then social influences may intensify their commitment to the norms of the subculture. If you were conducting sociological research on music and suicide, how would you conduct the study?
>
Consider for a moment the scope of the above-mentioned principles and guidelines for ethical behaviour. Do you think research practices can easily be labelled as either ethical or unethical? Do you think that Eileen Barker was using unethical practices in her Unification Church study? Or do you think she succeeded in respecting her subjects’ dignity and worth? The issues raised by sociological field investigations helped create the need for codes of research ethics in the first place and prompted federal governments to play a role in research ethics. Earlier, we mentioned the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS); these days in Canada, researchers or institutions that
receive funding from any of the main federal research funding agencies are obliged to use the TCPS as a condition of their funding.34 Nonetheless, sociologists do not all agree about the ways in which studies should be conducted. Some researchers who study deviant behaviours, for example, suggest that deception is essential in collecting accurate information. The issue of how to use deception is a critical question in field research. If you fully disclose what you are doing, how can you be sure the Hawthorne effect is not affecting your results? If you deceive, how can you protect the subjects’ dignity and worth? This is why a debate on ethics rages on within the sociological research community today. So the question is: How can you avoid ethical dilemmas? One way is to get your subjects’ consent. Hand out an informed consent form before the study begins. Informed consent means that the research subjects understand the general purpose of the study and its main features. If the researcher is using deception, subjects deserve to know when they will find out the truth. Subjects must know that they can cease their participation at any time without risk to themselves.
think sociologically:
How Do Sociologists
Use Research Methods?
No single research method applies only to functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, or feminist theory. But these theoretical frameworks do lend themselves to using types of data in different ways.
Research Methods and the Four Paradigms
Chapter 2
44
Although our theoretical paradigm does not dictate the research method we use, it does affect how we interpret data. Conflict theorists and functionalists can look at the same data and come to different conclusions. Imagine that a conflict theorist and a functionalist studied data showing the rise of income inequality in a community. In other words, they studied the widening of the gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots” in the community. How might the two sociologists interpret the data? Remember, both functionalists and conflict theorists have a macro orientation, so they study how a certain issue affects the whole society and not individual people. However, functionalists examine how a certain issue functions in a society, whereas conflict theorists study how the unequal distribution of goods affects society. Functionalists studying the data might suggest that income inequality serves the society well, as more rich people are able to start
businesses and invest in long-term projects that will one day make society better for everyone. These businesses might one day be able to employ the poor members of the community and help them rise above their situation. Functionalists would not necessarily view income inequality as a negative phenomenon. Conflict theorists, meanwhile, might suggest that the same numbers show that the rich exploit the poor and that this exploitation is only getting worse. You can see how two researchers can look at the same data and come to different conclusions. Because symbolic interactionists have a micro orientation, they might focus more on how the income inequality affected people at an individual level. These researchers might conduct interviews in order to learn more about wealthy individuals’ perceptions of the poor and low-income individuals’ perceptions of the rich. They might observe how being poor affects an individual’s lifestyle—for example, how the lack of money affects the kind of clothes that a person wears or the place he or she lives. Like functionalists and conflict theorists, feminist theorists would also look at quantitative data on inequality, but they would focus on the inequality of women relative to men. They might also adopt a micro orientation that would examine how women in particular experience poverty. Here, too, you can see the same set of data can be interpreted differently, depending on the theoretical lens through which the data are viewed.
discover sociology in action:
How Is Research Involved in Social Policy? The Canadian Sociological Association’s Code of Ethics calls value-laden terms such as conservative or liberal without properly upon sociologists to “enter into dialogue with the communities we defining them. What you consider “liberal” might not be interpreted the research.” 35 Working on social same way by your neighbour or a policies and participating in comcommunity in another province. ACTIVITIES munity learning projects are just • Find Out Who Funded the Study. Groups that fund research two of the ways sociologists can 1. Check out the online resources at your school’s library. Which often have an interest in the outbetter the community. search engines does your school suggest are best for sociocome. You should always consider logical research? Make a list. Then write a paragraph evaluatthe possibility that stakeholders ing each one. want to use research to support 2. Conduct a class survey. Talk with your professor and create their positions. Remember, objeca 10-question survey to give to your classmates about sometivity is the foundation of sociothing that interests you. Social policies arise because people logical research. Be on the lookout 3. Have a class discussion about whether the end justifies the recognize a problem and take action for groups or individuals that have means in social research. Can a researcher truly hope to find to deal with it. Often the first step is ulterior motives. out about a subculture without deception? to get more information about the • Look for Spuriousness and
Social Policy and Statistics
problem, which involves analyzing statistics. When consuming statistical evidence, it’s important that you:
• Beware
•
02
What are research methods? 30 the scientific procedures that sociologists use to conduct research and develop knowledge about a particular topic How do sociologists use research methods? 44 through analysis of quantitative and qualitative data using surveys and experiments; through analysis of qualitative data using participant observation, case studies, and ethnographies How is research involved in social policy? 44 through analysis of statistics
Sociological Research
CHAPTER
45
the Headline. Sens ationalism can lead to a newspaper headline like MURDER RATE WORST IN DECADES even when the actual rate is falling. The word rate is shorter than numbers and so might be easier to use in a headline, but it doesn’t mean the same thing. • Check Term Definitions. Each researcher makes decisions about how to measure certain constructs. Beware of any study that uses
Selection Effects. When reading research, ask yourself: Could something else be causing this result? Has the researcher really looked at every possible angle? Look for Agendas. Agendas are often political in nature. Many times politicians quote statistics, but that doesn’t mean they’re true. Regardless of party affiliation, many politicians choose to manipulate statistics to make their claims appear stronger than they actually are.36
get the topic:
What Are Research Methods?
Objectivity 31 Scientific Method: What Are the Six Steps of Social Research? 31 Variables 32
Cause and Correlation 33 Quantitative and Qualitative Data 33 Collecting Data 35 Triangulation 38
Research Methods and the Four Paradigms 44 Social Policy and Statistics 44
Key Terms research methods are the scientific procedures that sociologists use to conduct research and collect data about a particular topic. 31
spurious correlation occurs when two variables appear to be related but both may have an underlying cause. 33
bias is the likelihood that a nonrepresentative sample may lead to inaccurate results. 35
research design refers to the process used to collect data. 33
survey is an investigation of the opinions or behaviours of a group of people by asking them questions. 35
verstehen means understanding the meaning of action from the actor’s point of view. 31
comparative studies use data from different sources in order to compare them against each other. 33
experiment is a method in which researchers control variables in order to test causes and effects. 36
cross-sectional studies look at an event at a single point in time.
literature review is a study of relevant academic articles and information. 31
longitudinal studies include data from observations over time using a cohort. 33
Hawthorne effect occurs when people behave differently because they know they are being studied. 37
hypothesis is a statement about how variables relate. 32
cohort is a specific group of people used in a study. 33
variable is a characteristic or trait that can be measured. 32
quantitative data refer to data based on numbers. 33
independent variables are variables that are deliberately manipulated in an experiment. 32
qualitative data include words, pictures, photos, or any other type of information that comes to the researcher in a non-numeric form. 33
46
dependent variables are the response to the manipulated variable. 32
Chapter 2
objectivity is the ability to conduct research without allowing personal biases or prejudices to influence findings. 31
control variables are variables that are kept constant to accurately test the impact of an independent variable. 32 concepts are abstract ideas that refer to objects, ideas, or behaviours. 32 operationalizing is turning abstract ideas into something measurable. 32 reliable means you get consistent results each time you measure. 32 validity means that you’re actually measuring what you set out to measure. 32 causal relationship is a relationship in which one condition or variable leads to a certain consequence. 33 correlation is an indication that when one factor changes, so does another. 33 positive correlation describes two variables that move in the same direction. 33 negative correlation describes two variables that move in opposite directions. 33
population is the entire group of people you wish to describe. 34 parameter is a number that describes a population. 34 sample is a subset of a population. 34 statistic is a number that describes a sample. 34 representative sample is a sample in which the relevant characteristics of the sample are the same as the characteristics of the population. 34 generalization is the extent that what is learned from a sample can be applied to the population from which the sample is taken. 34 random sample is a sample chosen so that each member of the population has the same chance of being selected. 35 convenience sample is a nonrandom sample of people conveniently or easily available to the researcher. 35
field research is research conducted in a natural setting. 37 participant observation is a type of field research in which the researcher poses as a person who is normally in the environment. 37 case studies are investigations of one person or event in detail. 38 ethnography is a research method that aims to understand the social perspective and cultural values of a particular group by participating in or getting to know their activities in detail. 38 secondary data analysis is the process of using and analyzing data that others have collected. 38 content analysis is a type of research in which the sociologist looks for common words or themes in newspapers, books, or structured interviews. 38 triangulation is the process of using multiple approaches to study a phenomenon. 38 central tendency is the middle of the distribution of a variable. 40 mean is an average. 40 median refers to the midpoint in a distribution of numbers. 40 mode refers to the most common value in a distribution. 40 ethics is a system of values or principles that guide one’s behaviour. 41
Sample Test Questions
These multiple-choice questions are similar to those found in the test bank that accompanies this textbook.
1. “Children who participate in organized sports are less likely to suffer
4. Which of the following is not a core principle in Canadian research
from obesity later in life.” This statement is an example of a a. Hawthorne effect. b. positive correlation. c. negative correlation. d. case study. 2. Which of the following is the first research step? a. Collect the data b. Review the literature c. Deciding on a topic d. Developing a hypothesis 3. Which research method observes people in natural social situations? a. Field research b. Survey c. Content analysis d. Experiment
ethics? a. Justice b. Concern for welfare of participants c. Timeliness d. Respect for persons 5. Which measure of central tendency is affected by extreme high or low scores? a. Mean b. Mode c. Middle d. Median
ESSAY
Where to Start Your Research Paper
1. If you are doing a study on cults, what kinds of ethical issues should
The best source for Canadian Statistics is the Statistics Canada website: www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html.
ANSWERS: 1. c; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. a
For more on music and suicide: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00120.x/full. Remember to check www.thethinkspot.ca for additional information, downloadable flashcards, and other helpful resources.
Sociological Research
Other good sources are http://srds.ca/index.htm. www.ipsos.ca/en/. www.legermarketing.com/canada_en/home.asp. http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/CJS/index.
47
you consider? 2. What criteria should you keep in mind when evaluating Web sources? 3. Suppose you are conducting a study of how people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds feel about a particular political candidate. How might you collect quantitative data for this study? How might you collect qualitative data? 4. How did Morris Freilich approach his ethnographic study about Mohawk skywalkers? 5. Provide an example of a hypothesis. Next, explain how you would develop a research design to test that hypothesis.
Garry Black/Alamy
Culture
Q
What is culture? How do the Sociological Perspectives Interpret Culture? How does social policy influence culture?
“A Canadian is . . . always unsure of what it means to be Canadian. Maybe this is a strength. Maybe it is evidence of our tolerance and pluralism and of our enlightened postmodernism. Let a thousand identities bloom! Or maybe it just reveals
“Still, we have created an extraordinary country, one
our hollow core—a vacuity at the centre of our soul.
that regularly ranks among the very best in terms of quality
Outside of Quebec, at least, we do not really know who we
of life. People from around the world strive to come here
are or what we represent—other than that we have made
to enjoy our economic opportunity, social tolerance, and
ourselves remarkably comfortable in a cold land, and that
political freedoms. Canadians today are among the most
we are good at hockey.
fortunate human beings to have ever lived. But sometimes it seems to have happened almost by accident—as if we
would find it easier to develop a consensus around its
have created this remarkable country more by luck and
projet de société. To the extent that Canadians do not have
happenstance than by consensus and design.”1
a clear identity, it hampers our larger social task of deciding what kind of society we want, and then getting on with building it.
A Framework for the Individual 03 CHAPTER
49
“A country with a clear identity and self-understanding
get the topic:
McClelland & Stewart Ltd
In his book What Is a Canadian? Forty-Three Thought-Provoking Responses, Irvin Studin has collected 43 essays from various Canadians in which they give various insights into culture in Canada.
What Is Culture? guides (or misguides) our thoughts and actions. The fact that you may speak only English, for example, is indicative of the culture in which you grew up. Had the French run the English out of Canada in the 1600s, we might all be saying “Salut!” instead of “How’s it goin’, eh?” The tangible and intangible aspects of culture have a significant impact on your daily life.
culture is the symbols, values, norms, and material objects that societies create.
The languages we speak, the foods we eat, how we dress, and the way we do things may seem perfectly natural to us. If you want to think like a sociologist, you’ll need to understand not only what culture is but also how culture affects our lives. We use culture in order to relate to the natural world and to each other. Because we see the world through the lens of our culture, it’s easy for us to take our own culture for granted, accepting it without much thought. In fact, we’re often not even aware of the ways in which culture
Cultural Transmission Culture passes from one generation to the next. We call this phenomenon cultural transmission. Thanks to cultural transmission, you can use information others have learned to improve your own life. Cultural transmission also helps spread technology: Scientific studies of electricity
Culture has different components such as
Symbols: things that represent, suggest, or stand for something else
Invention: something that is deliberately changed or made to produce something new Discovery: better understanding or observation of something that already exists Diffusion: the transmission of an item or a method of doing things from one culture to another Cultural lag: the time between when technological changes occure and when social and cultural changes occur
and
components of cultural change are
Arcady/Fotolia
50
cultural transmission is culture passing from one generation to the next.
Chapter 3
I deliberately wrote “culture in Canada” instead of “Canadian culture.” Canada is often described as a multicultural society, but does this mean that there is no unique “Canadian culture”? Keep this question in mind as you read through this chapter. See if your answer changes.
Language: a system of spoken and/or written symbols used to convey meaning and to communicate
Ethnocentrism: using your own culture to judge another culture Xenophobia: fear and hostility toward people from other cultures Xenocentrism: perceiving other cultures as superior to your own Cultural relativism: making a deliberate effort to appreciate other cultures without prejudice Cultural shock: an emotional response to the differences between the cultures Cultural imperialism: a situation in which powerful cultural industries dominate other cultures
and can lead to
and the development of microwave technology and the microchip made today’s cell phones and computers possible.
Material Culture One category of culture is material culture: the physical items that we use. The jewellery, art, tools, clothing, architecture, and machines a society creates are all examples of material culture. Of course, the natural resources available to a culture can influence that culture’s creations. For example, while seven countries (Canada, the United States, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom) use more than 37 percent of the world’s electricity and oil, these countries combined hold only about 12 percent of the world’s population. What do these statistics tell you about material culture? On a tour of these countries, you’d be likely to stumble across plenty of cars, air conditioners, heaters, blow dryers, and a host of other modern conveniences. If you took a trip to Nigeria, though, you’d notice that a lack of access to energy also influences material culture. Nigeria is the eighth largest country in the world by population, yet it ranks 69th in the world’s electricity use and 45th in the world’s use of oil. Few people there own a car, and many live without regular access to electricity.2
Nonmaterial Culture Not all elements of culture are tangible. Nonmaterial culture consists of the nonphysical products of society, such as values and beliefs. Traditions, language, music, the belief in gender equality, and valuing the democratic process are all examples of nonmaterial culture.
nonmaterial culture consists of the nonphysical products of society, such as values and beliefs. symbols are things that represent, suggest, or stand for something else.
Josie/Fotolia
and
includes
Norms: the culturally defined rules for appropriate social behavior
Cultural Diversity
Culture
Subcultures: subsets of the dominant culture that have distinct values, beliefs, and norms Countercultures: groups with values and norms that are in opposition to those of the dominant culture
What do you think of when you see the Canadian flag? To most of us, it’s more than just a piece of cloth—it’s a symbol. Symbols are things that represent, suggest, or stand for something else. They can be words, gestures, or objects, and they often represent abstract or complex concepts. For example, wedding rings represent a legal bond of marriage and an emotional bond of love between two people. Symbols are an important part of culture because they allow us to communicate. Each culture determines the meaning of its own symbols and uses these symbols to share thoughts and concepts with others. If you know what Timbits and double-doubles are, then you recognize these symbols of Canadian culture. When the interpretation of symbols is shared, interaction usually occurs smoothly. Misunderstandings and other problems may occur when people interpret symbols differently. In 2008, one of the recommendations of the Bouchard-Taylor Commission—which was set up to gather public input on the issue of “reasonable accommodation” in Quebec—was that the crucifix in the Quebec National Assembly should be removed because it was a symbol of one particular religious group, and the state should be neutral. However, Premier Jean Charest argued that the crucifix represents 350 years of history in Quebec, and he was not about to erase that important heritage.3 Symbols are powerful things. 51
Every human society has developed a culture based on certain fundamental components. The specific form of these components differs from culture to culture, and this is what produces the rich diversity of cultural practices that we see across the world’s societies. However,
Values: the cultural standards by which we determine what is good or bad, right or wrong
Symbols
material culture consists of the physical items that we use.
Components of Culture
and
all cultures have the same components—they all have material objects, they all use symbols and develop language, they all have values that tell people what is good and bad, and they all have norms that tell people how to behave.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a hypothesis that the structure of a language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience. gestures are symbols we make using our bodies, such as facial expressions, hand movements, eye contact, and other types of body language. values are a part of a society’s nonmaterial culture that represent cultural standards by which we determine what is good or bad, right or wrong.
Chapter 3
52
Language Language is a system of spoken and/or written symbols used to convey meaning and to communicate. Some languages exist only in the oral tradition, while other languages are expressed through both speech and writing systems, but all cultures use some form of language. The United Nations reports that currently there are more than 6000 different languages on the planet. Due to conquest, commerce, assimilation, and failure to write down some languages, about half of these are in danger of extinction.4 Two main factors determine the number of speakers of a language: population size and colonial history. China and India are the world’s largest countries by population, a fact that single-handedly explains the large percentage of people who speak Mandarin Chinese and Hindi. The English language is widely spoken throughout the world, but this has little to do with Great Britain’s population size. If you’ve ever heard the phrase, “The sun never sets on the British Empire,” you know that the British Empire once ruled territory on every continent. As Great Britain colonized countries around the world from the 1700s to the early 1900s, English was introduced to these places.
Universal Grammar The famous linguist Noam Chomsky suggests that human beings’ ability to use language comes from common roots.5 All languages contain what Chomsky calls a “universal grammar.” This term refers not to particular language rules but to the way in which languages are constructed. Chomsky theorizes that, among other things, commonalities in sentence construction and word pronunciation connect languages throughout the world. Furthermore, he says, universal grammar begins in children at about the same age, regardless of culture. Chomsky’s observations suggest that humans have an innate need for language.
>>> The crucifix in the Quebec National Assembly is a powerful symbol.
Research by Coppola and Newport supports much of Chomsky’s theory. In their study of deaf subjects who were isolated and knew no official sign language, Coppola and Newport found that these people’s “home sign language” (i.e., language that they developed themselves) follows a predictable grammatical style.6 For instance, the subject of a sentence generally appears at the beginning of the statement. Such findings point to an innate logic in the construction of language and support Chomsky’s theory of universal grammar. Language doesn’t just advance our knowledge; it also brings us together by helping us create social consensus, or agreement. If you and I were to meet, we could use language to exchange ideas, debate, or decide on a course of action. Language is inherently social: It serves as a tool for sharing past memories, making future plans, and building and maintaining relationships.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis It’s difficult to overstate the importance of language in our lives. In 1929, anthropologist Edward Sapir, after studying many different languages and the people who spoke them, suggested that language and thinking patterns are directly connected.7 This idea was further developed by Benjamin Whorf, one of Sapir’s students. It is now known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes two key points: 1. The differences in the structure of language parallel differences in the thinking of the people who speak languages. 2. The structure of a language strongly influences the speaker’s
worldview. Have you ever considered how much language actually influences our thinking? I was out shopping with my daughter one day because she wanted to find a pink shirt. I saw a shirt on the rack and held it up and asked, “What about this one?” She just stared at me and said “Dad, I said I need a pink shirt.” I said, “Well, this one is pink,” to which she answered, “No it’s not. It’s fuchsia.” When she finally did find a pink shirt, I could see a difference between the pink shirt and the fuchsia shirt. However, my limited vocabulary meant that I thought that both shirts were a colour called pink. Ongoing research into the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that because language influences thinking, it also influences culture.
Gestures
RENAULT Philippe/hemis.fr/Hemis/Alamy
language is a system of spoken and/or written symbols used to convey meaning and to communicate.
Although language is a primary component of nonmaterial culture, it’s not the only one. Another symbol system that differs by culture is gesture. Gestures are symbols we make using our bodies, such as facial expressions, hand movements, eye contact, and other types of body language. A gesture’s symbolic meaning can vary widely between cultures. I once interpreted a Pakistani student’s lack of eye contact as distrust or boredom until I realized that in her culture, making eye contact with someone, particularly a male teacher, is considered rude.
k toc tte rs 7/ S hu nex
us
lia
to
help us develop language, but our use of language also influences our experience.8
Fo in/ ep kp
>>> Language influences how we perceive things, which in turn influences our experience of the world. Our experiences
Values Values are a part of a society’s nonmaterial culture. They represent the cultural standards by which we determine what is good or bad, right or wrong. Values may be specific, such as children listening to their parents, or they may be more general, such as belief in democracy or gender equality. Because societies are capable of growth and change, it’s possible for values to change over time.
Ideal vs. Real Culture
Is there a difference between culture as we’d like it to be and culture as it really is? Often, the answer is yes. Ideal culture represents the values to which a society aspires, and real culture represents a society’s actual behaviours. Democracy, for example, has always been part of the ideal culture of Canada, but voter turnouts for the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 federal elections indicate that only about 60 percent of the eligible population exercised their democratic right and turned out to vote.9
• • • • •
Official languages Aboriginal issues Cultural diversity The Canadian economy Responsible leadership and participatory democracy
The forum commissioners also identified seven “Canadian values.” Many Canadians spoke or wrote eloquently to the forum on the subject of the core values they saw as essential elements of Canadian society. The following list represents the core values that emerged very strongly from participants in all regions of Canada:
Mark Peterson/Corbis
• Canadian identity and values • Quebec and Canadian unity
Canadian vs. American Values
to do, you get a positive sanction; if you break the rules, you earn a negative sanction. Most sanctions are informal, like when your friend rolls her eyes at your terrible joke. However, if we violate a law, we receive a formal negative sanction. A speeding ticket is one example of a formal sanction. Sanctions, both positive and negative, can reinforce a culture’s values by rewarding people who hold those values and punishing those who have opposing values.
Folkways Folkways are informal types of norms that are not strictly enforced. They provide a framework for our everyday behaviour and are based on social expectations. Because they are less serious types of norms, the sanctions applied are less severe than for other types of norms. For example, if you see a person struggling with packages, you will hold the door for him or her. If you let the door slam on the person, you might be considered rude, but you won’t go to jail. Folkways are often social customs that, when violated, call for minor, informal negative sanctions.
folkways are informal types of norms that are not strictly enforced. laws are formal norms that are enforced through social institutions. mores are norms that represent a community’s most important values.
Laws Norms that society perceives as being more serious than folkways often get written into laws. Laws are formal norms that are enforced through social institutions. Breaking a law is called a crime and is subject to formal sanctions.
Mores Although folkways are informal norms, mores (pronounced MORE-ayes) are more serious. Mores are norms that represent a community’s most important values. For example, if you murder a person, you’ve violated one of society’s mores. People who violate mores are given more serious sanctions.
Culture
do with politics, patriotism, or war?
55
It’s customary for players and fans alike to remove their hat or helmet and sing the national anthem before sporting events. Why do so at an event that has nothing to
Peter Wey/Fotolia
>>>
56 Chapter 3
Canada’s unspoiled natural beauty is a matter of great importance to many Canadians.
Cultural Diversity Human societies have developed an incredible diversity in meeting their needs. This is why we see so many differences between cultures. But are there any common features of culture? You saw above that every
Individualistic and Collectivistic Views Individualism, while it may be a core Canadian value, is hardly universal across the globe; people in countries such as China are more apt to see things through the lens of collectivism.13 In a collectivist culture, interdependence is valued over independence, group goals valued over individual wants and needs. How do our individualist or collectivist views affect us in practical terms? For starters, let’s consider how we respond to questions.
culture has material and nonmaterial elements, as well as the shared components of symbols, values, and norms. The American anthropologist George Murdock identified more than 70 cultural universals. These are elements that are common to all human cultures worldwide.12 Every culture has developed a way to deal with each of these elements; how
Research has shown that people from more collectivist societies, such as China and Japan, are less likely to answer with extremes on surveys. On a survey that allowed participants to strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree, Canadian and American students were more likely to choose “strongly agree” and “strongly disagree,” whereas Chinese and Japanese participants tended to choose the less extreme responses.14 Important cultural differences like these can inform business situations. One study compared how Canadian and Chinese
executives dealt with conflict situations. The researchers found that the Chinese executives preferred to avoid conflicts before they occurred, but when conflict did arise, they were more likely to use negative resolution strategies, such as ending negotiations. The authors suggested that because groups in collectivist cultures are harder to get into, stable and harmonious relationships are more important. In individualistic cultures, an individual can more easily leave the situation and join another group.15
TODD KOROL/Reuters/Corbis
nyul/Fotolia
>>>
Like all other social behavior, folkways are defined by those who use them. They also change over time. Shaking hands with someone you meet was a common folkway in Canada. After the H1N1 flu scare in 2010, many people abandoned the hand-
shaking folkway and adopted the “elbow bump” as a safer alternative.
■
poke may poke you back or ignore your poke. An informal sanction might occur if your poke goes unanswered. Though nontraditional, Facebook creates a virtual community in which people interact with others who share norms and values. >>> ACTIVITY Log on to a social networking site, like Facebook, and identify a subculture.
• M ake a list of the values of that •
subculture. W hat are the norms of this subculture?
Reference groups are not necessarily in-groups because we don’t have to belong to them. If, for example, you are studying to be a family therapist, you might talk to therapists at your local community centre about the duties and challenges of the career. But simply thinking like a therapist doesn’t make you one. The therapists at the centre
Leadership in Canada
Trudeau made bold and dramatic gestures on and off the political stage. He pirouetted behind the queen’s back and made news because of the famous women he dated and the young woman he married. As prime minister, he brought in the Official Languages Act (1969), invoked the War Measures Act (1970, after several bombing attempts and kidnappings by the Front de libération du Québec), appointed the first female speaker and governor general in Canada (Jeanne Sauvé on both counts), supported the enactment of the Canadian
According to Henry Hamburger and colleagues, the size of a group affects the group’s ability to cooperate in a task.37 This phenomenon explains why reducing class size in public schools is a major issue in education policy. Smaller groups accomplish more in less time than larger ones do.
In many groups, there are individuals who always stand apart from the crowd and become leaders, either officially or unofficially. According to Kurt Lewin and colleagues, leadership can be summarized by three distinct styles.39 Leadership style refers to a behavioural mode that leaders use to influence group members. Leadership style varies among autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire styles. Autocratic leaders determine the group policies and assign tasks.40 These strict authoritarians inform you, “It’s my way or the highway.” Conversely, democratic leaders strive to set group policy by discussion and agreement.41 They hope for consensus and are likely to ask for your opinion on matters. Finally, laissez-faire leaders lead by absence and may in fact not want to be leaders at all.42 They set few goals and do only what must be done. What makes someone a good leader? The true measure of leadership is influence on others. If you lack this ability, no one will follow you. The style of leadership—autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire—you employ does not directly affect your level of leadership. An autocratic leader can be just as influential as a democratic leader. Influential
autocratic leaders are leaders who determine the group policies and assign tasks. democratic leaders are leaders who strive to set group policy by discussion and agreement. laissez-faire leaders are leaders who lead by absence and may in fact not want to be leaders at all.
functionalism theorist John C. Maxwell provides a model of leadership made up of five levels.43 As you read, think about leaders you know who exhibit these qualities.
Level 1: Positional Leaders: People Following the Leader because They Must This level serves as the most basic type of leadership. Simply put, other people give positional leaders the reins of leadership. They don’t rely on vision or charisma to lead others; instead, people follow them because of their title. When you enter the workforce, the hierarchy of your company determines who your supervisor will be, and it is part of your job to follow that person’s lead. In the overall scheme of things, though, the positional leader and the people he or she oversees are just cogs in a machine. This type of leader has the least amount of influence.
Level 2: Permission Leaders: People Following because They Want To Although positional leaders often lack personal relationships with their followers, permission leaders take the opposite tack. These leaders generate followers willingly precisely because they develop personal relationships with them. A permission leader doesn’t merely view workers as a means to an end; instead, the leader and workers work together because they enjoy each other’s company. Such a leader has considerably more influence because his or her followers are actually invested in the relationship, and, by extension, the task that is to be completed.
Successful leaders eventually understand that there is more to leadership than merely being the boss.
Social Structures and Interaction
Leadership St yles
leadership style is a behavioural mode that leaders use to influence group members.
97
If you attend a concert in a large arena, you’ll probably talk to only the friends you came with, right? You and others are sandwiched into tight surroundings, and you may be actually physically touching someone you don’t know, yet you probably won’t talk to that person. Ironically, our sense of group often gets smaller when we’re in large crowds. As a population increases in size and becomes denser, our perception of group size becomes smaller.38 As crowds get larger, they become more stressful to us. In order to reduce the stress, we retreat into smaller, safer groups, thus limiting the interactions in the group and the stress of being in the crowd.
Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), and “patriated”—or brought home—the Canadian Constitution from Britain (1982).35 He continued to be elected to power as people were following him because it was their choice, because of what he was accomplishing, and because they were empowered. He clearly reached Maxwell’s fifth level of leadership and is remembered, in the words of the CBC, as having “helped shape Canada with his vision of a unified, bilingual, multicultural ‘just society.’ ”36 Pierre Elliott Trudeau died in 2000.
>>
John A. Giordano/Corbis
Immaculate Houses
access to the health care system.26 People who have low incomes and who live in disadvantaged neighbourhoods are at increased risk of having health problems. In many aboriginal communities, the living conditions are comparable to those of a developing nation, as measured by the United Nation’s Human Development Index.
The Medicalization of North American Society
sick role is the expected behaviours and responsibilities appropriate for someone who is ill. medicalization is the idea that the medical community is the centre of many aspects of our society.
Childhood Obesity
Stigmatization of the Obese
Health in Canada: Living Off the Fat of the Land With free health care, you would think that Canada would be a country of healthy citizens. However, all affluent nations face a host of health concerns, including obesity. Part of the problem is the foods we eat. Food options in Canada run the gamut from healthy (organic arugula) to unhealthy (bacon cheddar cheeseburgers). Many consumers, including myself, prefer the latter. Shopping for healthier food takes more time, effort, and money. Fast food is convenient and inexpensive, making it hugely popular, despite being unhealthy.
Another consequence of childhood obesity is that overweight children are often targets of scorn and ridicule among their peers. Numerous studies have shown that people hold prejudicial attitudes about the obese. These perceptions can cause discrimination against an obese person. This loss of status could have harmful psychological, economic, and physical consequences.38 Sociologists Deborah Carr and Michael Friedman performed a study to determine whether obesity is in fact a stigma. They found that obese individuals believed that other members of society treated them unfairly, which contributed to their poor self-esteem and lack of psychological well-being. Carr and Friedman found that obese professional workers were 2.5 times more likely to report work-related discrimination than their thinner counterparts.39
Aging and Health
why is fast food so popular with so many people?
207
>>>
kasyge/Fotolia
One way to consider the sociology of health is to look at how health and Although it’s a relatively new phenomenon, Canada is in the grips of what health care influence people’s lives. Talcott Parsons believed some are calling an obesity epidemic. This is the term that that sickness can become a social role.27 A was used in a report called “Healthy Weights for sick role is the expected behaviours and Healthy Kids.” Canada now has one of the responsibilities appropriate for someone highest rates of childhood obesity, ranking who is ill. For example, part of an ill fifth out of 34 Organisation for Economic person’s role is to go to the doctor in Co-operation and Development an attempt to get rid of the illness. (OECD) countries. Twenty-six percent Physicians have a primary posiof Canadians between 2 and 17 years tion in society, allowing them to old are overweight or obese. The numlabel sickness and health, which bers are even worse among aboriginal gives them great power over those children, nearly half of whom are either with whom they come into contact. overweight or obese.33 This has led to what many conA recent study determined that sider the medicalization of North the increase in childhood obesity was American society, or the idea that a direct result of the availability of the medical community is the energy-dense foods and drinks centre of many aspects of our combined with a lack of energy society.28 North Americans tend to expenditure.34 That is, children are believe that we can find the right getting bigger because they are takpill for anything. I attended a funeral ing in more calories than they are burnwhere the widow was quite distraught, ing. Kids today face many challenges in saying, “He was my whole life.” Her son, a keeping their weight down that didn’t necesmedical professional, gave her an antisarily exist before, including: depressant. Our society believes that if you take a pill, all will be okay. Poor diet—only one-third of If it is often not the healthiest choice, • One of my favourite books is The Canadian children aged 4–18 conMyth of Mental Illness by Thomas sume the number of servings of Szasz.29 Dr. Szasz suggests that menfruits and vegetables recommended tal illness is not really a disease at all. by Canada’s Food Guide.35 In fact, the diagnosis of mental illness is often used as a means of social • In many dual-income and lone-parent families, children eat packcontrol.30 Paula Caplan argues that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual aged, prepared meals, which are typically unhealthy. These busy of Mental Disorders, which is used for the diagnosis of all mental illness, working parents are more likely to rely on takeout to feed their relies on personal ideology and political manoeuvring.31 Over the course families. A lack of supervision also makes it difficult to monitor how of 10 years, the committee added more than 70 “new” mental illnesses. much and what their children eat.36 In fact, according to the DSM, many women are “mentally ill” for one • Television, computers, and video games are many children’s primary week a month when they menstruate.32 modes of entertainment, creating sedentary behaviour. This has led North America has many issues associated with the medicalization to a decrease in active play.37 of our society. Keeping this in mind, let’s look in depth at the epidemic of obesity.
MAKE CONNECTIONS
■
Chapter 11
> Activity Do some research on youth centres where kids can go after school. What kinds of activities are available? Would these activities help or hinder a child with weight issues?
>>>
We know that unhealthy foods, inactivity, and lack of parental control are contributing factors to childhood obesity, but location also plays a big part in packing on the kilograms. In an article about contributing factors to childhood obesity, Arielle Concilio and colleagues assert that where a child grows up is a crucial factor in the child’s health. The article explains that children growing up in poor, urban communities are more likely to suffer from obesity than kids in suburban areas. Their reasoning? It’s too dangerous for kids to go outside and play.40 These kids are growing up in an area where fast food is cheaper than healthy food, and their parents might be working long hours. Add to this the fact that they live in neighbourhoods where space is tight and the available outdoor areas aren’t safe places to play. To stay safe, kids look for indoor activities, which tend to be more sedentary. Schools may be too poor to afford physical education equipment for students, meaning that students have to
How can kids get the exercise they need
when it’s too dangerous to go outside and play?
>
Concerns about the increasing percentage of elderly people in society have drawn the attention of psychologists, medical professionals, and sociologists. The study of aging and the elderly is officially known as gerontology. This field of study is critically important to our future. The elderly have been broken down into two major cohorts: the “young old” and the “old old.” The young old cohort consists of people between the ages of 65 and 75, while the old old refers to those over the age of 75. The “young old” are generally in good health, live alone, and are financially independent. The “old old” tend to have failing health, live with family or in a retirement home, and rely on others for financial support. Approximately 53 percent of the elderly population fall into the “young old” category. However, living past the age of 75 is not uncommon.
If studies were done about the gender differences between elderly Japanese men and women, the focus would probably concentrate on Japanese women. According to sociologists John Knodel and Mary Beth Ofstedal, concerns about gender inequality have taken too much precedence, and the situation of elderly men is not being considered.58 The Second World Assembly on Aging produced a report called the “Madrid International Plan of Action” that is almost solely concerned with the situation of aging women. Knodel and Ofstedal were taken aback by the assembly’s lack of “willingness to acknowledge that the relationship between gender and
Life Expectancy Medical advances and higher standards of living dramatically increase life expectancy. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the average life expectancy was 47.3 years. In 2009, the average life expectancy in Canada was 81.23 years.54 The development of vaccines for many infectious diseases, such as measles, diphtheria, and smallpox, virtually eliminated these diseases, allowing many more people to live longer, healthier lives.
Origins of the Baby Boomers After World War II, social and economic restraints that were keeping couples from starting families were removed, leading to a “boom” in childbirths. Men who served in the war returned home, married, and started families. Generally, wages were high enough to support a family, so women stayed home and raised children. A period of economic
nyul/Fotolia
Chapter 11
210
Aging: The Greying of Canada
1956
7.7%
1966
7.7%
1976
8.7%
1986
10.7%
1996
12.2%
2006
13.7%
Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, “2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex: Provincial/Territorial populations by Age and Sex,” July 2007, www.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=97-551 -XWE2006001&lang=eng#olcinfopanel, accessed August 23, 2013.
Biological Changes Everyone knows that as you age, certain biological changes take place. Grey hair, wrinkles, and loss of strength and flexibility are all physical signs of aging. As you age, your senses also decline. Your senses of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell all become weaker. In fact, in 2006, more than 17 percent of people over the age of 65 reported that their vision was failing, while 11.4 percent reported having trouble hearing.62 These percentages were higher than those for persons in any other age group. Many people in our society associate aging with being weaker and less capable of doing normal, everyday activities. It’s sentiments like these that can lead to prejudices and discrimination toward the elderly.
Ageism Steve Richardson has worked as a contractor for Dynamic Solutions since the age of 25. Now that Steve is approaching his 65th birthday, his younger supervisor is pressuring him to retire. The company is offering him good retirement benefits, but he feels that they are attempting to gently
Biological Effects of Aging
Aging and Health
Concerns about Aging
211
aging varies across settings and over time.”59 Although it is a noble goal to promote gender equality and empowerment of women, a one-sided view of the situation fails to actually promote gender equality. Knodel and Ofstedal suggest that research should also examine the “experiences of older men and women within the contexts in which they live.”60 Data from the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam suggest a relative equality of satisfaction with income for elderly men and women. Vietnam has the greatest disparity, with 52 percent of elderly men satisfied with their income, compared to 40 percent of elderly women. Thailand actually has a higher percentage of elderly women who are satisfied with their income than men, with 74 percent and 68 percent, respectively. Developing countries such as these are home to a large portion of the elderly population and provide useful data about the relative situation of elderly men and women.61 The study’s authors feel that gender should not be placed above all other markers of disadvantage in old age. A more balanced approach that addresses the disadvantages of both elderly men and women would be better suited to aid current and future generations of the elderly.
Hair thins and turns grey Skin loses elasticity, which is associated with wrinkling
Chronic illnesses, such as arthritis, are prevalent
Data from OECD.
Aging brings along with it certain biological changes. Grey hair, wrinkles,
and liver spots are the inevitable physical markers of the aging process.
Ljupco Smokovski/Fotolia
Percentage of Population Aged 65 Years or Older
push him out the door. However, Steve’s work is an essential part of his life, and he has no desire to retire now. Dynamic Solutions views Steve as an outdated employee, who served his purpose when he was younger but is of no use anymore. Although Steve Richardson and Dynamic Solutions don’t actually exist, situations like this happen every day in Canada. With an aging population and workforce, the new concern of ageism has come into play. Ageism is prejudice and discrimination based solely on age. The workplace is the main forum for ageism. Employers seek workers who are energetic and willing to work for a long duration. If an employer feels that someone is too old, the employer may think that the prospective employee is going to be too slow on the job and is more likely to quit because he or she does not really need the job. It is technically illegal to discriminate in hiring on the basis of age, but many elderly people have difficulty finding new employment or find themselves being asked to leave their jobs. Television and film are major sources of ageism, as entertainment tends to focus on young and attractive people. The elderly are typically shown as senile and frail or are just ignored. Aging movie stars, particularly women, have voiced their discontent at not getting roles. Aging actresses must deal with what is known as “double jeopardy,” or the two factors that contribute to the downfall of their career: gender and age.63 Generally, in film and television, women have been on relatively equal footing with men, both in employment and compensation. However, the entertainment industry values physical attractiveness first and foremost, and it seems to have little or no place for older, less attractive females. When a society values beauty and youth, the elderly are cast aside. This negative perception of growing old can lead to dissatisfaction in old age.
A loss of body mass occurs
Year
ageism is prejudice and discrimination based solely on age.
>>>
Canada’s Aging Population— Percentage of Population Aged 65 Years or Older in Canada, 1956–2006
think sociologically: Functionalism—Disengaging from Society
the elderly cope with bereavement due to the loss of a spouse or close friend, and it helps strengthen their relationships with others.
What happens to people’s social roles as they reach old age? Many functionalists would suggest that elderly people begin to shed their old socia
Think Sociology By John Carl
Transcription
1 Think By John Carl Free PDF ebook Download: Think By John Carl Download or Read Online ebook think sociology by john carl in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database Nov 14, Henslin, James, 2005, : A Down to Earth Approach,. 7E, Allyn & Bacon Carl, John Think. Prentice Hall. Oct 25, Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK, Second Edition. John D. Carl. THINK. Copyright students should be able to demonstrate knowledge of sociological concepts as they Carl, John D. Think. Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, Carl, John D Think: (second edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice. Hall. Course Objectives/Student Outcomes. Students who complete this. ebooks docs Bellow will give you all associated to think sociology by john carl! John Carl Spa and Salon John Carl Spa And Salon John Carl Spa and Salon. August Specials Second Street. Sarasota, FL Friend us on Facebook! HOT HOT HOT Spa Specials. This PDF book incorporate john carl conduct. To download free john carl spa and salon you need to
2 John Carl Powell Memorial Scholarship John Carl Powell Memorial Scholarship The John Carl Powell Memorial Scholarship. The John Carl Powell Memorial Scholarship is awarded to a student at the sophomore level or above who is. This PDF book contain john carl document. To download free john carl powell memorial scholarship you need to Carl John Eckhardt The University of Texas at Austin Carl John Eckhardt The University Of Texas At Austin Isu 0: u t.i\ \08:. Carl John Eckhardt was born October 28, 1902 in Yorktown, Texas, the son of Carl John and Pauline Zedler Eckhardt. He attended elementary This PDF book include john eckhardt guide. To download free carl john eckhardt the university of texas at austin you need to CURRICULUM VITAE John Carl Gurley, MD, FACC, FACP CURRICULUM VITAE John Carl Gurley, MD, FACC, FACP John Carl Gurley, MD, FACC, FACP. PERSONAL DATA. BIRTH DATE: November 17, BIRTH PLACE: Seattle, Washington, U.S.A OFFICE ADDRESS:. This PDF book contain john carl information. To download free curriculum vitae john carl gurley, md, facc, facp you need to John Carl West Thomas Cooper Library University of John Carl West Thomas Cooper Library University Of Provenance: Donated by The Honorable John Carl West and Mrs. Lois R. West. Citation Form: John Carl West Papers, South Carolina Political Collections, The This PDF book contain john carl guide. To download free john carl west thomas cooper library university of you need to John Carl Schotland: Curriculum Vitae University of Michigan John Carl Schotland: Curriculum Vitae University Of Michigan Jan 8, Curriculum Vitae. John Carl Schotland. University of Michigan. Department of Mathematics East Hall. 530 Church Street. Ann Arbor, MI This PDF book contain john carl document. To download free john carl schotland: curriculum vitae university of michigan you need to Family & friends of John Carl Albert, Patrick Bouchard, Eve Family & Friends Of John Carl Albert, Patrick Bouchard, Eve Family & friends of John Carl Albert, Patrick Bouchard, Eve Jean-Marie. Boulette, Baby Case, Karen Chilstrom, family & friends of Wade Dickens, family & friends This PDF book incorporate john carl conduct. To download free family & friends of john carl albert, patrick bouchard, eve you need to VIEW June 2014 Specials John Carl Spa and Salon VIEW June 2014 Specials John Carl Spa And Salon 1345 Second Street Sarasota, FL John Carl Spa and Salon. What is a Medi-Spa? Just like a regular spa, a Medi-Spa offers facials, body This PDF book contain john carl information. To download free view june 2014 specials john carl spa and salon you need to
3 Beverly & John Carl Award Reference Form Justice Beverly & John Carl Award Reference Form Justice Beverley & John Carl Award Application Administered by the JIBC Student Services Office. Beverly & John Carl Award. Reference Form. To the student: This PDF book incorporate john carl conduct. To download free beverly & john carl award reference form justice you need to Carl Sandurg PE Resource Handbook Carl Sandburg High Carl Sandurg PE Resource Handbook Carl Sandburg High translated in any form without the written permission of School Datebooks, Inc U.S.. Final Examination Policy And Sample Tests (January And June). This PDF book provide physical education written test examples conduct. To download free carl sandurg pe resource handbook carl sandburg high you need to Carl’s Brochure (PDF) Carl Andrews Carl’s Brochure (PDF) Carl Andrews Book Carl soon before his show dates disappear. WHY? You’ll Arnold, Cinergy, Joliet Junior College, Valerie Bertinelli, Texaco, Corbin. Bernsen, Delta. Winfield, PGA, Bethany Lutheran College, Eddie Van Halen, Wells Fargo,. Eastern. This PDF book provide valerie bertinelli book eddie van halen conduct. To download free carl’s brochure (pdf) carl andrews you need to Curious Carl’s Carl Faith, Ph.D. Curious Carl’s Carl Faith, Ph.D. Dictionary of Contemporary Biography, Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Quotationary); The Top 10 of Everything; Columbia Encyclopedia; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, and Stanley, Steven Spielberg, Kim Stanley, Barbara Stanwyk, Rod. Steiger, Jos This PDF book contain rod steiger wikipedia the free encyclopedia document. To download free curious carl’s carl faith, ph.d. you need to 205, General Linn-Benton Community 205, General Linn-Benton Community There are three tests for this class, two midterms and a final. The tests are not. For technical. This PDF book incorporate mcgraw hill connect quiz answers sociology document. To download free sociology 205, general sociology linn-benton community you need to B1: Introduction to Fall Semester 2013 B1: Fall Semester 2013 Henslin, James M Essentials of A Down-to-Earth Approach. Boston, MA. Pearson. Assignments Examinations. There will be four multiple-choice/short answer essay exams in this course, three mid-terms and a final. This PDF book incorporate pearson sociology henslin multiple choice exams information. To download free sociology b1: introduction to sociology fall semester 2013 you need to 110 Intro to Final Exam Study 110 Intro To Final Exam Study Rudy Harris Intro to – Final Exam – Study Guide. Chapters 21, 22, 23, 24. Social Change. Determinants of social change. Evolutionary This PDF book contain introduction to sociology final exam study guide information. To download free sociology 110 intro to sociology final exam study you need to
4 205: Introduction to Spring 2011 Howdy 205: Spring 2011 Howdy The difficulty, in sociology, is to manage to think in a completely astonished and disconcerted way about things you thought you had always understood.. This PDF book contain think sociology 2011 guide. To download free sociology 205: introduction to sociology spring 2011 howdy you need to 210- Introduction to – Section 71 Pitt Section 71 Pitt 213- of the Family we talk about it in class, it is a fair test question, so taking notes is a good way to ensure you have the information. If you miss a test, you may use your final exam grade to replace a missing test score. This PDF book incorporate introduction to sociology final exam study guide guide. To download free sociology 210- introduction to sociology- section 71 pitt you need to 201: Introduction to Required Text 201: Required Text At least five days before the midterms and final exam, I post a STUDY. GUIDE via Blackboard concerning topics to be covered. I will send notifications when this This PDF book incorporate introduction to sociology final exam study guide information. To download free sociology 201: introduction to sociology required text you need to SYLLABUS Introduction to SYLLABUS Introduction to perspectives employed by sociologists. By the. Multiple choice questions will be used on the examinations. If. This PDF book provide sociology 1101 multiple choice questions information. To download free syllabus sociology introduction to sociology you need to 5 Principles of El Camino College 5 Principles Of El Camino College about sociological concepts, theories, and methods as they are applied to the individual, group, society and culture. Required Text. Carl, John D. (2011). THINK This PDF book provide think sociology 2011 carl john conduct. To download free sociology 5 principles of sociology el camino college you need to SOC 475: SOCIOLOGY OF Medical.10th Health SOC 475: SOCIOLOGY OF Medical.10th Health Ability to comprehend major theories and models in medical sociology, social epidemiology, and health care delivery All exams are short answer and essay. This PDF book incorporate medical sociology exam questions and answers guide. To download free soc 475: sociology of medical sociology.10th health you need to 101: Introduction to Case Western 101: Case Western The course is designed as a foundation for further study in field of sociology and related a Brief Introduction: 8th Edition by Richard T. Schaefer. This PDF book provide sociology the brief introduction information. To download free sociology 101: introduction to sociology case western you need to
5 110 Drugs and Scottsdale Community 110 Drugs And Scottsdale Community Required text: Drugs in American Society, 8th edition. Erich Goode. Print The in-print version costs $ new at the bookstore. You can buy the print. This PDF book include drugs in american society 8th edition information. To download free sociology 110 drugs and sociology scottsdale community you need to Introduction to College of College Of Henslin, James. Essentials of : A Down to Earth Approach. 10th Edition. Pearson, with MySocLab access code card. Students must purchase This PDF book incorporate henslin sociology tenth edition conduct. To download free introduction to sociology sociology college of you need to 101 Introduction to University of 101 University Of Textbook: Essentials of, 2nd edition by Giddens, Duneier, presented back to the class, and to model and practice exam questions in class. Students. This PDF book contain essentials of sociology practice test document. To download free sociology 101 introduction to sociology university of you need to Syllabus: 001: Introduction to Course Syllabus: 001: Course sociology emphasizing social organization, change, and interaction. Reference is 11th Edition by Jon Shepard, ISBN This PDF book incorporate sociology 11th edition jon shepard conduct. To download free syllabus: sociology 001: introduction to sociology course you need to INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Susan INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Susan This introductory course provides an overview of sociology as a discipline, including A. Exams: There will be two exams (a mid-semester exam and a nal exam) that will cover. Stacey, Judith. Johnson, Allan G. What Can We Do? This PDF book provide introduction to sociology test stacey allen information. To download free introduction to sociology sociology susan you need to Lec 02 and rural sociology. Lec 02 And Rural.. Literally sociology means the study of the processes of companionship and may be is the study of human beings in their group relations. This PDF book provide sociology the study of human relationships document. To download free lec 02 sociology and rural sociology. you need to Medical Exam 2 aamu medical sociology Medical Exam 2 Aamu Medical Medical Exam 2. Please respond to the following questions. There is not length requirement for this exam; however, be sure that your answers are. This PDF book include medical sociology exam questions and answers guide. To download free medical sociology exam 2 aamu medical sociology you need to
6 THINK The of Race Race and Ethnicity THINK The Of Race Race And Ethnicity Feb 11, Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK, Second Edition. John D. Carl. CHAPTER. Second Edition. This PDF book incorporate think sociology 2011 document. To download free think sociology the sociology of race race and ethnicity you need to to Download John’s Standard Setlist John Ross Music To Download John’s Standard Setlist John Ross Music 15. Better Together (Jack Johnson). 16. Blower’s Daughter (Damien Rice). 17. Brandi (You’re a fine girl Looking Glass). 18. Can’t Help Falling in Love (Elvis). This PDF book incorporate blowers daughter guide. To download free to download john’s standard setlist john ross music you need to Saint John Chrysostom Catholic Church John Patrick Saint John Chrysostom Catholic Church John Patrick 5 days ago – prayers. To those who have not yet made a pledge, I invite you to make an effort to Please prayerfully fill out a card and drop it in the collection basket. Archbishop John Carroll High School Graduation. Dixon Center. This PDF book incorporate catholic sayings for graduation cards information. To download free saint john chrysostom catholic church john patrick you need to St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church St John AME St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church St John AME May 30, breakfast, study of the church school lesson, and fellowship. Come early and down to March, click on St. John AME Women’s Day, click Enter. This PDF book provide african methodist episcopal church school lesson guide. To download free st. john african methodist episcopal church st john ame you need to St John’s Youth Group St. John Episcopal Church St John’s Youth Group St. John Episcopal Church A very busy time for the Youth Group with Holy Week activities and helping at the Good Friday Service at 7pm – followed by the Youth Group’s Scavenger Hunt! This PDF book incorporate youth ministry scavenger hunt ideas guide. To download free st john’s youth group st. john episcopal church you need to Download John’s Speaking Brochure John Rosemond Download John’s Speaking Brochure John Rosemond Author of 14 Best-Selling Parenting Books. Internationally-Recognized Speaker. ‘ ‘ John Rosemond is one of the few psychologists I’ve ever met who always This PDF book include best selling parenting books document. To download free download john’s speaking brochure john rosemond you need to 50 John (John’s Pinwheel) Stitchin’ Tree Quilts 50 John (John’s Pinwheel) Stitchin’ Tree Quilts 50 John (John’s Pinwheel) Complete the pinwheel block by stitching the rows together, matching. Limited reproduction rights may be granted in accordance with contract terms.. recalled many of my favorite bible stories and pas- sages. This PDF book incorporate bible story using pin wheel conduct. To download free 50 john (john’s pinwheel) stitchin’ tree quilts you need to
7 John John is a 16 year old student with a specific NSTTAC John John Is A 16 Year Old Student With A Specific NSTTAC oral reading comprehension and written expression.. those postsecondary goals, and annual IEP goals related to the student’s transition services needs. This PDF book incorporate iep goals for listening comprehension conduct. To download free john john is a 16 year old student with a specific nsttac you need to JOHN DEERE Replacement Alternators and Starters John JOHN DEERE Replacement Alternators And Starters John John Deere Ag Tractors w/ , 6-466, N-855 Diesel. 130 Amp/12 Volt, 1-Wire. System, Neg. Grd.. John Deere 5200, 5300, Tractors w/ L. This PDF book contain wiring diagram for john deere 5200 tractor conduct. To download free john deere replacement alternators and starters john you need to St. John Jottings St John Lutheran Church St. John Jottings St John Lutheran Church May 21, Sunday School, Youth, Child Care Directors: Jody Bontz & Sharon Resler Cross Fyre Youth: Scott Frerichs This PDF book incorporate child care jottings guide. To download free st. john jottings st john lutheran church you need to St. John the Baptist Orthodox Church St. John’s ACR St. John The Baptist Orthodox Church St. John’s ACR Apr 13, Palm Sunday. The Triumphant Entry of our Lord into Jerusalem. Epistle: Philippians 4:4-9. Gospel: John 12:1-18. Children’s Easter Egg Hunt. This PDF book incorporate orthodox children easter document. To download free st. john the baptist orthodox church st. john’s acr you need to Carl S. Warren seo- Carl S. Warren Seo- For your course and learning solutions, visit. Purchase any of our products at WARREN REEVE DUCHAC. FINANCIAL. Dr. James M. Reeve is Professor Emeritus of Accounting and Information Management. The previous edition, 23e, started a new journey into lea This PDF book include warren reeve duchac accounting 23e answer key guide. To download free carl s. warren seo- you need to Here Carl’s Electronic Kits Here Carl’s Electronic Kits Use the projects in this booklet as a guide, as many important design concepts are introduced throughout them. Every circuit will include a power source (the This PDF book provide sc300 manual guide. To download free here carl’s electronic kits you need to mybooklibrary.com
Amazon.com
Enter the characters you see below
Sorry, we just need to make sure you’re not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
Think Sociology (Canadian) 2nd edition (9780205929931)
— BONUS OFFER —
Your order qualifies for 1 FREE MONTH of
Think Sociology (Canadian)
Expertly curated help for
Think Sociology (Canadian).
Get access to 5+ million textbook and homework solutions, access to subject matter experts, math solver, and premium writing tools with bartleby+. Get your 1st month free.*
* After trial, subscription auto-renews for $11.99/month. Cancel any time.
키워드에 대한 정보 think sociology 2nd edition pdf free
다음은 Bing에서 think sociology 2nd edition pdf free 주제에 대한 검색 결과입니다. 필요한 경우 더 읽을 수 있습니다.
이 기사는 인터넷의 다양한 출처에서 편집되었습니다. 이 기사가 유용했기를 바랍니다. 이 기사가 유용하다고 생각되면 공유하십시오. 매우 감사합니다!
사람들이 주제에 대해 자주 검색하는 키워드 How To Download Any Book From Amazon For Free
- how to download book
- how to download pdf of a book
- download online books
- amazon books
- how to download any book for free
- Free e books
- How to get any book's pdf
- best websites to download books
- library genesis
- best book downloader
- How to download any book for free
How #To #Download #Any #Book #From #Amazon #For #Free
YouTube에서 think sociology 2nd edition pdf free 주제의 다른 동영상 보기
주제에 대한 기사를 시청해 주셔서 감사합니다 How To Download Any Book From Amazon For Free | think sociology 2nd edition pdf free, 이 기사가 유용하다고 생각되면 공유하십시오, 매우 감사합니다.
