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Contents
Are MC4 connectors universal?
The MC4 and compatible products are universal in the solar market today, equipping almost all solar panels produced since about 2011.
Are there different sizes of MC4 connectors?
Characteristics of MC4 type connectors
We will only talk about MC4s for wire sizes 14AWG, 12AWG and 10 AWG, which are the same; since there is another MC4 that are for 8 AWG gauge cables that are not very common to use.
What is the difference between MC3 and MC4 connectors?
MC3 connectors have been largely superseded by MC4 connectors due to support being withdrawn by the National Electrical Code for solar applications. The MC3 connector does not incorporate a positive locking mechanism and can become disconnected while the solar panels are producing electricity causing dangerous arcing.
Do all solar panels use MC4 connectors?
Modern solar modules tend to use the MC4 connectors because they make wiring your solar array much simpler and faster. The connectors come in both male and female types which are designed to snap together.
Do all solar panels use the same connectors?
Solar panel connector types are many: MC4, T4, MC3, only to name a few. Some manufacturers use generics, which are almost always compatible with a mainstream MC4 connector and are easy to identify. Just look for phrases like ‘MC4 compatible’ in the datasheet.
How many amps can MC4 handle?
MC4 is rated for 20amps, but you can find connectors with higher ratings in the MC4 format. They have thicker metal in the contacts. Working out which ones actually can carry more than 20amps safely is another thing.
Can I reuse MC4 connectors?
If the connections are inside, you don’t need MC4 connectors. So, if yours are sealed ones, *snip them off and use something like Wago connectors.
What happens if you hook up a solar panel backwards?
If they are wired in reverse, your system will produce less electricity, and you won’t get the most out of every PV module. What is this? If this is happening, it usually means that one inverter or generator may need to be repaired to generate power correctly (positive on one end and negative on the other).
What size wire is used with the MC4 connectors?
Most MC4 connectors are designed for 10, 12, or 14 gauge wire.
What size wire do you use for solar panels?
Solar power typically needs a 12 gauge AWG wire, though the cable size may differ based on specific factors, like resistance and flow.
Are T4 connectors compatible with MC4?
T4 and MC4 connectors have approval to be connected together by CCIC-CSA. The products covered by this bulletin are the T4 connectors T4-M (Male) mated with the connector MC4-F (Female) and connectors T4-F (Female) mated with the connector MC4-M (Male).
Are MC4 connectors waterproof?
Introduction: MC4 Solar Connectors
MC4 is the name of the connection type on all new solar panels, providing an IP67 waterproof and dust proof safe electrical connection.
Is there a positive and negative on a solar panel?
Remember: just like batteries, solar panels have a negative terminal ( – ) and a positive terminal ( + ). Current flows from the negative terminal through a load (current consumed by a piece of equipment) to the positive terminal.
Are solar panel connectors standard?
These solar panel connectors are available in male and female types made to snap together. Connectors are of various types, the major ones being MC3, MC4, PV and Tyco Solarlok. Similarly, they come in many shapes such as T-Joint, U-Joint, X-Joint or Y-Joint. The most common type of solar connector is the MC4 connector.
What type of connectors do solar panels use?
Photovoltaic Connectors are designed specifically to be used with solar panels. The types of connectors include combiner box, converter receptacle, end cap, female coupler, male coupler, junction box, and socket.
Are solar panel connectors standard?
These solar panel connectors are available in male and female types made to snap together. Connectors are of various types, the major ones being MC3, MC4, PV and Tyco Solarlok. Similarly, they come in many shapes such as T-Joint, U-Joint, X-Joint or Y-Joint. The most common type of solar connector is the MC4 connector.
Can I reuse MC4 connectors?
If the connections are inside, you don’t need MC4 connectors. So, if yours are sealed ones, *snip them off and use something like Wago connectors.
What size wire is used with the MC4 connectors?
Most MC4 connectors are designed for 10, 12, or 14 gauge wire.
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Contents
Background[edit]
Description[edit]
Application and safety[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
External links[edit]
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▷ MC4 connectors | What are they and how to connect them
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MC4 connector
Electrical connector for solar panels
PV connectors MC4: weatherproof DC connectors.
Exploded view of a female MC4 connector.
Exploded view of a male MC4 connector.
MC4 connectors are single-contact electrical connectors commonly used for connecting solar panels. The MC in MC4 stands for the manufacturer Multi-Contact (now Stäubli Electrical Connectors) and the 4 for the 4 mm diameter contact pin. MC4s allow strings of panels to be easily constructed by pushing the connectors from adjacent panels together by hand, but require a tool to disconnect them to ensure they do not accidentally disconnect when the cables are pulled. The MC4 and compatible products are universal in the solar market today, equipping almost all solar panels produced since about 2011.[citation needed] Originally rated for 600 V, newer versions are rated at 1500 V, which allows longer strings to be created.
Background [ edit ]
While small solar panels used for battery charging and similar tasks may not require special connectors, larger systems normally connect the panels together in series to form strings. In the past this was accomplished by opening a small electrical box on the back of the panel and connecting user-supplied wires to screw terminals within. However, in the USA, bare terminals of this sort are limited to 50 V or less by the National Electrical Code (NEC). Above 50V only a licensed electrician can make the connections[dubious – discuss][citation needed]. Additionally, these sorts of connections were subject to problems caused by water leakage, electrical corrosion and mechanical stress on the wires.
Starting in the 2000s, a number of companies introduced products to address these issues. In these systems, the junction box was sealed and two wires were permanently attached using strain reliefs. The cables ended with push-fit connectors that met the definition of a convenience receptacle, meaning they could be (legally) connected together by anyone. Two connectors became somewhat common during this period, the Radox connector and MC3 connector, both of which essentially looked like weather-sealed phono jacks.
In 2008 the US Electrical Code was updated to require solar panel connectors to offer “positive locking”, so that they were able to be plugged together by hand but only separated again using a tool.[1] Radox, a European manufacturer, did not respond to this specification and has since disappeared from the market. Two US-based companies, Tyco Electronics and Multi-Contact, responded by introducing new connectors to meet this requirement.
Tyco’s Solarlok became a market leader for a period in the late 2000s, but a number of factors conspired to push it from the market. Among these was the fact that the system had two sets of cables and wires, which led to considerable annoyance in the field when equipment from different vendors could not be plugged together. By 2011, the MC4 was already in a strong leadership position, which led to the introduction of compatible products from a variety of major connector vendors. Among these are the Amphenol Helios H4 and SMK PV-03.
Description [ edit ]
The MC4 system consists of a plug and socket design. The plugs and sockets are inside plastic shells that appear to be the opposite gender – the plug is inside a cylindrical shell that looks like a female connector but is referred to as male, and the socket is inside a square probe that looks male but is electrically female. The female connector has two plastic fingers that have to be pressed toward the central probe slightly to insert into holes in the front of the male connector. When the two are pushed together, the fingers slide down the holes until they reach a notch in the side of the male connector, where they pop outward to lock the two together.
For a proper seal, MC4s must be used with cable of the correct diameter. The cable is normally double-insulated (insulation plus black sheath) and UV resistant (most cables deteriorate if used outdoors without protection from sunlight). Connectors are typically attached by crimping, though soldering is also possible.
The MC4 connector is UL rated at 20 A and 600 V maximum, depending on the conductor size used. Standards efforts in Europe also allow 1000 V versions.
Application and safety [ edit ]
MC Multilam Technology claims that constant spring pressure provides reliable low contact resistance.[citation needed] However, it is very important to never connect or disconnect them under load, even on low-voltage (12–48 V) systems. An electric arc may form which can melt and seriously damage contact materials, resulting in high resistance and subsequent overheating. This is partly because direct current (DC) continues to arc, whereas commonly used alternating current (AC) more readily self-extinguishes at the zero-crossing voltage point. Large arrays of panels are commonly interconnected in series, made of strings of panels generating 17 to 34 V each, with overall voltages up to 600 V per string.
Connectors made by other manufacturers may be mated with original Stäubli parts and are sometimes described as “MC compatible”, but may not conform to the requirements for a safe electrical connection with long term stability.[citation needed]
Interruption requires a special DC circuit breaker which allows opening the circuit without arc damage. Typical 120/230 V AC switches and circuit breakers are not generally suited for DC applications.[citation needed][2]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
What are they and how to connect them
This is your definitive post where you will find all the information you need to make connections with MC4 type connectors.
Whether the application for which you are going to use them is for solar panels or some other work, here we will explain the types of MC4, why they are so useful, how to strike them in a professional way and reliable links to buy them.
What is a solar connector or MC4
They are ideal connectors to carry out especially photovoltaic installations as they meet the requirements to withstand extreme atmospheric conditions.
Characteristics of MC4 type connectors
We will only talk about MC4s for wire sizes 14AWG, 12AWG and 10 AWG, which are the same; since there is another MC4 that are for 8 AWG gauge cables that are not very common to use. The main characteristics of the MC4 are the following:
Nominal voltage: 1000V DC (According to IEC [International Electrotechnical Commission]), 600V / 1000V DC (according to UL certification)
Rated current: 30A
Contact resistance: 0.5 milliOhms
Terminal Material: Tinned Copper Alloy
Protection level: IP67 for female terminals and IP68 for male terminals.
Upper limit temperature: + 105 ° (according to IEC)
Parts of an MC4 connector
We will divide this section in two since there are male MC4 connectors and female MC4 connectors and it is very important to be able to differentiate them well both in the housing and in the contact sheets. The only thing that MC4 connectors have in common are the gland connectors and the staples that go inside the MC4 to anchor the contact sheets.
We name MC4 connectors by the housing, not by the contact sheet, this is because the contact sheet of a male MC4 is female and the contact sheet of a female MC4 is male. BE VERY CAREFUL NOT TO CONFUSE THEM.
Parts of a male MC4 connector
The different parts of a male MC4 connector from a female one are the housing and the connection foil.
In figure 1 you will see a male MC4.
Figure 1. Male MC4 connector.
As can be seen, the case is a male connector, but the connecting plate is a female (see figure 2). The male MC4 connector is the one with the anchoring tabs and also has an O-Ring that is responsible for completely sealing the connection with the outside environment.
Figure 2. Female connection plate of a male MC4 connector.
Parts of a female MC4 connector
Figure 3. MC4 female connector.
The female MC4 connector receives that name from the housing, but as you can see, the connection plate is the one that is a male connection (see figure 4). This connector is where the tabs of the male MC4 connector housing are anchored.
Figure 4. Male connection plate of a female MC4 connector
These connectors are so special that in the female connection sheet you can see certain grooves (see figure 5) that make the contact as clean as possible, this ensures that once we join the male connector with the female it will be done an excellent contact.
Figure 5. MC4 connector connection plates.
In general terms, the parts of each of the MC4s are those that can be seen in figure 6.
Figure 6. Parts of the female and male solar panel connectors
How to properly connect MC4 connectors
We attach a video where you can learn to correctly punch the connectors of the solar panels
Tools to properly puncture solar panel connectors
MC4 connection foil crimper (see figure 7)
MC4 key (see figure 8)
Small screwdriver about 2mm wide
Mechanical gripper
Cable stripping
Cable cutter
Figure 7. Crimper for MC4 connector.
Figure 8. Keys for MC4 connector.
And there are even complete kits that sell all the tools (see figure 9)
Figure 9. Complete kit for punching out MC4 terminals.
Then you can buy your MC4 terminals here:
Figure 10. MC4 connectors.
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MC3 connector
PV connectors MC3: Old-style Weatherproof DC connectors.
MC3 connectors are a mostly obsolete type of single contact connector commonly used for connecting solar panels. MC3 are named for the original manufacturer Multi-Contact (now part of Stäubli Electrical Connectors) with a 3 mm² contact assembly pin.[1] They are typically rated at 20 A and 600 V maximum (UL), although the rating of the connector and cable as a whole may vary.
Physical properties [ edit ]
The MC3 connectors incorporate a flexible watertight seal and are supplied as ‘male’ and ‘female’ types to minimise the chance of wrong connections. For proper application usage, they are connected with UV resistant, correct diameter cable. The connector pairs hold together by friction and suction, only.
Obsolescence [ edit ]
MC3 connectors have been largely superseded by MC4 connectors due to support being withdrawn by the National Electrical Code for solar applications. The MC3 connector does not incorporate a positive locking mechanism and can become disconnected while the solar panels are producing electricity causing dangerous arcing.
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