Top 34 How Big Is 50 Meters The 67 Detailed Answer

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The Measure of Things. Is 50 meters as long as a Football field? The length of a Football field is about 109.7280 meters. According to NFL specifications, an American football field should measure 109.7280 meters from end to end.A meter is the standard metric unit of measurement and is equal to 3.2 feet. A yard is equal to 3 feet.The metre is currently defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1299 792 458 of a second. The metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth’s circumference is approximately 40000 km.

A foot is a unit of length equal to exactly 12 inches or 0.3048 meters.
…
Convert 50 Meters to Feet.

m	ft
50.00	164.04
50.01	164.07
50.02	164.11
50.03	164.14

Story to Meter Conversion Table

Story [story]	Meter [m]
9	29.7
10	33
100	330
1000	3300

Contents

Is 50 meters half a football field?

How big is a meter in feet?

A meter is the standard metric unit of measurement and is equal to 3.2 feet. A yard is equal to 3 feet.

How many floors is 100 meters?

Story to Meter Conversion Table

Story [story]	Meter [m]
9	29.7
10	33
100	330
1000	3300

How big is a full meter?

The metre is currently defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1299 792 458 of a second. The metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth’s circumference is approximately 40000 km.

How many meters is a soccer field?

Standard pitch measurements. Not all pitches are the same size, though the preferred size for many professional teams’ stadiums is 105 by 68 metres (115 yd × 74 yd) with an area of 7,140 square metres (76,900 sq ft; 1.76 acres; 0.714 ha).

How long is soccer field?

The International Football Association Board (IFAB), the governing body that writes the rules of soccer, states that a field must be rectangular and marked with continuous lines. A full-size pitch may be anywhere from 50-100 yards in width and 100-130 yards in length.

Is a meter longer than a yard?

The difference between meter and yard is that the meter is a SI unit of length and a yard is a unit of length. Also, 1 meter is about 1.09 yards.

Is meter bigger than feet?

A meter is equal to approximately 3.28084 feet.

How many meter means 1 feet?

1 feet = 0.3048 m

Let us understand how many meters is equivalent to one meter.

How tall is a 5 story building in meters?

How many feet tall is a 5 story building:-under the current US & UK standard a 5 story/ storey building/ house or apartment can be at most 50 feet or 15 metres tall. So that would be 10′ per floor.

How many meters is a 10 story building?

As a result, the overall height of a ten-story structure is 33 meters, or approximately 108.3 feet. A meter is 39.4 inches, so the width of the building is 9.84 meters (35.5 feet). The surface area of a building is one of the most important factors in determining its energy consumption.

How high is a 4 story building?

The height of each storey is based on the ceiling height of the rooms plus the thickness of the floors between each pane. Generally this is around 14 feet (4.3 m) total; however, it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it.

What objects are a meter long?

A meter (m) is about:

a little more than a yard (1 yard is exactly 0.9144 meters)
the width of a doorway (most doorways are about 0.8 to 0.9 m)
half the length of a bed.
the width of a large fridge.
the height of a countertop.
four rungs up a ladder.
five steps up a staircase.
the depth of the shallow end of a swimming pool.

Is your arm a metre?

How many Arms Lengths are in a Meter? The answer is one Meter is equal to 1.43 Arms Lengths.

How many lengths are in a meter?

1 meter ≈ 3.281 feet , which is 3 feet 3⅜ inches.

What is half of a football field?

Regulation 53 1/3 x 65 yard perimeter (50 yard field, 5yd playing window and one 10 yard end zone). Marked from the 50 yard line to the goal line.

How long is a football ground?

Length (touch line): Minimum 90m, maximum 120m. Width (goal line): Minimum 45m maximum 90m. For senior football the recommended field dimension is 105m long and 68m wide.

How long is a football field UK?

Guide To Pitch Sizes

Format	Minimum Length	Maximum Length
5-a-side	20m (21.87 yards)	25m (27.34 yards)
7-a-side	30m (32.80 yards)	35m (38.27 yards)
9-a-side	45m (49.21 yards)	50m (54.68 yards)
11-a-side	90m (100 yards)	120m (130 yards)

3 thg 9, 2018

How many yard is half a football field?

There are two constants, across the level of competition: 120 yards (360 feet) of length and 53 1/3 yards (160 feet) of width.

Measuring Tape 50 meter

Convert 50 Meters to Feet

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Convert 50 Meters to Feet

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Story to Meter Converter

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Contents

Spelling[edit]

Etymology[edit]

History of definition [edit]

Early adoptions of the metre internationally[edit]

SI prefixed forms of metre[edit]

Equivalents in other units[edit]

Convert 50 Meters to Feet

Convert 50 Meters to Feet

How long is 50 meters? How far is 50 meters in feet? 50 m to ft conversion.

From Angstroms Centimeters Fathoms Feet Furlongs Inches Kilometers Meters Microns Miles Millimeters Nanometers Nautical Miles Picometers Yards To Angstroms Centimeters Fathoms Feet Furlongs Inches Kilometers Meters Microns Miles Millimeters Nanometers Nautical Miles Picometers Yards swap units ↺ Amount 164.04199 Feet (rounded to 8 digits) 50 Meters = Display result as Number Fraction (exact value)

meter , or metre, is the fundamental unit of length in the metric system, from which all other length units are based. It is equal to 100 centimeters, 1/1000th of a kilometer, or about 39.37 inches. foot is a unit of length equal to exactly 12 inches or 0.3048 meters.

Story to Meter Converter

1 Story in Agate Line is Equal to 1818.9

1 Story in Alen [Denmark] is Equal to 5.26

1 Story in Alen [Sweden] is Equal to 5.56

1 Story in Alen [Scandinavia] is Equal to 5.5

1 Story in Arms Length is Equal to 4.71

1 Story in Arpent [France] is Equal to 0.046179680940386

1 Story in Arshin [Russia] is Equal to 4.64

1 Story in Arshin [Iran] is Equal to 3.17

1 Story in Arshin [Iraq] is Equal to 0.044295302013423

1 Story in Angstrom is Equal to 33000000000

1 Story in Arpent [Canada] is Equal to 0.056439199589533

1 Story in Astronomical Unit is Equal to 2.1800642201759e-11

1 Story in Attometer is Equal to 3300000000000000000

1 Story in Barleycorn is Equal to 389.75

1 Story in Bamboo is Equal to 1.03

1 Story in Bee Space is Equal to 507.69

1 Story in Bicron is Equal to 3300000000000

1 Story in Bohr is Equal to 62360633432.86

1 Story in Braccio is Equal to 4.71

1 Story in Braza [Argentina] is Equal to 1.91

1 Story in Braza [Spain] is Equal to 1.98

1 Story in Braza [Texas] is Equal to 1.95

1 Story in Button is Equal to 5196.85

1 Story in Cable is Equal to 0.017818574514039

1 Story in Chain is Equal to 0.16404199475066

1 Story in Centimeter is Equal to 330

1 Story in Cubit is Equal to 7.22

1 Story in Cable [US] is Equal to 0.015037182852143

1 Story in Cable [UK] is Equal to 0.017807190219644

1 Story in Canna is Equal to 1.65

1 Story in Cape Foot is Equal to 10.48

1 Story in Cape Inch is Equal to 125.77

1 Story in Cape Rood is Equal to 0.87340849092799

1 Story in Chinese Inch is Equal to 103.11

1 Story in Chinese Foot is Equal to 10.31

1 Story in Chinese Pace is Equal to 2.08

1 Story in Chinese Mile is Equal to 0.0066

1 Story in Chinese Yard is Equal to 1.03

1 Story in Cuadra is Equal to 0.039285714285714

1 Story in Cuadra [Argentina] is Equal to 0.025384615384615

1 Story in Decimeter is Equal to 33

1 Story in Digit is Equal to 173.68

1 Story in Didot is Equal to 8753.32

1 Story in Diraa is Equal to 5.69

1 Story in Dong is Equal to 140.43

1 Story in Douzieme is Equal to 17539.86

1 Story in Dra [Iraq] is Equal to 4.43

1 Story in Dra [Russia] is Equal to 4.64

1 Story in Dekameter is Equal to 0.33

1 Story in Ell is Equal to 2.89

1 Story in Em is Equal to 779.59

1 Story in Elle [Germany] is Equal to 5.5

1 Story in Elle [Austria] is Equal to 4.23

1 Story in Estadio [Portugal] is Equal to 0.01264367816092

1 Story in Estadio [Spain] is Equal to 0.018965517241379

1 Story in Fathom is Equal to 1.8

1 Story in Feet is Equal to 10.83

1 Story in Furlong is Equal to 0.016404199475066

1 Story in Faden [Austria] is Equal to 1.74

1 Story in Faden [Switzerland] is Equal to 1.83

1 Story in Faust [Hungary] is Equal to 31.32

1 Story in Femtometer is Equal to 3300000000000000

1 Story in Fermi is Equal to 3300000000000000

1 Story in Finger is Equal to 28.87

1 Story in Fingerbreadth is Equal to 173.23

1 Story in Fist is Equal to 33

1 Story in Fod is Equal to 10.51

1 Story in Fuss [fuß] is Equal to 10.44

1 Story in Gigameter is Equal to 3.3e-9

1 Story in Gigaparsec is Equal to 1.0694571591018e-25

1 Story in Goad is Equal to 2.41

1 Story in Gaj is Equal to 3.61

1 Story in Hand is Equal to 32.48

1 Story in Hectometer is Equal to 0.033

1 Story in Hairbreadth is Equal to 33000

1 Story in Handbreadth is Equal to 43.42

1 Story in Heer is Equal to 0.04511154855643

1 Story in Hvat is Equal to 1.74

1 Story in Hath is Equal to 7.22

1 Story in Inch is Equal to 129.92

1 Story in Jarib [Shahjahani] is Equal to 0.065616797900262

1 Story in Jarib [Gantari] is Equal to 0.082020997375328

1 Story in Karam is Equal to 1.97

1 Story in Kadi is Equal to 16.4

1 Story in Kilometer is Equal to 0.0033

1 Story in Ken is Equal to 1.82

1 Story in Kerat is Equal to 115.38

1 Story in Kilofoot is Equal to 0.010826771653543

1 Story in Kiloparsec is Equal to 1.0694571591018e-19

1 Story in Kiloyard is Equal to 0.0036089238845144

1 Story in Klafter [Austria] is Equal to 1.74

1 Story in Klafter [Switzerland] is Equal to 1.83

1 Story in Klick is Equal to 0.0033

1 Story in Kyu is Equal to 13200

1 Story in League is Equal to 0.00068350693822715

1 Story in Light Year is Equal to 3.4881027522815e-16

1 Story in Line is Equal to 1559.03

1 Story in Link is Equal to 16.4

1 Story in Lap is Equal to 0.00825

1 Story in Lap Pool is Equal to 0.033

1 Story in Lieu is Equal to 0.000825

1 Story in Ligne [France] is Equal to 1559.03

1 Story in Ligne [Switzerland] is Equal to 1462.77

1 Story in Lug is Equal to 0.65616797900262

1 Story in Meter is Equal to 3.3

1 Story in Megameter is Equal to 0.0000033

1 Story in Micron is Equal to 3297493.9

1 Story in Mile is Equal to 0.0020505249343832

1 Story in Mil is Equal to 129921.26

1 Story in Microinch is Equal to 129921259.84

1 Story in Micrometer is Equal to 3300000

1 Story in Millimeter is Equal to 3300

1 Story in Marathon is Equal to 0.000078207595041123

1 Story in Megaparsec is Equal to 1.0694571591018e-22

1 Story in Meile [Austria] is Equal to 0.00043501186395993

1 Story in Meile [Geographische] is Equal to 0.00044471157085603

1 Story in Meile [Germany] is Equal to 0.00043810155990707

1 Story in Miglio is Equal to 0.0022167837128467

1 Story in Miil [Denmark] is Equal to 0.00043813064259161

1 Story in Miil [Sweden] is Equal to 0.00030878637597081

1 Story in Millimicron is Equal to 3297493904.63

1 Story in Mkono is Equal to 7.22

1 Story in Myriameter is Equal to 0.00033

1 Story in Nautical League is Equal to 0.0005939524838013

1 Story in Nail is Equal to 57.74

1 Story in Parsec is Equal to 1.0694571591018e-16

1 Story in Picometer is Equal to 3300000000000

1 Story in Nanometer is Equal to 3300000000

1 Story in Nautical Mile is Equal to 0.0017818574514039

1 Story in Palm is Equal to 43.31

1 Story in Perch is Equal to 0.65616797900262

1 Story in Petameter is Equal to 3.2977406719908e-15

1 Story in Pica is Equal to 779.53

1 Story in Point is Equal to 9354.33

1 Story in Pole is Equal to 0.6561679806

1 Story in Pace is Equal to 2.17

1 Story in Pace [Roman] is Equal to 2.23

1 Story in Palmo [Portugal] is Equal to 15

1 Story in Palmo [Spain] is Equal to 16.5

1 Story in Palmo [Texas] is Equal to 15.59

1 Story in Parasang is Equal to 0.00055

1 Story in Pe is Equal to 9.9

1 Story in Perch [Ireland] is Equal to 0.51556055493063

1 Story in Pertica is Equal to 1.11

1 Story in Pes is Equal to 11.12

1 Story in Pie [Argentina] is Equal to 11.43

1 Story in Pie [Italy] is Equal to 11.08

1 Story in Pie [Spain] is Equal to 11.85

1 Story in Pie [Texas] is Equal to 11.69

1 Story in Pied Du Roi is Equal to 10.16

1 Story in Pik is Equal to 4.65

1 Story in Pike is Equal to 4.65

1 Story in Polegada is Equal to 118.83

1 Story in Pouce is Equal to 121.91

1 Story in Pulgada is Equal to 142.25

1 Story in Q is Equal to 13200

1 Story in Quadrant is Equal to 3.2995708990931e-7

1 Story in Quarter is Equal to 0.0082020997375328

1 Story in Rod is Equal to 0.65616797900262

1 Story in Rope is Equal to 0.5413386

1 Story in Reed is Equal to 1.23

1 Story in Ri is Equal to 0.00084036181395917

1 Story in Ridge is Equal to 0.53465539029843

1 Story in Roede is Equal to 0.33

1 Story in Royal Foot is Equal to 10.16

1 Story in Rute is Equal to 0.88

1 Story in Scandinavian Mile is Equal to 0.00033

1 Story in Span is Equal to 14.44

1 Story in Sadzhen is Equal to 1.55

1 Story in Scots Foot is Equal to 10.77

1 Story in Scots mile is Equal to 0.0018189835740271

1 Story in Seemeile is Equal to 0.0017818574514039

1 Story in Shackle is Equal to 0.12029746281715

1 Story in Shaftment is Equal to 21.65

1 Story in Shaku is Equal to 10.89

1 Story in Siriometer is Equal to 2.2062636004311e-17

1 Story in Smoot is Equal to 1.94

1 Story in Spat is Equal to 3.2613233703975e-12

1 Story in Stadium is Equal to 0.017837837837838

1 Story in Step is Equal to 4.33

1 Story in Stride is Equal to 2.17

1 Story in Stride [Roman] is Equal to 2.23

1 Story in Terameter is Equal to 3.3e-12

1 Story in Thou is Equal to 132000

1 Story in Tsun is Equal to 92.18

1 Story in Toise is Equal to 1.69

1 Story in Tu is Equal to 0.00002048035747533

1 Story in Twip is Equal to 187086.61

1 Story in U is Equal to 74.24

1 Story in Vara [Spain] is Equal to 3.95

1 Story in Verge is Equal to 3.61

1 Story in Vershok is Equal to 74.24

1 Story in Verst is Equal to 0.0030933633295838

1 Story in Wah is Equal to 1.65

1 Story in Yard is Equal to 3.61

1 Story in Zeptometer is Equal to 3.3e+21

1 Story in Zoll [Germany] is Equal to 125.28

1 Story in Zoll [Switzerland] is Equal to 110

1 Story in Angulam is Equal to 187.18

1 Story in Yavam is Equal to 1497.45

1 Story in Kol is Equal to 4.58

1 Story in Kos is Equal to 0.0010731707317073

1 Story in Muzham is Equal to 7.07

1 Story in Yojan is Equal to 0.0002563156167979

Wikipedia

SI unit of length

This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of “metre” or “meter”, see Meter (disambiguation)

The metre (Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit mètre, from the Greek noun μέτρον, “measure”) is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m.

The metre is currently defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299 792 458 of a second.

The metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth’s circumference is approximately 40000 km. In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar (the actual bar used was changed in 1889). In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of proper length.

Spelling [ edit ]
Metre is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations except the United States[2][3][4][5] and the Philippines,[6] which use meter. Other West Germanic languages, such as German and Dutch, and North Germanic languages, such as Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish,[7] likewise spell the word Meter or meter.

Measuring devices (such as ammeter, speedometer) are spelled “-meter” in all variants of English.[8] The suffix “-meter” has the same Greek origin as the unit of length.[9][10]
Etymology [ edit ]
The etymological roots of metre can be traced to the Greek verb μετρέω (metreo) (to measure, count or compare) and noun μέτρον (metron) (a measure), which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in “be measured in your response”). This range of uses is also found in Latin (metior, mensura), French (mètre, mesure), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *meh₁- ‘to measure’. The motto ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ (metro chro) in the seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), which was a saying of the Greek statesman and philosopher Pittacus of Mytilene and may be translated as “Use measure!”, thus calls for both measurement and moderation. The use of the word metre (for the French unit mètre) in English began at least as early as 1797.[11]
History of definition [ edit ]
Pendulum or meridian [ edit ]
In 1671, Jean Picard measured the length of a “seconds pendulum” and proposed a unit of measurement twice that length to be called the universal toise (French: Toise universelle).[12] In 1675, Tito Livio Burattini suggested the term metre for a unit of length based on a pendulum length, but then it was discovered that the length of a seconds pendulum varies from place to place.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Since Eratosthenes, geographers had used meridian arcs to assess the size of the Earth, which in 1669, Jean Picard determined to have a radius of 3269000 toises, treated as a simple sphere. In the 18th century, geodesy grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the theory of gravity, which Émilie du Châtelet promoted in France in combination with Leibniz mathematical work,[23] and because the radius of the Earth was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred.[24][25][26]
Meridional definition [ edit ]
As a result of the Lumières and during the French Revolution, the French Academy of Sciences charged a commission with determining a single scale for all measures. On 7 October 1790 that commission advised the adoption of a decimal system, and on 19 March 1791 advised the adoption of the term mètre (“measure”), a basic unit of length, which they defined as equal to one ten-millionth of the quarter meridian, the distance between the North Pole and the Equator along the meridian through Paris.[27][28][29][30][31] On 26 March 1791, the French National Constituant Assembly adopted the proposal.[11][32]
The French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain, lasting from 1792 to 1799, which attempted to accurately measure the distance between a belfry in Dunkerque and Montjuïc castle in Barcelona at the longitude of the Paris Panthéon (see meridian arc of Delambre and Méchain).[33] The expedition was fictionalised in Denis Guedj, Le Mètre du Monde. Ken Alder wrote factually about the expedition in The Measure of All Things: the seven year odyssey and hidden error that transformed the world. This portion of the Paris meridian was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian connecting the North Pole with the Equator. From 1801 to 1812 France adopted this definition of the metre as its official unit of length based on results from this expedition combined with those of the Geodesic Mission to Peru.[36][37] The latter was related by Larrie D. Ferreiro in Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World.[38][39]
In the 19th century, geodesy underwent a revolution through advances in mathematics as well as improvements in the instruments and methods of observation, for instance accounting for individual bias in terms of the personal equation. The application of the least squares method to meridian arc measurements demonstrated the importance of the scientific method in geodesy. On the other hand, the invention of the telegraph made it possible to measure parallel arcs, and the improvement of the reversible pendulum gave rise to the study of the Earth’s gravitational field. A more accurate determination of the Figure of the Earth would soon result from the measurement of the Struve Geodetic Arc (1816–1855) and would have given another value for the definition of this standard of length. This did not invalidate the metre but highlighted that progress in science would allow better measurement of Earth’s size and shape.[41][42][43]
In 1832, Carl Friedrich Gauss studied the Earth’s magnetic field and proposed adding the second to the basic units of the metre and the kilogram in the form of the CGS system (centimetre, gram, second). In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with Alexander von Humboldt and Wilhelm Edouard Weber. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena such as the Earth’s magnetic field, lightning and gravity in different points of the globe stimulated the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German: Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung) on the initiative of Johann Jacob Baeyer in 1863, and by that of the International Meteorological Organisation whose second president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist, Heinrich von Wild would represent Russia at the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM).[44][45][46][47][48][49]
International prototype metre bar [ edit ]
The influence of the intellect transcends mountains and leaps across oceans. At the time when George Washington warned his fellow countrymen against entangling political alliances with European countries, there was started a movement of far reaching importance in a small country in the heart of the Alps which (as we shall see) exerted a silent, yet potent scientific influence upon the young republic on the eastern shores of North America. Florian Cajori[50]
In 1816, Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler was appointed first Superintendent of the Survey of the Coast. Trained in geodesy in Switzerland, France and Germany, Hassler had brought a standard metre made in Paris to the United States in 1805. He designed a baseline apparatus which instead of bringing different bars in actual contact during measurements, used only one bar calibrated on the metre and optical contact. Thus the metre became the unit of length for geodesy in the United States.[51][52][53]
Since 1830, Hassler was also head of the Bureau of Weights and Measures which became a part of the Coast Survey. He compared various units of length used in the United States at that time and measured coefficients of expansion to assess temperature effects on the measurements.[55]
In 1841, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, taking into account errors which had been recognized by Louis Puissant in the French meridian arc comprising the arc measurement of Delambre and Méchain which had been extended southward by François Arago and Jean-Baptiste Biot, recalculated the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid making use of nine more arc measurements, namely Peruan, Prussian, first East-Indian, second East-Indian, English, Hannover, Danish, Russian and Swedish covering almost 50 degrees of latitude, and stated that the Earth quadrant used for determining the length of the metre was nothing more than a rather imprecise conversion factor between the toise and the metre.[56][57][58]
Regarding the precision of the conversion from the toise to the metre, both units of measurement were then defined by primary standards, and unique artifacts made of different alloys with distinct coefficients of expansion were the legal basis of units of length. A wrought iron ruler, the Toise of Peru, also called Toise de l’Académie, was the French primary standard of the toise, and the metre was officially defined by the Mètre des Archives made of platinum. Besides the latter, another platinum and twelve iron standards of the metre were made in 1799. One of them became known as the Committee Meter in the United States and served as standard of length in the Coast Survey until 1890. According to geodesists, these standards were secondary standards deduced from the Toise of Peru. In Europe, surveyors continued to use measuring instruments calibrated on the Toise of Peru. Among these, the toise of Bessel and the apparatus of Borda were respectively the main references for geodesy in Prussia and in France. A French scientific instrument maker, Jean Nicolas Fortin, had made two direct copies of the Toise of Peru, the first for Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in 1821 and a second for Friedrich Bessel in 1823.[59][49][60][61]
On the subject of the theoretical definition of the metre, it had been inaccessible and misleading at the time of Delambre and Mechain arc measurement, as the geoid is a ball, which on the whole can be assimilated to an oblate spheroid, but which in detail differs from it so as to prohibit any generalization and any extrapolation. As early as 1861, after Friedrich von Schubert showed that the different meridians were not of equal length, Elie Ritter, a mathematician from Geneva, deduced from a computation based on eleven meridian arcs covering 86 degrees that the meridian equation differed from that of the ellipse: the meridian was swelled about the 45th degree of latitude by a layer whose thickness was difficult to estimate because of the uncertainty of the latitude of some stations, in particular that of Montjuïc in the French meridian arc. By measuring the latitude of two stations in Barcelona, Méchain had found that the difference between these latitudes was greater than predicted by direct measurement of distance by triangulation. We know now that, in addition to other errors in the survey of Delambre and Méchain, an unfavourable vertical deflection gave an inaccurate determination of Barcelona’s latitude, a metre “too short” compared to a more general definition taken from the average of a large number of arcs.[62][63][58][64][65]
Nevertheless Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler’s use of the metre in coastal survey contributed to the introduction of the Metric Act of 1866 allowing the use of the metre in the United States, and also played an important role in the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the European Arc Measurement (German: Europäische Gradmessung) to “establish a European international bureau for weights and measures”. However, in 1866, the most important concern was that the Toise of Peru, the standard of the toise constructed in 1735 for the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator, might be so much damaged that comparison with it would be worthless, while Bessel had questioned the accuracy of copies of this standard belonging to Altona and Koenigsberg Observatories, which he had compared to each other about 1840. Indeed when the primary Imperial yard standard was partially destroyed in 1834, a new standard of reference had been constructed using copies of the “Standard Yard, 1760” instead of the pendulum’s length as provided for in the Weights and Measures Act of 1824.[66][67][68][60][69][70][71]
In 1864, Urbain Le Verrier refused to join the first general conference of the Central European Arc Measurement because the French geodetic works had to be verified.[72]
Swiss baseline measurement with Ibáñez apparatus in 1880.

In 1866, at the meeting of the Permanent Commission of the association in Neuchâtel, Antoine Yvon Villarceau announced that he had checked eight points of the French arc. He confirmed that the metre was too short. It then became urgent to undertake a complete revision of the meridian arc. Moreover, while the extension of the French meridian arc to the Balearic Islands (1803–1807) had seemed to confirm the length of the metre, this survey had not been secured by any baseline in Spain. For that reason, Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero’s announcement, at this conference, of his 1858 measurement of a baseline in Madridejos was of particular importance. Indeed surveyors determined the size of triangulation networks by measuring baselines which concordance granted the accuracy of the whole survey.[73][58][74][75][62]
In 1867 at the second general conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth.[76][77][78] The conference recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise and the creation of an international metre commission, according to the proposal of Johann Jacob Baeyer, Adolphe Hirsch and Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero who had devised two geodetic standards calibrated on the metre for the map of Spain.[79][76][78][80]
Ibáñez adopted the system which Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler used for the United States Survey of the Coast, consisting of a single standard with lines marked on the bar and microscopic measurements. Regarding the two methods by which the effect of temperature was taken into account, Ibáñez used both the bimetallic rulers, in platinum and brass, which he first employed for the central baseline of Spain, and the simple iron ruler with inlaid mercury thermometers which was utilized in Switzerland. These devices, the first of which is referred to as either Brunner apparatus or Spanish Standard, were constructed in France by Jean Brunner, then his sons. Measurement traceability between the toise and the metre was ensured by comparison of the Spanish Standard with the standard devised by Borda and Lavoisier for the survey of the meridian arc connecting Dunkirk with Barcelona.[81][80][82][76][83][84][24][85][86]
Hassler’s metrological and geodetic work also had a favourable response in Russia.[55] In 1869, the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences sent to the French Academy of Sciences a report drafted by Otto Wilhelm von Struve, Heinrich von Wild and Moritz von Jacobi inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action to ensure the universal use of the metric system in all scientific work.[71]
Creating the metre-alloy in 1874 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Present Henri Tresca, George Matthey, Saint-Claire Deville and Debray

In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. When a conflict broke out regarding the presence of impurities in the metre-alloy of 1874, a member of the Preparatory Committee since 1870 and Spanish representative at the Paris Conference in 1875, Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero intervened with the French Academy of Sciences to rally France to the project to create an International Bureau of Weights and Measures equipped with the scientific means necessary to redefine the units of the metric system according to the progress of sciences.[87][88][49][89]
The Metre Convention (Convention du Mètre) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) to be located in Sèvres, France. This new organisation was to construct and preserve a prototype metre bar, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation distributed such bars in 1889 at the first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM: Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures), establishing the International Prototype Metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.[87]
Closeup of National Prototype Metre Bar No. 27, made in 1889 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and given to the United States, which served as the standard for defining all units of length in the US from 1893 to 1960

The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other and with the Committee metre (French: Mètre des Archives) involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM’s thermometry work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron-nickel, in particular invar, for which its director, the Swiss physicist Charles-Edouard Guillaume, was granted the Nobel Prize for physics in 1920.[90]
As Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero stated, the progress of metrology combined with those of gravimetry through improvement of Kater’s pendulum led to a new era of geodesy. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs and all determinations of the force of gravity by the mean of pendulum. Metrology had to create a common unit, adopted and respected by all civilized nations.[41]
Moreover, at that time, statisticians knew that scientific observations are marred by two distinct types of errors, constant errors on the one hand, and fortuitous errors, on the other hand. The effects of the latters can be mitigated by the least-squares method. Constant or regular errors on the contrary must be carefully avoided, because they arise from one or more causes that constantly act in the same way and have the effect of always altering the result of the experiment in the same direction. They therefore deprive of any value the observations that they impinge. However, the distinction between systematic and random errors is far from being as sharp as one might think at first assessment. In reality, there are no or very few random errors. As science progresses, the causes of certain errors are sought out, studied, their laws discovered. These errors pass from the class of random errors into that of systematic errors. The ability of the observer consists in discovering the greatest possible number of systematic errors in order to be able, once he has become acquainted with their laws, to free his results from them using a method or appropriate corrections.[91][92]
For metrology the matter of expansibility was fundamental; as a matter of fact the temperature measuring error related to the length measurement in proportion to the expansibility of the standard and the constantly renewed efforts of metrologists to protect their measuring instruments against the interfering influence of temperature revealed clearly the importance they attached to the expansion-induced errors. It was thus crucial to compare at controlled temperatures with great precision and to the same unit all the standards for measuring geodetic baselines and all the pendulum rods. Only when this series of metrological comparisons would be finished with a probable error of a thousandth of a millimetre would geodesy be able to link the works of the different nations with one another, and then proclaim the result of the measurement of the Globe.[93][41]
As the figure of the Earth could be inferred from variations of the seconds pendulum length with latitude, the United States Coast Survey instructed Charles Sanders Peirce in the spring of 1875 to proceed to Europe for the purpose of making pendulum experiments to chief initial stations for operations of this sort, in order to bring the determinations of the forces of gravity in America into communication with those of other parts of the world; and also for the purpose of making a careful study of the methods of pursuing these researches in the different countries of Europe. In 1886 the association of geodesy changed name for the International Geodetic Association, which Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero presided up to his death in 1891. During this period the International Geodetic Association (German: Internationale Erdmessung) gained worldwide importance with the joining of United States, Mexico, Chile, Argentina and Japan.[81][94][95][96][97]
Artist’s impression of a GPS-IIR satellite in orbit.

Efforts to supplement the various national surveying systems, which began in the 19th century with the foundation of the Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung, resulted in a series of global ellipsoids of the Earth (e.g., Helmert 1906, Hayford 1910 and 1924) which would later lead to develop the World Geodetic System. Nowadays the practical realisation of the metre is possible everywhere thanks to the atomic clocks embedded in GPS satellites.[98][99]
Wavelength definition [ edit ]
In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell suggested that light emitted by an element be used as the standard both for the metre and for the second. These two quantities could then be used to define the unit of mass.[100]
In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an interferometer by Albert A. Michelson, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular wavelength of light as a standard of length. By 1925, interferometry was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new International System of Units (SI) as equal to 1650763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum.[101]
Speed of light definition [ edit ]
To further reduce uncertainty, the 17th CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the second and the speed of light:[102][103]
The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299 792 458 of a second.

This definition fixed the speed of light in vacuum at exactly 299792458 metres per second[102] (≈300000 km/s or ≈1.079 billion km/hour[104]). An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM’s definition was that it enabled scientists to compare lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth the uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths, because interferometer errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised helium–neon laser “a recommended radiation” for realising the metre.[105] For the purpose of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength, λ HeNe , to be 632.99121258 nm with an estimated relative standard uncertainty (U) of 2.1×10−11.[105][106][107] This uncertainty is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain atomic clock (U = 5×10−16).[108] Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as 1579800.762042(33) wavelengths of helium-neon laser light in a vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination.[105] This bracket notation expressing the error is explained in the article on measurement uncertainty.

Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source.[109] A commonly used medium is air, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has set up an online calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air.[110] As described by NIST, in air, the uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in measuring temperature and pressure. Errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary.[111] By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realisation of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as 1579800.762042(33) wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in a vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in a vacuum to wavelengths in air. Air is only one possible medium to use in a realisation of the metre, and any partial vacuum can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented.[112]
The metre is defined as the path length travelled by light in a given time, and practical laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting the number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length,[115] and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser interferometers for a length measurement:[109][116]
uncertainty in vacuum wavelength of the source,

uncertainty in the refractive index of the medium,

least count resolution of the interferometer.

Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation

λ = c n f {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}}}

which converts the unit of wavelength λ to metres using c, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here n is the refractive index of the medium in which the measurement is made, and f is the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces an additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, the measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.[116]
The CIPM issued a clarification in 2002:

Its definition, therefore, applies only within a spatial extent sufficiently small that the effects of the non-uniformity of the gravitational field can be ignored (note that, at the surface of the Earth, this effect in the vertical direction is about 1 part in 1016 per metre). In this case, the effects to be taken into account are those of special relativity only.

Timeline [ edit ]
Definitions of the metre since 1795 Basis of definition Date Absolute

uncertainty Relative

uncertainty 1 / 10 000 000 part of the quadrant along the meridian, measurement by Delambre and Méchain (443.296 lines) 1795 500–100 μm 10−4 First prototype Mètre des Archives platinum bar standard 1799 50–10 μm 10−5 Platinum-iridium bar at melting point of ice (1st CGPM) 1889 0.2–0.1 μm (200–100 nm) 10−7 Platinum-iridium bar at melting point of ice, atmospheric pressure, supported by two rollers (7th CGPM) 1927 n.a. n.a. Hyperfine atomic transition; 1 650 763 .73 wavelengths of light from a specified transition in krypton-86 (11th CGPM) 1960 4 nm 4 × 10−9 [125] Length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1 / 299 792 458 second (17th CGPM) 1983 0.1 nm 10−10

Early adoptions of the metre internationally [ edit ]
In France, the metre was adopted as an exclusive measure in 1801 under the Consulate. This continued under the First French Empire until 1812, when Napoleon decreed the introduction of the non-decimal mesures usuelles, which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of Louis Philippe.[36] Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva.[126] After the joining of the canton of Geneva to Switzerland in 1815, Guillaume Henri Dufour published the first official Swiss map, for which the metre was adopted as the unit of length.[127][128] Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, a Swiss–French binational officer, was present when a baseline was measured near Zürich for the Dufour map, which would win the gold medal for a national map at the Exposition Universelle of 1855.[129][130][131] Among the scientific instruments calibrated on the metre that were displayed at the Exposition Universelle, was Brunner’s apparatus, a geodetic instrument devised for measuring the central baseline of Spain, whose designer, Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero would represent Spain at the International Statistical Institute. In 1885, in addition to the Exposition Universelle and the second Statistical Congress held in Paris, an International Association for Obtaining a Uniform Decimal System of Measures, Weights, and Coins was created there.[49][132][133][134] Copies of the Spanish standard were made for Egypt, France and Germany.[135][136][137] These standards were compared to each other and with the Borda apparatus, which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic bases in France.[135][86][81] In 1869, Napoleon III convened the International Metre Commission, which was to meet in Paris in 1870. The Franco-Prussian War broke out, the Second French Empire collapsed, but the metre survived.[138][68]
SI prefixed forms of metre [ edit ]
SI prefixes can be used to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. Long distances are usually expressed in km, astronomical units (149.6 Gm), light-years (10 Pm), or parsecs (31 Pm), rather than in Mm, Gm, Tm, Pm, Em, Zm or Ym; “30 cm”, “30 m”, and “300 m” are more common than “3 dm”, “3 dam”, and “3 hm”, respectively.

The terms micron and millimicron can be used instead of micrometre (μm) and nanometre (nm), but this practice may be discouraged.[140]
SI multiples of metre (m) Submultiples Multiples Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name 10−1 m dm decimetre 101 m dam decametre 10−2 m cm centimetre 102 m hm hectometre 10−3 m mm millimetre 103 m km kilometre 10−6 m µm micrometre 106 m Mm megametre 10−9 m nm nanometre 109 m Gm gigametre 10−12 m pm picometre 1012 m Tm terametre 10−15 m fm femtometre 1015 m Pm petametre 10−18 m am attometre 1018 m Em exametre 10−21 m zm zeptometre 1021 m Zm zettametre 10−24 m ym yoctometre 1024 m Ym yottametre

Equivalents in other units [ edit ]
Metric unit

expressed in non-SI units Non-SI unit

expressed in metric units 1 metre ≈ 1.0936 yard 1 yard ≡ 0.9144 metre 1 metre ≈ 39.370 inches 1 inch ≡ 0.0254 metre 1 centimetre ≈ 0.393 70 inch 1 inch ≡ 2.54 centimetres 1 millimetre ≈ 0.039 370 inch 1 inch ≡ 25.4 millimetres 1 metre ≡ 1 × 1010 ångström 1 ångström ≡ 1 × 10−10 metre 1 nanometre ≡ 10 ångström 1 ångström ≡ 100 picometres

Within this table, “inch” and “yard” mean “international inch” and “international yard”[141] respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units.

“≈” means “is approximately equal to”; “≡” means “equal by definition” or “is exactly equal to”.

One metre is exactly equivalent to 5 000/127 inches and to 1 250/1 143 yards.

A simple mnemonic aid exists to assist with conversion, as three “3”s:

1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3 feet 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125 mm; however, the practice of memorising such conversion formulas has been discouraged in favour of practice and visualisation of metric units.

The ancient Egyptian cubit was about 0.5 m (surviving rods are 523–529 mm).[142] Scottish and English definitions of the ell (two cubits) were 941 mm (0.941 m) and 1143 mm (1.143 m) respectively.[143][144] The ancient Parisian toise (fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m and was standardised at exactly 2 m in the mesures usuelles system, such that 1 m was exactly 1⁄2 toise.[145] The Russian verst was 1.0668 km. The Swedish mil was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.[147]
See also [ edit ]
Notes [ edit ]

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