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How many C sections did Kennedy have?
Kennedy’s first pregnancy in 1955 ended in a miscarriage; she gave birth by cesarean to a stillborn daughter, Arabella, in 1956; Caroline was born via planned cesarean in 1957; and John Jr. was born via emergency cesarean in 1960. Her five pregnancies had resulted in only two living children.
How many babies did Ethel Kennedy have?
Children. Robert and Ethel Kennedy had eleven children over 18 years of marriage: Kathleen, Joseph, Robert Jr., David, Courtney, Michael, Kerry, Christopher, Max, Douglas, and Rory. Rory was born after Senator Kennedy was assassinated.
Did Shakira C-section?
Shakira
Shakira welcomed baby Milan Piqué Mebarak via C-section in Barcelona, Spain.
Did they do C sections in the 50s?
In most hospitals in the 1950’s, women were told that they must be sterilized after 2, 3, or 4 C-sections.
How can I avoid cesarean delivery?
- Don’t go hungry, but try not to overdo it. …
- Get plenty of exercise. …
- Take childbirth classes. …
- If the baby is breech, take him or her for a spin. …
- Relax. …
- Avoid labor induction. …
- Consider a doula or childbirth coach. …
- Consider waiting on that epidural.
How can I prevent my first C section?
Operative vaginal delivery is an acceptable birth method when indicated, and can safely prevent cesarean delivery. Given the progressively declining use, it is critical that training and experience in operative vaginal delivery is facilitated and encouraged.
Is Tatiana Schlossberg married?
On September 9, 2017, Schlossberg married her college boyfriend George Moran in Martha’s Vineyard. Their wedding was officiated by former Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick.
Did Rory Kennedy marry Mark Bailey?
On August 2, 1999, Kennedy married Mark Bailey in Greece at the mansion of shipping tycoon Vardis Vardinoyiannis. Kennedy met Bailey in Washington through mutual friends after graduating from Brown University.
How old is Kerry Kennedy?
Did Beyonce have cesarean?
“Beyoncé had high blood pressure, toxemia, and preeclampsia during her pregnancy with the twins. She had an emergency C-section.
How many C-sections did Victoria Beckham have?
Victoria Beckham has given birth three times by scheduled caesarean, for her sons Brooklyn, Romeo and Cruz.
Did Britney Spears have C-section?
5. Britney Spears. Pop royalty, Britney, gave birth to both her boys, Sean Preston and Jayden James, via c-section. Not only did she have them via caesarean, she was hoping to birth them that way.
Do C-sections shorten your life?
BOSTON — As C-section rates around the globe continue to climb, a new study shows that women who give birth by cesarean may face significant long-term health risks later in life, including an increased risk of needing a hysterectomy and more surgical complications when undergoing a hysterectomy.
Who performed the first successful C-section?
Jesse Bennett, sometimes spelled Bennet, practiced medicine in the US during the late eighteenth century and performed one of the first successful cesarean operations, later called cesarean sections, in 1794.
How were babies delivered in 1950s?
During the ’50s, birth practices were moving away from unmediated home births and attended by midwives, and towards hospital births overseen by doctors. Laboring women of the ’50s were often given medication to anesthetize them and, as a result, many passed out for the entire birth.
Who is RFK Jr father?
Kennedy was born in Washington, D.C., on January 17, 1954. He is the third of eleven children of senator and attorney general Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy (née Skakel).
How old is Sirhan Sirhan now?
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How Jackie Kennedy Normalized Cesarean Section Births
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Celebrities Who Have Given Birth Via C-Section | POPSUGAR Family
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Celebrities Who Have Given Birth Via C-Section
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American Obstetrics in the 1950’s – Evidence Based Birth®
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Ethel Kennedy – Wikipedia
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- Summary of article content: Articles about Ethel Kennedy – Wikipedia Ethel Kennedy (née Skakel; born April 11, 1928) is an American human rights advocate. She is the wow of U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a sister-in-law of … …
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How many cesareans did Ethel Kennedy have?
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How many cesareans did Ethel Kennedy have?
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How Jackie Kennedy Normalized Cesarean Section Births | HuffPost Opinion Archive
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How many c-sections?? — The Bump
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would the lady w 11 c sections please read this..and any1 w multiple sections | BabyCenter
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Ethel Kennedy – Children, Grandchildren & Facts – Biography
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Inside Ethel Kennedy’s cruel neglect of her troubled kids
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How Many C-Sections Can You Have?
How Many C-Sections Can You Have?
Seven little children in Brisbane, Australia, know their mother is pretty special – she gave birth to all of them by Caesarean section. Deborah of the Old Testament was a valiant woman and Deborah Mitchel qualifies for the title in this age, as she had to battle the medical ‘experts’ to be allowed to give life to her babies.
“My husband, David, and I believe that children are a gift from God and we always pray that we will do His will. I trust in God’s promises but the doctors have always tried to frighten me and tell me all the things that could possibly go wrong,” she says. They were never happy until they had me in tears in the ante-natal clinics.”
Before her third caesarean, the doctors told Deborah that her uterus would probably rupture. However nothing happened. Every pregnancy after that, doctors predicted all kinds of emergencies. Deborah would come home distraught and in tears, but never once did she need a blood transfusion, Never once did she have any kind of complication during or after the pregnancy.
Amazingly, Deborah and her baby son, Jonathan, survived a bout of appendicitis during her seventh pregnancy. “I was nine weeks pregnant and after three days of bad pain, they operated on my appendix. I just had to trust my life and my baby’s life into Gods hands.” Today, Jonathan is a sturdy boy, coming up to his third birthday.
After her fourth child, Deborah came under strong pressure to be sterilized by a tubal ligation. The doctor who did the caesarean came out of the theatre and berated David for allowing his wife to have so many babies. When her sixth child was due to be born, Deborah was afraid that he doctors would sterilize her against her wishes.
“The surgeon was talking to my G.P. behind my back and inferred that he would do it without my consent.” Deborah had so little trust in this doctor that she did something unthinkable in medical circles. She changed her doctor and hospital one week before baby Annaliese was due. “I phoned the Mater Mothers Hospital late one night and asked if I could please change over to them. The staff at the Mater were very good to us and they delivered the baby cheerfully.”
Deborah was 32 years old and she believes the scripture which says that “women shall be saved in child-bearing.” She has another favourite quote from 2 Chronicles 16:12 about a King called Asa who “in his disease sought not the Lord, but the physicians.”
Deborah is glad when she finds a physician who also seeks the Lord’s will and does not try to impose his own. The Medical Superintendent at Mater Mothers hospital, Dr. James King, gave her a lot of encouragement and hope. “Dr. King wanted to meet all my children and told me I was not a high risk.”
The biggest scare Deborah had was in 1984 when AIDS was discovered in blood supplies, but there was no test available. This was just before Reuben was due to be born. She asked to set aside her own blood but was told it was not possible. “The whole church prayed for me and I didn’t need any blood products.”
Deborah had done nursing training before her marriage so she read up all the books she could find, searching for information about Caesarea birth. “It seems to be there is a whole area that doctors just don’t know about. That’s why they try to make me afraid.” One encouraging fact was that Ethel Kennedy had all of her 11 children by Caesarean.
By the time her seventh baby was born, Laser treatment was being used during the operation which speeded up the healing of her wound. “I bounced back and came home on the third day,” she said.
“When we first married, we lived in a caravan and had one frying pan. If we’d looked ahead we’d have thought we could never cope but, every time we had a baby, David had a pay raise. It’s like a message from the Lord that He is looking after us.” David is a building contractor and the Mitchell family now lives in a brick house in the outer suburbs of Brisbane. Deborah says, “I like the old saying that ‘With every baby God sends a loaf of bread’.” Deborah knows from experience the ‘motherliness’ that comes over women who are pregnant and breastfeeding. “I always feel a calmness and a contentment that makes me love being at home and being a mother.”
COMMENTS FROM DR. JAMES KING ON C-SECTIONS.
Dr. James King is Medical Superintendent of the Mater Mothers Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia.
Dr. King delivered a mother of her 13th child by Caesarean section in Dublin in 1973. He was doing his specialist training as an obstetrician in the Rotunda Hospital which served a poor area of the city. He delivered her 11th child in 1971, her 12th the following year and the 13th in 1973, all by Caesareans. He said that this mother’s abdominal wall was in very good shape with no adhesions and her uterus healed fine every time.
Dr. King comments that, “We were sailing uncharted seas for it was the biggest number of Caesarean deliveries anyone had known. When we did the operations, there were an increasing number of people attending each time to see what it was like. She was a celebrity.”
Dr. King said that doctors might exaggerate the risks of childbirth to mothers because they are no longer used to seeing large families at all, let alone by Caesarean section. He says, “It is rare for women to have more than three babies, so the doctors are in unfamiliar territory. Doctors sometimes make assumptions about people from their own value system. We have no right to do that, or to advise people on what should be the size of their family. In western society, the dramatic drop in the number of births has changed the whole atmosphere surrounding birth, both for mothers and for doctors. There is a lot more fear and doctors are not so comfortable with birth. It is no longer a normal part of family dynamics in our society.”
After four years of working in Ireland, Dr. King was struck by the difference in attitude when he went to North America. “In Ireland, the women had an emotional preparedness for birth as an inevitable consequence of life. They had an instinct and intuition that birth was women’s business and that they were capable of it. Birth seemed to be a far greater hurdle for North American women. It was something you had to train for, pass an exam in, and be a graduate of a preparation programme. Whatever the dynamics of it, the facts today show that Caesarean rates are much higher in Brisbane than in Dublin.” Dr. King wonders if medical technology has devalued the privacy of birth, the quiet and almost secret aspect that is part of bringing a new child into the world.
How Jackie Kennedy Normalized Cesarean Section Births
Kennedy and her daughter Caroline. Caroline was born via planned cesarean section in 1957 following the stillborn birth of Kennedy’s daughter Arabella in 1956.
Few first ladies past or present have been more influential in fashion, home furnishing, art and publishing than Jackie Kennedy. But her most enduring cultural legacy is something she’s not well known for: the normalization ― and arguably the over normalization ― of the cesarean section.
Today, cesarean sections are the most commonly performed surgery in the United States; about one in three births occur via C-section. Most of us would be hard-pressed to find someone who doesn’t know a woman who’s given birth this way.
This wasn’t always the case. Physicians largely avoided cesareans for many decades, as they were more life-threatening than any condition that might prompt such an operation in an era when doctors had no way of effectively treating potential infection or hemorrhage. Cesarean surgeries increased slightly after WWII with the advent of antibiotics and blood banking, but obstetricians continued to steer clear of the surgery if at all possible.
That all changed in the 1960s ― between 1965 and 1987, the rate of cesarean surgeries increased by 455 percent to about one in four U.S. births. By the 1980s, the U.S. was seeing cesarean section rates higher than nearly every other industrialized country in the world. And though experts have long debated the reasons for this surge, and those reasons are complex, many have consistently overlooked the influence of media coverage after the births of Jackie Kennedy’s sons.
On Nov. 25, 1960, shortly after her husband won the U.S. presidential election, Kennedy gave birth via emergency cesarean section. The birth of a child of the president-elect is always newsworthy, but announcing the arrival of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. proved difficult for medical staff. The child arrived more than a month early, and the public wanted an explanation. But such topics were still largely considered taboo; just years earlier, the word “pregnant” had been banned from an “I Love Lucy” TV show script.
Story continues
The births of John Jr. and Patrick Kennedy sparked near-universal awareness of cesarean sections, foreshadowing the normalization of the surgery less than 20 years later.
The delicate task of providing the explanation ultimately fell to John Walsh, Kennedy’s obstetrician. Kennedy had given birth to her daughter Caroline by cesarean section three years earlier, and the adage “once a cesarean, always a cesarean” was the rule at the time.
Why? Because American obstetricians favored a vertical incision from the navel to the pubic bone. And though this classic cut was easier to perform than the low transverse cut (a horizontal incision made at the bottom of the abdomen and popular in Europe), it had one serious drawback: It left a uterine scar prone to rupture during subsequent labors.
Kennedy’s cesarean surgery had been scheduled for Dec. 12, two weeks before she was likely to go into labor. Instead, she either went into labor early or began to bleed (on that, Walsh remained respectfully silent), thus forcing the emergency surgery.
Prior to the birth of Kennedy’s son, the incidence of cesarean surgery had increased only slightly, hovering between 2.5 percent and 4.5 percent in the years since WWII. Within days of John Jr.’s birth, however, the term “cesarean section” became part of the public lexicon. Newspapers described the operation in detail, including how doctors sutured the wound. Magazines explained to readers that the surgery left a woman’s uterus so damaged, obstetricians often performed a hysterectomy after three cesareans.
When Kennedy became pregnant again two years later, more articles appeared explaining the surgical practice, and the advantages of Europe’s transverse cut were widely publicized. Newspapers and magazines explained it ensured “far less risk of damage to the womb itself or to other organs” than the classic cut. The innovation rendered the surgical scar so trivial, reporters explained breezily, mothers could “wear a bikini afterward without embarrassment.” Women learned they could birth “eight (or even more)” babies by cesarean thanks to the transverse cut. Jackie Kennedy had inadvertently helped transform a rare and feared medical procedure into a seemingly trivial exercise.
Jackie Kennedy gave birth to John Jr. via emergency cesarean section just weeks after her husband won the 1960 presidential election.
When her son Patrick Bouvier Kennedy died just two days after he was born via emergency cesarean in 1963, Kennedy’s entire obstetric history instantly became public knowledge. America learned that placental abruption ― the separation of the placenta from the uterine lining ― had caused a hemorrhage, prompting the need for the emergency surgery.
And the loss of Patrick was only the latest in a string of reproductive difficulties. Kennedy’s first pregnancy in 1955 ended in a miscarriage; she gave birth by cesarean to a stillborn daughter, Arabella, in 1956; Caroline was born via planned cesarean in 1957; and John Jr. was born via emergency cesarean in 1960. Her five pregnancies had resulted in only two living children.
The relentless publicity distressed Kennedy. She complained the press had turned her family’s tragedy into “a theatrical production.” The constant media coverage also had a positive effect, however. Patrick’s death spurred scientists to identify the cause of the disease that took his life. He’s been credited with saving the lives of many children in the years since his death.
The births of John Jr. and Patrick Kennedy sparked near-universal awareness of cesarean sections, foreshadowing the normalization of the surgery less than 20 years later. The C-section rate continued to climb after the precipitous increase between 1965 and 1987, reaching an all-time high in 2009 of almost 33 percent. Today in the U.S., cesareans occur in nearly 32 percent of births.
Yet while a cesarean section is absolutely necessary at times and can even be lifesaving (for both the mother and the child), the World Health Organization has long argued that the optimal cesarean rate is between 10 and 15 percent of births. WHO has also stated a rate higher than 10 percent has never been associated with improved maternal or neonatal outcomes and that a rate higher than 15 percent does more harm than good.
In other words, most cesarean sections performed in the U.S. are unnecessary, and the complications arising from an unnecessary surgery cannot be justified. In the case of cesarean surgery, attendant risks include hemorrhage, infection and potentially life-threatening conditions in later pregnancies that include problems with the placenta caused by the uterine scar from the previous cesarean.
The public’s keen interest in first lady Jackie Kennedy was one of many factors that led to our current cesarean section epidemic ― one the medical community is still trying to bring under control.
Jacqueline H. Wolf is the author of Cesarean Section: An American History of Risk, Technology, and Consequence.
Ethel Kennedy
American human-rights campaigner
Ethel Kennedy (née Skakel; born April 11, 1928) is an American human rights advocate. She is the widow of U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a sister-in-law of President John F. Kennedy, and the sixth child of George Skakel and Ann Brannack. Shortly after her husband’s 1968 assassination, Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. The organization is a non-profit charity working to fulfill his dream of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Ethel Kennedy was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.
Early life and education [ edit ]
Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago Lying-in Hospital to businessman George Skakel and his former secretary Ann Brannack. Her parents were killed in a 1955 plane crash.[1] She is the Skakels’ third of four daughters and sixth child of seven, having five older siblings, Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia, and one younger sister, Ann.[2] George was a Protestant of Dutch descent[3][4][5] while Ann was a Catholic of Irish ancestry. Ethel and her siblings were raised Catholic in Greenwich, Connecticut. George Skakel was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of SGLCarbon.[6] Ethel attended the all-girls Greenwich Academy[7] in Greenwich, and she graduated from the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Manhattan in 1945.[8]
In September 1945, Skakel began her college education at Manhattanville College, where she was a classmate of future sister-in-law Jean Kennedy.[9] Ethel first met Jean’s brother, Robert F. Kennedy, during a ski trip to Mont Tremblant Resort in Quebec in December 1945. During this trip, Robert Kennedy began dating Ethel’s elder sister, Patricia. After that relationship ended, he began dating Ethel. She campaigned for Robert’s elder brother, John F. Kennedy, in his 1946 campaign for the United States Congress; she also wrote her college thesis on his book Why England Slept.[7] Skakel received a bachelor’s degree from Manhattanville in 1949.[8][10]
Marriage and family [ edit ]
Kennedy in 1968
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, at St. Mary’s Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.[11]
During the 1950s, Robert F. Kennedy worked for the federal government in investigatory roles for the United States Senate as a counsel.[12] The Kennedys purchased Hickory Hill, an estate in McLean, Virginia, from Robert’s brother John and his wife, Jackie.[13] Robert and Ethel Kennedy held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.[14]
In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour fourteen countries within a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed her and Robert as stand-ins for the President and First Lady.[15]
On November 22, 1963, Ethel learned of President Kennedy’s assassination from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and handed the phone over to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The FBI Director had never called the Attorney General’s home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.[16]
Ethel urged her husband to enter the Democratic primary for the 1968 presidential election. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as RFK’s “most consistent advocate of a race for the White House.”[17]
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy [ edit ]
Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by Sirhan Sirhan and died early the next day. U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a national day of mourning. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.[18] Following her husband’s assassination, Ethel Kennedy publicly stated that she would never marry again.[19] For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend Andy Williams.[20]
Children [ edit ]
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had eleven children over 18 years of marriage: Kathleen, Joseph, Robert Jr., David, Courtney, Michael, Kerry, Christopher, Max, Douglas, and Rory.[19] Rory was born after Senator Kennedy was assassinated.[21] Kathleen served as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1995 to 2003,[22] and Joseph was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the 8th congressional district of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1999.[23]
Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights [ edit ]
Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights[24] in 1968.[dubious – discuss]
In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in Iguala, presenting Rodolfo with the Chico Mendes Award on behalf of American environmental group, the Sierra Club.[25]
In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of Wendy’s chairman Nelson Peltz in Palm Beach, Florida, as part of an effort by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, a farm workers’ group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.[26]
As of September 2018, Kennedy’s daughter Kerry Kennedy was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights.[27]
Later life [ edit ]
Kennedy sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.[28][29]
Ethel Kennedy in 2000
During the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Ethel Kennedy endorsed Barack Obama.[30] She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate Brian Moran.[31] Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and DNC chairman Howard Dean.[32]
In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life; the documentary was directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled Ethel, covers Kennedy’s early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.[33]
In August 2014, Kennedy nominated President Barack Obama to do the Ice Bucket Challenge as part of an effort to raise funds and awareness about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease). Obama declined to perform the fundraising stunt, but expressed appreciation to Kennedy and made a monetary donation to the cause.[34][35]
As of 2019, Kennedy resides at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.[36]
Legacy and awards [ edit ]
In 1981, President Ronald Reagan honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the White House Rose Garden.[37]
In 2014, a bridge over the Anacostia River was renamed the Ethel Kennedy Bridge in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.[38]
Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama for her dedication to “advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world.”[39][40]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
Citations [ edit ]
Further reading [ edit ]
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