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Contents
How many hours does 23 days have?
| d | hr |
|---|---|
| 23.00 | 552 |
| 23.01 | 552.24 |
| 23.02 | 552.48 |
| 23.03 | 552.72 |
How many hours is 24 days?
Overall, the Earth is a good timekeeper: the length of a day is consistently within a few milliseconds of 86,400 seconds, which is equivalent to 24 hours.
How many hours is 666 in days?
666 Hours is 27 Days and 18 Hours.
How long is a 7 day?
Definition and duration. A week is defined as an interval of exactly seven days, so that, except when passing through daylight saving time transitions or leap seconds, 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10,080 minutes = 604,800 seconds.
How much is 552 hours?
552 Hours is 23 Days.
How many 8 hour days is 360 hours?
360 Hours is 15 Days.
How many days makes 48 hours?
48 Hours is 2 Days.
How many days is it for 72 hours?
72 Hours is 3 Days.
How long is a whole day?
On Earth, a sidereal day is almost exactly 23 hours and 56 minutes.
Why do weeks exist?
week, period of seven days, a unit of time artificially devised with no astronomical basis. The week’s origin is generally associated with the ancient Jews and the biblical account of the Creation, according to which God laboured for six days and rested on the seventh.
Is Friday to Friday 7 days?
…
1 Week = 7 Days.
| Day of the Week | In 3 Letters |
|---|---|
| Tuesday | Tue |
| Wednesday | Wed |
| Thursday | Thu |
| Friday | Fri |
Who invented weekdays?
The seven-day week originates from the calendar of the Babylonians, which in turn is based on a Sumerian calendar dated to 21st-century B.C. Seven days corresponds to the time it takes for a moon to transition between each phase: full, waning half, new and waxing half.
How many days makes 48 hours?
48 Hours is 2 Days.
Is 72 hours equal to 3 days?
72 Hours is 3 Days.
How much is 8 hours a week?
What is an 8-hour shift? An 8-hour shift is a global norm that full-time employees are required to work daily, 5 days per week, for the total hours worked per week to equal 40, according to the same norm.
How long is a day?
A day is commonly divided into 24 hours of 60 minutes, with each minute composed of 60 seconds.
Convert 23 Days to Hours
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How Long Is a Day on Earth?
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Earth’s Rotation Defines Length of Day
How Long Is Today
Average Day Lengths & Leap Seconds
How Is True Day Length Measured
Why Isn’t Earth’s Rotation Constant
Find Day Length for Any Date
How Far Back Does the Data Go
Ancient Records Give Away Earth’s Speed
Elsewhere on timeanddatecom
Convert 666 Hours to Days. Hours in Days
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Need to convert 666 Hours to Days and Hours
Simple! 666 Hours is 27 Days and 18 Hours!
Need a 666 Hours Timer Or a 27 Days and 18 Hours Timer We can help -)
666 Hours is 27 Days and 18 Hours
Here are some little facts about 27 Days and 18 Hours
Here is a 27 Days and 18 Hours Timer
Week – Wikipedia
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Contents
Name[edit]
Definition and duration[edit]
Days of the week[edit]
History[edit]
Numbering[edit]
Weeks in other calendars[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
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Convert 23 Days to Hours
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23 days in hours. Convert 23 days to hours – TotalCalc
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403 – Forbidden: Access is denied.
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Convert 23 days to hours – Conversion of Measurement Units
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23 Days In Hours – How Many Hours Is 23 Days?
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- Summary of article content: Articles about 23 Days In Hours – How Many Hours Is 23 Days? The conversion factor from days to hours is 24, which means that 1 day is equal to 24 hours: 1 d = 24 hr. To convert 23 days into hours we have to multiply … …
- Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for 23 Days In Hours – How Many Hours Is 23 Days? The conversion factor from days to hours is 24, which means that 1 day is equal to 24 hours: 1 d = 24 hr. To convert 23 days into hours we have to multiply … Convert 23 days to hours (23 d to hr). What is twenty-three days in hours?
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23 days to hours – Unit Converter
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What is 23 Days in Hours? Convert 23 d to hr
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23 days in hours | How long is 23 days?
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23 Days to Hours | 23 d to h
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- Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for 23 Days to Hours | 23 d to h Convert 23 Days to Hours (d to h) with our conversion calculator and conversion tables. To convert 23 d to h use direct conversion formula below. 23 d = 552 h. Convert 23 Days to Hours | Convert 23 d to h with our conversion calculator and conversion table
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How Many Hours in 23 Days | Convert
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What is 23 Days in Hours
Answer 23 Days It Is 552 Hours
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From Centuries Days Decades Hours Hours:Minutes:Seconds Microseconds Millenia Milliseconds Minutes Months Nanoseconds Seconds Weeks Work Weeks Years To Centuries Days Decades Hours Hours:Minutes:Seconds Microseconds Millenia Milliseconds Minutes Months Nanoseconds Seconds Weeks Work Weeks Years swap units ↺ Amount 552 Hours (exact result) 23 Days = Display result as Number Fraction (exact value)
day is the approximate time it takes for the Earth to complete one rotation. It is defined as exactly 86,400 seconds. An hour is a unit of time equal to 60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds.
How Long Is a Day on Earth?
The Earth’s rotation slows down over time. ©iStockphoto.com/nukleerkedi
Earth’s Rotation Defines Length of Day
Modern timekeeping defines a day as the sum of 24 hours—but that is not entirely correct. The Earth’s rotation is not constant, so in terms of solar time, most days are a little longer or shorter than that.
The Moon is—very gradually—slowing the Earth’s rotation because of friction produced by tides. Over the course of a century, the length of a day increases by a couple of milliseconds (where 1 millisecond equals 0.001 seconds).
Within this general trend, however, there is fluctuation: sometimes the Earth spins a bit faster, sometimes a bit slower. Recently, our planet has been speeding up a little, making for slightly shorter days.
How Long Is Today?
Today is predicted to be 1,1846 ms (milliseconds) or 0,0011846 seconds shorter than 24 hours. This is the time it takes Earth to rotate 55,10 cm (21,69 in), as measured at the equator.
This means that today lasts:
23,9999996709 hours or
24 hours minus 1,18 ms
On average, a mean solar day in the last 365 days was -0,27 ms under 24 hours, so today’s day length is below average. Over this period, 352 days have been longer than today, while 14 have been shorter than today.
If every day were as long as today, a negative leap second would have to be added every 844,17 days.
Today’s Day Length* in Context Day length Date Yesterday 24 hours -0,98 ms T5 21 Tháng bảy 2022 p. Today 24 hours -1,18 ms T6 22 Tháng bảy 2022 p. Tomorrow 24 hours -1,37 ms T7 23 Tháng bảy 2022 p. Shortest 2022 24 hours -1,64 ms T3 26 Tháng bảy 2022 p. Longest 2022 24 hours +0,68 ms T7 14 Tháng năm 2022 p. Last Year Average 24 hours -0,18 ms Year 2021 * Yesterday’s, today’s, and future day lengths are predictions.
Average Day Lengths & Leap Seconds
Overall, the Earth is a good timekeeper: the length of a day is consistently within a few milliseconds of 86,400 seconds, which is equivalent to 24 hours. However, over the course of months and years, these small differences can add up and put our clocks out of sync with the Earth’s spin. When this happens, a leap second is used to bring them back into alignment.
Leap seconds can be positive or negative. A positive leap second adds a second to our clocks, while a negative leap second subtracts a second.
The system of leap seconds was introduced in 1972. So far, there have been 27 leap seconds, and they have all been positive. The table below shows the yearly average day lengths since 1973.
Average Solar Day Length* Year Average day Total yearly difference Shortest day Longest day Leap second added 2022 -0,34 ms -123,61 ms 26 Tháng bảy -1,64 ms 14 Tháng năm +0,68 ms – 2021 -0,18 ms -65,15 ms 09 Tháng bảy -1,46 ms 26 Tháng tư +1,00 ms – 2020 -0,00 ms -1,30 ms 19 Tháng bảy -1,47 ms 08 Tháng tư +1,62 ms – 2019 +0,39 ms +141,25 ms 16 Tháng bảy -0,95 ms 22 Tháng ba +1,68 ms – 2018 +0,69 ms +252,47 ms 30 Tháng sáu -0,64 ms 04 Tháng hai +1,69 ms – 2017 +1,03 ms +375,01 ms 04 Tháng tám +0,06 ms 25 Tháng tư +2,20 ms – 2016 +1,34 ms +490,76 ms 18 Tháng bảy -0,03 ms 10 Tháng ba +2,49 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 2015 +1,25 ms +458,03 ms 17 Tháng sáu +0,19 ms 26 Tháng mười +2,31 ms 30 Tháng sáu 2014 +0,99 ms +362,96 ms 24 Tháng bảy +0,02 ms 26 Tháng tư +2,02 ms – 2013 +1,02 ms +373,99 ms 06 Tháng bảy -0,35 ms 28 Tháng ba +1,97 ms – 2012 +0,83 ms +304,11 ms 16 Tháng bảy -0,35 ms 05 Tháng tư +1,87 ms 30 Tháng sáu 2011 +0,76 ms +277,94 ms 27 Tháng bảy -0,34 ms 14 Tháng năm +1,85 ms – 2010 +0,70 ms +254,74 ms 23 Tháng bảy -0,76 ms 01 Tháng ba +2,09 ms – 2009 +0,80 ms +293,37 ms 06 Tháng bảy -0,43 ms 22 Tháng tư +1,81 ms – 2008 +0,87 ms +319,49 ms 16 Tháng bảy -0,41 ms 05 Tháng tư +1,91 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 2007 +0,85 ms +310,81 ms 27 Tháng bảy -0,63 ms 16 Tháng tư +2,31 ms – 2006 +0,82 ms +300,88 ms 12 Tháng sáu -0,40 ms 07 Tháng mười +2,26 ms – 2005 +0,43 ms +157,76 ms 05 Tháng bảy -1,05 ms 27 Tháng hai +1,73 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 2004 +0,31 ms +114,01 ms 15 Tháng bảy -1,05 ms 05 Tháng tư +1,56 ms – 2003 +0,27 ms +100,16 ms 13 Tháng bảy -0,96 ms 19 Tháng ba +1,55 ms – 2002 +0,48 ms +173,79 ms 06 Tháng tám -0,74 ms 02 Tháng ba +1,66 ms – 2001 +0,57 ms +208,94 ms 02 Tháng tám -0,71 ms 11 Tháng ba +1,64 ms – 2000 +0,72 ms +262,42 ms 11 Tháng tám -0,25 ms 26 Tháng mười +1,58 ms – 1999 +0,99 ms +361,19 ms 30 Tháng sáu -0,13 ms 15 Tháng tư +1,93 ms – 1998 +1,37 ms +501,72 ms 09 Tháng bảy +0,01 ms 01 Tháng ba +2,66 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1997 +1,84 ms +671,08 ms 04 Tháng bảy +0,52 ms 06 Tháng tư +2,98 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1996 +1,82 ms +666,37 ms 10 Tháng tám +0,67 ms 12 Tháng năm +2,68 ms – 1995 +2,31 ms +843,66 ms 25 Tháng bảy +0,81 ms 17 Tháng ba +3,29 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1994 +2,19 ms +800,86 ms 06 Tháng bảy +0,86 ms 27 Tháng hai +3,36 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1993 +2,36 ms +862,66 ms 17 Tháng bảy +1,25 ms 02 Tháng năm +3,49 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1992 +2,22 ms +812,25 ms 12 Tháng bảy +0,84 ms 18 Tháng ba +3,59 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1991 +2,04 ms +743,88 ms 27 Tháng sáu +0,79 ms 01 Tháng ba +3,00 ms – 1990 +1,95 ms +710,04 ms 20 Tháng bảy +0,63 ms 26 Tháng ba +3,28 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1989 +1,52 ms +555,00 ms 02 Tháng bảy +0,25 ms 10 Tháng mười một +2,82 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1988 +1,31 ms +480,30 ms 12 Tháng bảy -0,09 ms 20 Tháng hai +2,76 ms – 1987 +1,36 ms +497,35 ms 23 Tháng bảy -0,06 ms 01 Tháng ba +2,67 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1986 +1,24 ms +451,06 ms 02 Tháng tám -0,04 ms 23 Tháng tư +2,30 ms – 1985 +1,45 ms +528,83 ms 16 Tháng bảy +0,11 ms 09 Tháng ba +2,64 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1984 +1,51 ms +554,42 ms 12 Tháng bảy +0,16 ms 18 Tháng ba +2,77 ms – 1983 +2,28 ms +832,08 ms 23 Tháng bảy +1,01 ms 01 Tháng hai +3,57 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1982 +2,16 ms +789,64 ms 02 Tháng tám +0,84 ms 23 Tháng tư +3,14 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1981 +2,15 ms +786,03 ms 16 Tháng bảy +0,82 ms 08 Tháng ba +3,42 ms 30 Tháng sáu 1980 +2,30 ms +842,04 ms 08 Tháng tám +1,34 ms 23 Tháng mười +3,24 ms – 1979 +2,61 ms +953,02 ms 23 Tháng bảy +1,46 ms 27 Tháng ba +3,65 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1978 +2,88 ms +1051,83 ms 31 Tháng bảy +1,49 ms 09 Tháng ba +3,83 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1977 +2,77 ms +1012,60 ms 14 Tháng bảy +1,46 ms 04 Tháng tư +3,72 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1976 +2,91 ms +1064,67 ms 26 Tháng sáu +1,87 ms 21 Tháng mười +3,90 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1975 +2,69 ms +980,87 ms 20 Tháng bảy +1,54 ms 01 Tháng mười một +3,72 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1974 +2,72 ms +991,99 ms 30 Tháng bảy +1,57 ms 05 Tháng tư +3,79 ms 31 Tháng mười hai 1973 +3,04 ms +1106,21 ms 02 Tháng một +0,00 ms 02 Tháng tư +4,03 ms 31 Tháng mười hai * Current year’s average day length and total yearly difference are predicted.
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How Is True Day Length Measured?
Astronomers and timekeepers express mean solar time as Universal Time (UT1), a time standard based on the average speed of the Earth’s rotation. UT1 is then compared to International Atomic Time (TAI), a super-precise time scale calculated by a network of atomic clocks.
The actual length of a day is expressed as the deviation of UT1 from TAI over 24 hours.
Why Isn’t Earth’s Rotation Constant?
The speed of the Earth’s rotation varies from day to day. One of the main factors are the celestial bodies surrounding us.
For example, the Moon’s gravitational pull causes tides and changes the Earth’s shape, ultimately resulting in a lower rotational speed. The distance between Earth and Moon changes constantly, which makes for daily variations in the speed our planet rotates around its axis.
Find Day Length for Any Date
How Far Back Does the Data Go?
Super-accurate atomic clocks were first developed in the 1950s and 1960s. So measurements of the Earth’s rotation using atomic clocks only go back as far as then.
However, telescopic timings of stellar occultations by the Moon provide information about the Earth’s rotation going back to the 17th century. An occultation is when the Moon, as seen from the Earth, passes in front of a star.
Ancient Records Give Away Earth’s Speed
Going back even further, records of solar and lunar eclipses provide information from the 8th century BCE onwards.
For example, a Babylonian clay tablet tells us that a total solar eclipse was observable in the ancient city of Babylon on April 15, 136 BCE.
Modern computer models can calculate the path of totality for this eclipse with a high degree of accuracy. From this, we can work out the Earth’s spin. For instance, if the Earth had been spinning a bit faster at that time, the path of totality would have passed to the west of Babylon—not directly over the city.
Eclipse database for years 1900-2199
Wikipedia
Time unit equal to seven days
puncta (quarter-hours), 240 minuta (tenths of an hour) and 960 momenta Circular diagrams showing the division of the day and of the week, from a Carolingian ms. ( Clm 14456 fol. 71r) of St. Emmeram Abbey . The week is divided into seven days, and each day into 24 hours, 96(quarter-hours), 240(tenths of an hour) and 960(40th parts of an hour).
A week is a time unit equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for cycles of rest days in most parts of the world, mostly alongside—although not strictly part of—the Gregorian calendar.
In many languages, the days of the week are named after classical planets or gods of a pantheon. In English, the names are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, then returning to Monday. Such a week may be called a planetary week.[1] Occasionally, this arrangement is instead similar to a week in the New Testament in which the seven days are simply numbered with the first day being a Christian day of worship (aligned with Sunday, offset from ISO 8601 by one day) and the seventh day being a sabbath day (Saturday). This is based on the Jewish week as reflected in the Hebrew Bible (also appears as the Old Testament in the Christian Bible). The Hebrew Bible offers the explanation that God created the world in six days. The first day is then given the literal name First (in Hebrew: ראשון), the second being called Second (שני) and so forth for the first six days, with the exception of the seventh and final day, which rather than be called Seventh (שביעי), is called Shabbat (שבת) from the word לשבות (to rest). The biblical text states this is because that was the day when God rested from his work of creating the world. Shabbat (equivalent to Saturday) therefore became the day of worship and rest in Jewish tradition and the last day of the week, while the following day, Sunday, is the first one in the Hebrew week. Thousands of years later, these names are still the names of the weekdays in Hebrew, and this week construct is still the one observed in Jewish tradition.
While, for example, the United States, Canada, Brazil, Israel, Japan and other countries consider Sunday as the first day of the week, and while the week begins with Saturday in much of the Middle East, the international ISO 8601 standard[a] and most of Europe has Monday as the first day of the week.[2] The Geneva-based ISO standards organization uses Monday as the first day of the week in its ISO week date system.
The term “week” is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days, such as the nundinal cycle of the ancient Roman calendar, the “work week” or “school week” referring only to the days spent on those activities.
Name [ edit ]
The English word week comes from the Old English wice, ultimately from a Common Germanic *wikōn-, from a root *wik- “turn, move, change”. The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar, perhaps “succession series”, as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis “order” in Luke 1:8.
The seven-day week is named in many languages by a word derived from “seven”. The archaism sennight (“seven-night”) preserves the old Germanic practice of reckoning time by nights, as in the more common fortnight (“fourteen-night”).[3] Hebdomad and hebdomadal week both derive from the Greek hebdomás (ἑβδομάς, “a seven”). Septimana is cognate with the Romance terms derived from Latin septimana (“a seven”).
Slavic has a formation *tъ(žь)dьnь (Serbian тједан, tjedan, Croatian tjedan, Ukrainian тиждень, tyzhden, Czech týden, Polish tydzień), from *tъ “this” + *dьnь “day”. Chinese has 星期, as it were “planetary time unit”.
Definition and duration [ edit ]
A week is defined as an interval of exactly seven days,[b] so that, except when passing through daylight saving time transitions or leap seconds,
1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10,080 minutes = 604,800 seconds.
With respect to the Gregorian calendar:
1 Gregorian calendar year = 52 weeks + 1 day (2 days in a leap year)
1 week = 1600 ⁄ 6957 ≈ 22.9984% of an average Gregorian month
In a Gregorian mean year, there are 365.2425 days, and thus exactly 52+71⁄400 or 52.1775 weeks (unlike the Julian year of 365.25 days or 52+5⁄28 ≈ 52.1786 weeks, which cannot be represented by a finite decimal expansion). There are exactly 20,871 weeks in 400 Gregorian years, so 21 July 1622 was a Thursday just as was 21 July 2022.
Relative to the path of the Moon, a week is 23.659% of an average lunation or 94.637% of an average quarter lunation.
Historically, the system of dominical letters (letters A to G identifying the weekday of the first day of a given year) has been used to facilitate calculation of the day of week. The day of the week can be easily calculated given a date’s Julian day number (JD, i.e. the integer value at noon UT): Adding one to the remainder after dividing the Julian day number by seven (JD modulo 7 + 1) yields that date’s ISO 8601 day of the week. For example, the Julian day number of 21 July 2022 is 2459782. Calculating 2459782 mod 7 + 1 yields 4, corresponding to Thursday.[4]
Days of the week [ edit ]
Schematic comparison of the ordering of the classical planets (arranged in a circle) and the sequence of days in the week (forming a {7/3} heptagram within the circle).
The days of the week were named for the classical planets. This naming system persisted alongside an “ecclesiastical” tradition of numbering the days in ecclesiastical Latin beginning with Dominica (the Lord’s Day) as the first day. The Greco-Roman gods associated with the classical planets were rendered in their interpretatio germanica at some point during the late Roman Empire, yielding the Germanic tradition of names based on indigenous deities.
The ordering of the weekday names is not the classical order of the planets (by distance in the planetary spheres model, nor, equivalently, by their apparent speed of movement in the night sky). Instead, the planetary hours systems resulted in succeeding days being named for planets that are three places apart in their traditional listing. This characteristic was apparently discussed in Plutarch in a treatise written in c. AD 100, which is reported to have addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order? (the text of Plutarch’s treatise has been lost).[5] [2] Monday Friday Saturday Sunday The first day of the week of different countries according to the CLDR
An ecclesiastical, non-astrological, system of numbering the days of the week was adopted in Late Antiquity. This model also seems to have influenced (presumably via Gothic) the designation of Wednesday as “mid-week” in Old High German (mittawehha) and Old Church Slavonic (срѣда). Old Church Slavonic may have also modeled the name of Monday, понєдѣльникъ, after the Latin feria Secunda.[6] The ecclesiastical system became prevalent in Eastern Christianity, but in the Latin West it remains extant only in modern Icelandic, Galician, and Portuguese.[7]
History [ edit ]
Ancient Near East [ edit ]
The earliest evidence of an astrological significance of a seven-day period is connected to Gudea, the priest-king of Lagash in Sumer during the Gutian dynasty (about 2100 BCE), who built a seven-room temple, which he dedicated with a seven-day festival. In the flood story of the Assyro-Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, the storm lasts for seven days, the dove is sent out after seven days, and the Noah-like character of Utnapishtim leaves the ark seven days after it reaches the firm ground. [c]
Counting from the new moon, the Babylonians celebrated the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th as “holy days”, also called “evil days” (meaning “unsuitable” for prohibited activities). On these days, officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to “make a wish”, and at least the 28th was known as a “rest day”.[12] On each of them, offerings were made to a different god and goddess.
Judaism [ edit ]
A continuous seven-day cycle that runs throughout history without reference to the phases of the moon was first practiced in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.[14]
There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of the biblical seven-day cycle.
Friedrich Delitzsch and others suggested that the seven-day week being approximately a quarter of a lunation is the implicit astronomical origin of the seven-day week,[15] and indeed the Babylonian calendar used intercalary days to synchronize the last week of a month with the new moon.[16] According to this theory, the Jewish week was adopted from the Babylonians while removing the moon-dependency.
George Aaron Barton speculated that the seven-day creation account of Genesis is connected to the Babylonian creation epic, Enûma Eliš, which is recorded on seven tablets.[17]
In a frequently-quoted suggestion going back to the early 20th century,[18] the Hebrew Sabbath is compared to the Sumerian sa-bat “mid-rest”, a term for the full moon. The Sumerian term has been reconstructed as rendered Sapattum or Sabattum in Babylonian, possibly present in the lost fifth tablet of the Enûma Eliš, tentatively reconstructed[according to whom?] “[Sa]bbath shalt thou then encounter, mid[month]ly”.[12]
However, Niels-Erik Andreasen, Jeffrey H. Tigay, and others claimed that the Biblical Sabbath is mentioned as a day of rest in some of the earliest layers of the Pentateuch dated to the 9th century BC at the latest, centuries before the Babylonian exile of Judah. They also find the resemblance between the Biblical Sabbath and the Babylonian system to be weak. Therefore, they suggested that the seven-day week may reflect an independent Israelite tradition.[19][20][21][22] Tigay writes:
It is clear that among neighboring nations that were in position to have an influence over Israel – and in fact which did influence it in various matters – there is no precise parallel to the Israelite Sabbatical week. This leads to the conclusion that the Sabbatical week, which is as unique to Israel as the Sabbath from which it flows, is an independent Israelite creation.[21][23]
The seven-day week seems to have been adopted, at different stages, by the Persian Empire, in Hellenistic astrology, and (via Greek transmission) in Gupta India and Tang China. [d][citation needed] The Babylonian system was received by the Greeks in the 4th century BC (notably via Eudoxus of Cnidus). However, the designation of the seven days of the week to the seven planets is an innovation introduced in the time of Augustus.[25] The astrological concept of planetary hours is rather an original innovation of Hellenistic astrology, probably first conceived in the 2nd century BC.
The seven-day week was widely known throughout the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD,[25] along with references to the Jewish Sabbath by Roman authors such as Seneca and Ovid.[27] When the seven-day week came into use in Rome during the early imperial period, it did not immediately replace the older eight-day nundinal system.[28] The nundinal system had probably fallen out of use by the time Emperor Constantine adopted the seven-day week for official use in CE 321, making the Day of the Sun (dies Solis) a legal holiday.[29]
Achaemenid period [ edit ]
The Zoroastrian calendar follows the Babylonian in relating the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th of the month to Ahura Mazda.[30] The forerunner of all modern Zoroastrian calendars is the system used to determine dates in the Persian Empire, adopted from the Babylonian calendar by the 4th century BC.
Frank C. Senn in his book Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical points to data suggesting evidence of an early continuous use of a seven-day week; referring to the Jews during the Babylonian captivity in the 6th century BC,[14] after the destruction of the Temple of Solomon. While the seven-day week in Judaism is tied to Creation account in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible (where God creates the heavens and the earth in six days and rests on the seventh; Genesis 1:1-2:3,[31] in the Book of Exodus, the fourth of the Ten Commandments is to rest on the seventh day, Shabbat, which can be seen as implying a socially instituted seven-day week), it is not clear whether the Genesis narrative predates the Babylonian captivity of the Jews in the 6th century BC. At least since the Second Temple period under Persian rule, Judaism relied on the seven-day cycle of recurring Sabbaths.[14]
Tablets[citation needed] from the Achaemenid period indicate that the lunation of 29 or 30 days basically contained three seven-day weeks, and a final week of eight or nine days inclusive, breaking the continuous seven-day cycle.[12] The Babylonians additionally celebrated the 19th as a special “evil day”, the “day of anger”, because it was roughly the 49th day of the (preceding) month, completing a “week of weeks”, also with sacrifices and prohibitions.[12]
Difficulties with Friedrich Delitzsch’s origin theory connecting Hebrew Shabbat with the Babylonian lunar cycle[32] include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Shabbat in any language.[33]
Hellenistic and Roman era [ edit ]
In Jewish sources by the time of the Septuagint, the term “Sabbath” (Greek Sabbaton) by synecdoche also came to refer to an entire seven-day week,[34] the interval between two weekly Sabbaths. Jesus’s parable of the Pharisee and the Publican (Luke 18:12) describes the Pharisee as fasting “twice in the week” (Greek δὶς τοῦ σαββάτου dis tou sabbatou). Days of the week are called “days of the sabbath” in the Hebrew language. In the account of the women finding the tomb empty, they are described as coming there Greek: εις μια των σαββατων, lit. ‘toward the first [day] of the sabbath’,[35] though modern translations often substitute “week” for “sabbath”.
The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight-day nundinum but, after the Julian calendar had come into effect in 45 BC, the seven-day week came into increasing use. For a while, the week and the nundinal cycle coexisted, but by the time the week was officially adopted by Constantine in AD 321, the nundinal cycle had fallen out of use. The association of the days of the week with the Sun, the Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye dates to the Roman era (2nd century).[14]
The continuous seven-day cycle of the days of the week can be traced back to the reign of Augustus; the first identifiable date cited complete with day of the week is 6 February AD 60, identified as a “Sunday” (as viii idus Februarius dies solis “eighth day before the ides of February, day of the Sun”) in a Pompeiian graffito. According to the (contemporary) Julian calendar, 6 February 60 was, however, a Wednesday. This is explained by the existence of two conventions of naming days of the weeks based on the planetary hours system: 6 February was a “Sunday” based on the sunset naming convention, and a “Wednesday” based on the sunrise naming convention.[37]
Islamic concept [ edit ]
According to Islamic beliefs, the seven-day a week concept started with the creation of the universe by Allah. Abu Huraira reported that Muhammad said: Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, created the clay on Saturday and He created the mountains on Sunday and He created the trees on Monday and He created the things entailing labour on Tuesday and created light on Wednesday and He caused the animals to spread on Thursday and created Adam after ‘Asr on Friday; the last creation at the last hour of the hours of Friday, i. e. between afternoon and night.[38]
Adoption in Asia [ edit ]
China and Japan [ edit ]
The earliest known reference in Chinese writings to a seven-day week is attributed to Fan Ning, who lived in the late 4th century in the Jin Dynasty, while diffusions from the Manichaeans are documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese or Central Asian Buddhist monk Bu Kong of the 7th century (Tang Dynasty).
The Chinese variant of the planetary system was brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kūkai (9th century). Surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven-day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007. In Japan, the seven-day system was kept in use for astrological purposes until its promotion to a full-fledged Western-style calendrical basis during the Meiji Period (1868–1912).
India [ edit ]
The seven-day week was known in India by the 6th century, referenced in the Pañcasiddhāntikā.[citation needed] Shashi (2000) mentions the Garga Samhita, which he places in the 1st century BC or AD, as a possible earlier reference to a seven-day week in India. He concludes “the above references furnish a terminus ad quem (viz. 1st century) The terminus a quo cannot be stated with certainty”.[39][40]
Christian Europe [ edit ]
The seven-day weekly cycle has remained unbroken in Christendom, and hence in Western history, for almost two millennia, despite changes to the Coptic, Julian, and Gregorian calendars, demonstrated by the date of Easter Sunday having been traced back through numerous computistic tables to an Ethiopic copy of an early Alexandrian table beginning with the Easter of AD 311.[41][42]
A tradition of divinations arranged for the days of the week on which certain feast days occur develops in the Early Medieval period. There are many later variants of this, including the German Bauern-Praktik and the versions of Erra Pater published in 16th to 17th century England, mocked in Samuel Butler’s Hudibras. South and East Slavic versions are known as koliadniki (from koliada, a loan of Latin calendae), with Bulgarian copies dating from the 13th century, and Serbian versions from the 14th century.[43]
Medieval Christian traditions associated with the lucky or unlucky nature of certain days of the week survived into the modern period. This concerns primarily Friday, associated with the crucifixion of Jesus. Sunday, sometimes personified as Saint Anastasia, was itself an object of worship in Russia, a practice denounced in a sermon extant in copies going back to the 14th century.[44]
Sunday, in the ecclesiastical numbering system also counted as the feria prima or the first day of the week; yet, at the same time, figures as the “eighth day”, and has occasionally been so called in Christian liturgy. [e]
Justin Martyr wrote: “the first day after the Sabbath, remaining the first of all the days, is called, however, the eighth, according to the number of all the days of the cycle, and [yet] remains the first.”[45]
A period of eight days, usually (but not always, mainly because of Christmas Day) starting and ending on a Sunday, is called an octave, particularly in Roman Catholic liturgy. In German, the phrase heute in acht Tagen (literally “today in eight days”) means one week from today (i.e. on the same weekday). The same is true of the Italian phrase oggi otto (literally “today eight”) and the French à huitaine.
Numbering [ edit ]
Weeks in a Gregorian calendar year can be numbered for each year. This style of numbering is often used in European and Asian countries. It is less common in the U.S. and elsewhere.
The system for numbering weeks is the ISO week date system, which is included in ISO 8601. This system dictates that each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week’s Thursday.
Determining Week 1 [ edit ]
In practice week 1 (W01 in ISO notation) of any year can be determined as follows:
If January 1 falls on a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday, then the week of January 1 is Week 1.
If January 1 falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday however, then January 1 is considered to be part of the last week of the previous year and Week 1 will begin on the first Monday after January 1.
Examples:
Week 1 of 2015 ( 2015W01 in ISO notation) started on Monday, 29 December 2014 and ended on Sunday, 4 January 2015, because 1 January 2015 fell on Thursday.
in ISO notation) started on Monday, 29 December 2014 and ended on Sunday, 4 January 2015, because 1 January 2015 fell on Thursday. Week 1 of 2021 (2021W01 in ISO notation) started on Monday, 4 January 2021 and ended on Sunday, 10 January 2021, because 1 January 2021 fell on Friday.
Week 52 and 53 [ edit ]
It is also possible to determine if the last week of the previous year was Week 52 or Week 53 as follows:
If January 1 falls on a Friday, then it is part of Week 53 of the previous year (W53-5).
If January 1 falls on a Saturday, then it is part of Week 53 of the previous year if that is a leap year (W53-6), and part of Week 52 otherwise (W52-6), i.e. if the previous year is a common year.
If January 1 falls on a Sunday, then it is part of Week 52 of the previous year (W52-7).
Dominical letter(s) plus weekdays, dates and week numbers at the beginning and end of a year Dominical
letter(s)1 Days at the start of January Effect1,2 Days at the end of December1 1
Mon 2
Tue 3
Wed 4
Thu 5
Fri 6
Sat 7
Sun W01-13 01 Jan week … 31 Dec week 1
Mon4 2
Tue 3
Wed 4
Thu 5
Fri 6
Sat 7
Sun G(F) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 01 Jan W01 … W01 31 (30) (31) F(E) 01 02 03 04 05 06 31 Dec W01 … W01 30 (29) 31 (30) (31) E(D) 01 02 03 04 05 30 Dec W01 … W01 (W53) 29 (28) 30 (29) 31 (30) (31) D(C) 01 02 03 04 29 Dec W01 … W53 28 (27) 29 (28) 30 (29) 31 (30) (31) C(B) 01 02 03 04 Jan W53 … W52 27 (26) 28 (27) 29 (28) 30 (29) 31 (30) (31) B(A) 01 02 03 Jan W52 ( W53 ) … W52 26 (25) 27 (26) 28 (27) 29 (28) 30 (29) 31 (30) (31) A(G) 01 02 Jan W52 … W52 ( W01 ) 25 (31) 26 (25) 27 (26) 28 (27) 29 (28) 30 (29) 31 (30)
Notes
1. Numbers and letters in parentheses, ( ), apply to March − December in leap years.
2. Underlined numbers and letters belong to previous year or next year.
3. First date of the first week in the year.
4. First date of the last week in the year.
Other week numbering systems [ edit ]
In some countries, though, the numbering system is different from the ISO standard. At least six numberings are in use:[46][47][dubious – discuss]
System First day of week First week of year contains Can be last week of previous year Used by or in ISO 8601 Monday 4 January 1st Thursday 4–7 days of year yes EU (exc. Portugal) and most of other European countries, most of Asia and Oceania Middle Eastern Saturday 1 January 1st Friday 1–7 days of year yes Much of the Middle East Western traditional Sunday 1 January 1st Saturday 1–7 days of year yes Canada, United States, Iceland, Portugal, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Macau, Israel, Egypt, South Africa, the Philippines, and most of Latin America Broadcast Calendar Monday 1 January 1st Sunday 1–7 days of year yes Broadcast services in the United States[48]
Because the week starts on either Saturday, Sunday, or Monday in all these systems, the days in a workweek, Monday through Friday, will always have the same week number within a calendar week system. Quite often, these systems will agree on the week number for each day in a workweek:
Note that this agreement occurs only for the week number of each day in a work week, not for the day number within the week, nor the week number of the weekends.
The epi week (epidemiological week) is used to report healthcare statistics, such as COVID-19 cases:[49]
The epidemiological week begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday. The first epidemiological week of the year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. Therefore, the first epidemiological week may actually begin in December of the previous year.
Uses [ edit ]
The semiconductor package date code is often a 4 digit date code YYWW where the first two digits YY are the last 2 digits of the calendar year and the last two digits WW are the two-digit week number.[50][51]
The tire date code mandated by the US DOT is a 4 digit date code WWYY with two digits of the week number WW followed by the last two digits of the calendar year YY.[52]
“Weeks” in other calendars [ edit ]
The term “week” is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days. Such “weeks” of between four and ten days have been used historically in various places.[53] Intervals longer than 10 days are not usually termed “weeks” as they are closer in length to the fortnight or the month than to the seven-day week.
Pre-modern calendars [ edit ]
Calendars unrelated to the Chaldean, Hellenistic, Christian, or Jewish traditions often have time cycles between the day and the month of varying lengths, sometimes also called “weeks”.
An eight-day week was used in Ancient Rome and possibly in the pre-Christian Celtic calendar. Traces of a nine-day week are found in Baltic languages and in Welsh. The ancient Chinese calendar had a ten-day week, as did the ancient Egyptian calendar (and, incidentally, the French Republican Calendar, dividing its 30-day months into thirds).
A six-day week is found in the Akan Calendar and Kabiye culture until 1981. Several cultures used a five-day week, including the 10th century Icelandic calendar, the Javanese calendar, and the traditional cycle of market days in Korea.[citation needed] The Igbo have a “market week” of four days. Evidence of a “three-day week” has been derived from the names of the days of the week in Guipuscoan Basque.[54]
The Aztecs and Mayas used the Mesoamerican calendars. The most important of these calendars divided a ritual cycle of 260 days (known as Tonalpohualli in Nahuatl and Tzolk’in in Yucatec Maya) into 20 weeks of 13 days (known in Spanish as trecenas). They also divided the solar year into 18 periods (winal) of 20 days and five nameless days (wayebʼ), creating a 20-day month divided into four five-day weeks. The end of each five-day week was a market day.[56]
The Balinese Pawukon is a 210-day calendar consisting of 10 different simultaneously running weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days, of which the weeks of 4, 8, and 9 days are interrupted to fit into the 210-day cycle.
Modern calendar reforms [ edit ]
The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the “Eastman plan”) kept a 7 day week while defining a year of 13 months with 28 days each (364 days). Every calendar date was always on the same weekday. It was the official calendar of the Eastman Kodak Company for decades.
A 10 day week, called a décade, was used in France for nine and a half years from October 1793 to April 1802; furthermore, the Paris Commune adopted the Revolutionary Calendar for 18 days in 1871.
The Bahá’í calendar features a 19 day period which some classify as a month and others classify as a week.[57]
Soviet calendar [ edit ]
Soviet calendar, 1930.
Five colors of five-day work week repeat. Soviet calendar, 1933.
Rest day of six-day work week in blue. Days of each Gregorian month in both calendars are grouped vertically into seven-day weeks.
In the Soviet Union between 1929 and 1940, most factory and enterprise workers, but not collective farm workers, used five and six day work weeks while the country as a whole continued to use the traditional seven day week.[58][59][60]
From 1929 to 1951, five national holidays were days of rest (22 January, 1–2 May, 7–8 November). From autumn 1929 to summer 1931, the remaining 360 days of the year were subdivided into 72 five day work weeks beginning on 1 January. Workers were assigned any one of the five days as their day off, even if their spouse or friends might be assigned a different day off. Peak use of the five day work week occurred on 1 October 1930 at 72% of industrial workers. From summer 1931 until 26 June 1940, each Gregorian month was subdivided into five six day work weeks, more-or-less, beginning with the first day of each month. The sixth day of each six day work week was a uniform day of rest. On 1 July 1935 74.2% of industrial workers were on non-continuous schedules, mostly six day work weeks, while 25.8% were still on continuous schedules, mostly five day work weeks. The Gregorian calendar with its irregular month lengths and the traditional seven day week were used in the Soviet Union during its entire existence, including 1929–1940; for example, in the masthead of Pravda, the official Communist newspaper, and in both Soviet calendars displayed here. The traditional names of the seven day week continued to be used, including “Resurrection” (Воскресенье) for Sunday and “Sabbath” (Суббота) for Saturday, despite the government’s official atheism.
Irregular weeks [ edit ]
The “Hermetic Lunar Week Calendar”[61] is a strictly lunar calendar, apparently proposed to illustrate the complications of astronomically-based calendars. Its unique feature is irregular-length “weeks” which average approximately 7+3⁄8 days each. The weeks are fixed by the astronomical phases of the moon; the last day of the week fixed to coincide with a new-moon, first quarter-moon, full-moon, or third quarter-moon. Although typical months have three weeks of 7 days and one week of 8 days (29 day month) or two weeks of 7 days and two weeks of 8 days (30 day month), due to variations in the moon’s orbit, the weeks in the Hermetic calendar range 6–9 days.[61]
See also [ edit ]
Notes [ edit ]
^ “ISO 8601 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times” is an international standard covering the exchange of date- and time-related data. ^ In pre-modern times, days were measured either from sunset to sunset, or from sunrise to sunrise so that the length of the week (and the day) would be subject to slight variations depending upon the time of year and the observer’s geographical latitude. ^ [9] the modern estimate according to the [10] The number seven is significant in Sumerian mythology.[11] Copeland (1939) states as the date for Gudea “as early as 2600 BC”;the modern estimate according to the short chronology places Gudea in the 22nd century BC. By contrast, Anthony R. Michaelis claims that “the first great empire builder, King Sargon I of Akkad ([ruled] 2335 to 2279 BC [viz., middle chronology]), decreed a seven-day week in his empire. He lived for 56 years, established the first Semitic Dynasty, and defeated the Sumerian City-States. Thus the Akkadian language spread, it was adopted by the Babylonians, and the seven-day week was similarly inherited from him.”The number seven is significant in Sumerian mythology. ^ Cihai ( 辞海 ), there is some evidence that the system had been adopted twice, the first time already in the 4th century ( 范寧 / 范宁 ). The Cihai under the entry for “seven luminaries calendar” ( 七曜曆 / 七曜历 , qī yào lì) has: “method of recording days according to the seven luminaries [ 七曜 qī yào]. China normally observes the following order: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Seven days make one week, which is repeated in a cycle. Originated in ancient Babylon (or ancient Egypt according to one theory). Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD, later transmitted to other countries. This method existed in China in the 4th century. It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang ( 康 ) in Central Asia.”[24] It was transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans, via the country of Kang (a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ). Tang-era adoption is documented in the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . According to the Chinese encyclopedia), there is some evidence that the system had been adopted twice, the first time already in the 4th century ( Jin dynasty ), based on a reference by a Jin era astrologer, Fan Ning (). Theunder the entry for “seven luminaries calendar” () has: “method of recording days according to the seven luminaries []. China normally observes the following order: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Seven days make one week, which is repeated in a cycle. Originated in ancient Babylon (or ancient Egypt according to one theory). Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD, later transmitted to other countries. This method existed in China in the 4th century. It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang () in Central Asia.” ^ This is just a reflection of the system of ordinal numbers in the Greek and Latin languages, where today is the “first” day, tomorrow the “second” day, etc. Compare the nundinal cycle (literally “nine-days” cycle, describing an eight-day week ) of the Roman calendar, or the Resurrection of Jesus (after a period of less than 48 hours) being described (in texts derived from Latin) as happening on the “third day”.
References [ edit ]
Further reading [ edit ]
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