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The word “night” also has three phonemes, even though it has five letters, because the /igh/ makes one sound. So, it’s /n/ /igh/ /t/. Phonemes are about the sounds in words, not about the written letters.Despite there being just 26 letters in the English language there are approximately 44 unique sounds, also known as phonemes. The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from another. Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds.The sounds are: /b/ /r/ /ī/ /t/, where /b/ is represented by b, /r/ is represented by r, /ī/ is represented by igh, and /t/ is represented by t. “Bright” has 4 sounds, 4 graphemes, but 6 letters.
| There are approximately 44 phonemes in English | ||
|---|---|---|
| ee | sweet | heat |
| ie | tried | light |
| oe | road | blow |
| ue | moon | blue |
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How many phonemes are in a word?
Despite there being just 26 letters in the English language there are approximately 44 unique sounds, also known as phonemes. The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from another. Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds.
How many phonemes are in the word lights?
| There are approximately 44 phonemes in English | ||
|---|---|---|
| ee | sweet | heat |
| ie | tried | light |
| oe | road | blow |
| ue | moon | blue |
How many phonemes are in the word bright?
The sounds are: /b/ /r/ /ī/ /t/, where /b/ is represented by b, /r/ is represented by r, /ī/ is represented by igh, and /t/ is represented by t. “Bright” has 4 sounds, 4 graphemes, but 6 letters.
How many phonemes are in the word bats?
For example, we say that BAT has three phonemes (and SPAT has 4) because it is a useful level of description. But if you record the word BAT you will find that that you cannot break the recording up into three discrete parts for the three phonemes.
How do you find phonemes?
To identify a phoneme, first look at the word and consider how many sounds are in the word. For example: the word hat has 3 phonemes: /h/ /a/ /t/. However, the word pitch also has 3 phonemes: /p/ /i/ /tch/, although it has more letters.
How many phonemes are in the word fish?
segment a word as a sequence of sounds (e.g., fish is made up of three phonemes, /f/ , /i/, /sh/)
How many phonemes are in the word chick?
For example, the word chick is made up of three phonemes (/ch/ /i/ /k/*); it can be changed to the word pick by replacing /ch/ with /p/. Phoneme Isolation—The ability to identify the beginning, middle, and ending sounds in a word.
How many phonemes are in the word cat?
They will learn that each of these words have three distinct sounds (phonemes). For example, cat has the three sounds: /c/ /a/ and /t/. In phonics we learn to read the “pure sound” of a phoneme, rather than letter names. For example, the sound /s/ is pronounced ‘ssssss’ and not ‘suh’ or ‘es’.
How many phonemes are in the word ship?
The word ship also has 3 phonemes: /sh/ + /i/ + /p/
How many phonemes are in the word Church?
The word church has 3 phonemes – ch – ur – ch.
How many phonemes are in the word train?
Let’s use the word train as an example. That means the word train has 4 phonemes. As you can see in this example, it is very common for there to be more letters than sounds in a word.
How many phonemes are in the word shopping?
shopping has five phonemes: /sh/, /ooo/, /p/, /iii/, and /ng/
How many phonemes are in the word nest?
| 4 | bled, bred, fled, Fred, shred, sled, sped, smell, spell, swell, bend, lend, mend, send, tend, bent, cent, dent, rent, lent, sent, tent, went, best, nest, pest, rest, test, vest, west, chest, fret, bless, dress, press, left, help, next, weld |
|---|---|
| 5 | blend, spend, trend, spent, blest, stress, slept, crept |
| 6 | strength |
How many phonemes does Fox have?
‘Fox’ has three letters but four phonemes: /fɒks/. There are also lots of inconsistencies in how our spelling system represents phonemes. So, the ‘x’ in ‘fox’ represents at the same time both the /k/ and the /s/ in /fɒks/.
How many phonemes are in the word splash?
Let’s try splash. It starts with 3 consonants clustered together: /s/p/l/. Then comes the vowel /a/, and a final phoneme /sh/, spelled with a digraph, sh. Count ’em up: /s/p/l/a/sh/ — 5 phonemes.
How do you know how many phonemes are in a word?
This is a very simple rule to count phonemes in a word. All you have to do is to select a word that you would be counting phonemes of. Then start pronouncing the word. Each time there is a movement inside your mouth, count it.
How many phonemes are in the word chick?
For example, the word chick is made up of three phonemes (/ch/ /i/ /k/*); it can be changed to the word pick by replacing /ch/ with /p/. Phoneme Isolation—The ability to identify the beginning, middle, and ending sounds in a word.
How many phonemes are in the word Fox?
‘Fox’ has three letters but four phonemes: /fɒks/. There are also lots of inconsistencies in how our spelling system represents phonemes. So, the ‘x’ in ‘fox’ represents at the same time both the /k/ and the /s/ in /fɒks/.
How many phonemes are in a word shape?
| Term phoneme blending | Definition putting individual sounds together to make a word example: /k/ /u/ /p/ = cup |
|---|---|
| Term 3 /sh/ /a/ /p/ | Definition how many phonemes (sounds) are in the word “shape” |
To support reading at home, turn up the sound – Teach. Learn. Grow.
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The 44 Phonemes in English
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how many phonemes in the word night
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How many phonemes does night have? – Answers
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Night – Pronunciation: HD Slow Audio + Phonetic Transcription
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To support reading at home, turn up the sound
I don’t know about your childhood TV viewing preferences, but for me, there was no greater pleasure than my local PBS lineup: Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, Reading Rainbow, Bob Ross’s The Joy of Painting, and my all-time favorite, Sesame Street. Remember this rhyming game with those lovable monsters? You may have played it with your family at dinner or with your friends on the playground. As an adult, you might have played a similar game with your own child. What you may think of as a fun or even silly game with a preschooler is actually an important foundation of learning to read: listening to and making sense of the sounds of spoken words.
Reading is a complex process and, perhaps surprisingly, much of the process takes place outside of the written page and in the world of sound. In this post, we dig into how activities using sounds can help your child be a better reader. (If you’re an educator who is eager to support families reading at home, please share this post with them!)
What is phonemic awareness and why is it important for reading?
I’m about to use some technical literacy language, so bear with me. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word. So, in the word “sun,” there are three sounds or phonemes: /s/ /u/ /n/. The word “night” also has three phonemes, even though it has five letters, because the /igh/ makes one sound. So, it’s /n/ /igh/ /t/.
Phonemes are about the sounds in words, not about the written letters. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, recognize, and manipulate or change the sounds (phonemes) in a word. Why is phonemic awareness important for reading? As my colleague Cindy Jiban wrote in a recent post directed at teachers, “our word brains love sounds.”
[R]eading research shows that a key building block in a student’s reading success is their phonemic awareness.Before children ever begin learning to read written words, they are paying attention to and using spoken language. Learning the individual sounds in spoken words is important so that our brains can later connect those sounds to letters, letter patterns, and then whole words when we begin learning to read written words.
You might remember this triangle graphic from the first two blogs in this family series on reading. It’s a way to visualize what it takes to be a good reader. The top piece of the triangle, reading comprehension, is the key goal of the reading process. The two skills needed to reach this goal, and that make up the bottom two pieces of the triangle, are language comprehension and decoding. We talked about language comprehension in the previous post in this series. Phonemic awareness is essential for learning how to decode or turning sets of letters on the page into the sounds they represent.
The simple view of reading
While phonemic awareness might seem obvious to us as adult readers, it isn’t something that develops automatically in children. It’s a skill that requires special instruction from teachers—and families.
How do children show they have phonemic awareness?
Children can show their phonemic awareness through several activities. As an adult reader, the key thing for you to remember is that when you’re working on phonemic awareness, your child should be listening to and pronouncing phonemes based on what they hear, not based on the letters they see on a page (we’ll get to written letters in a future post).
Try out the activities below with your child. I adapted them from Reading Rockets and our reading assessment, MAP® Reading Fluency™. Feel free to replace the provided examples with different or more challenging words. Doing these activities together will give you a good sense of where your child is and where you might start in working on phonemic awareness at home.
Recognize which words in a set of words begin with the same sound. Say something like this: “Listen to me say the words ‘sit,’ ‘sun,’ and ‘soft.’ Now you say them. What sound do they all share at the beginning?” (Answer: /s/)
Say something like this: “Listen to me say the words ‘sit,’ ‘sun,’ and ‘soft.’ Now you say them. What sound do they all share at the beginning?” (Answer: /s/) Isolate and say the first or last sound in a word. Try something like, “Say the word ‘dog.’ What is the beginning sound of ‘dog’?” (Answer: /d/) Then try, “Say the word ‘book.’ What is the ending sound of ‘book’?” (Answer: /k/)
Try something like, “Say the word ‘dog.’ What is the beginning sound of ‘dog’?” (Answer: /d/) Then try, “Say the word ‘book.’ What is the ending sound of ‘book’?” (Answer: /k/) Combine or blend separate sounds in a word to say the word. Try this: “Say the sounds /s/ /u/ /n/. What word do they make when you combine them?” (Answer: “sun”) “Now say the sounds: /n/ /igh/ /t/. What word do they make when you combine them?” (Answer: “night”)
Try this: “Say the sounds /s/ /u/ /n/. What word do they make when you combine them?” (Answer: “sun”) “Now say the sounds: /n/ /igh/ /t/. What word do they make when you combine them?” (Answer: “night”) Break or segment a word into its separate sounds. Say something like, “Listen to the word ‘cat.’ What sounds are in the word ‘cat’?” (Answer: /c/ /a/ /t/)
Say something like, “Listen to the word ‘cat.’ What sounds are in the word ‘cat’?” (Answer: /c/ /a/ /t/) Substitute sounds in a word. Revisit some of the words you’ve explored together already, and try something like this: “Say the word ‘night.’ Instead of the /n/ sound, say an /l/ sound. What word is it?” (Answer: “light”) “Now say the word ‘lit.’ Instead of the /i/ sound say an /o/ sound. What word is it?” (Answer: “lot”) “Last one! Say the word ‘sun.’ Instead of the sound /n/, say the sound /b/. What word is it?” (Answer: “sub”) This is a harder skill, so it’s okay to be working toward this goal.
How can I help my child who is learning to read?
If your child is learning to read in grades pre-K through 3, there are things you can do at home to support their development of phonemic awareness. Two websites, Reading Rockets and the Regional Educational Laboratory at Florida State University, have a lot of good information about phonemic awareness and activities you can do at home, all supported by research. Reading Rockets has phonemic awareness tips for kids, parents, and teachers. The Regional Educational Laboratory has videos of families and students practicing some of the activities. Just click on your student’s grade level and “Recommendation 2: Linking Sounds to Letters.”
While phonemic awareness might seem obvious to us as adult readers, it isn’t something that develops automatically in children. It’s a skill that requires special instruction from teachers—and families.
If your child is in grade 4 or above, a different approach might be better. There are several reasons why an older kid may have trouble with reading. Some have difficulty hearing the individual sounds in a word, so a good place to start is seeing where they are with phonemic awareness, using the activities listed earlier in this post.
To make the activities more meaningful and relevant for an older kid, you might focus on words from their favorite songs. Remember, with phonemic awareness, the focus is on recognizing sounds within words, and song lyrics provide a perfect opportunity to examine sounds the singers and rappers use.
If you discover that your child is really struggling with phonemic awareness, reach out to their teacher and school for a more in-depth assessment of your child’s reading skills.
A solid foundation
There is a reason Sesame Street has remained a beloved TV hit for more than 50 years—and it’s not just those adorable Muppets. The show has a solid foundation in educational research.
Likewise, reading research shows that a key building block in a student’s reading success is their phonemic awareness. There are lots of (fun!) phonemic awareness activities you and your child can do at home, in the car, while making dinner, or at other times to help strengthen your child’s reading foundation.
In our next post, we zero in on written language and take a closer look at phonics, or teaching students to match sounds to printed letters on the page (or screen). If you haven’t already, please check out our first two blogs in this series: “What families need to know to support their child’s reading” and “All about language comprehension: What it is and how it can help your child read.”
The 44 Phonemes in English
The 44 Phonemes in English
Despite there being just 26 letters in the English language there are approximately 44 unique sounds, also known as phonemes. The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from another. Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds.
The 44 English sounds fall into two categories: consonants and vowels. Below is a list of the 44 phonemes along with their International Phonetic Alphabet symbols and some examples of their use. Note that there is no such thing as a definitive list of phonemes because of accents, dialects and the evolution of language itself. Therefore you may discover lists with more or less than these 44 sounds.
Consonants Phoneme IPA Symbol Graphemes Examples Voiced? 1 b b, bb bug, bubble Yes 2 d d, dd, ed dad, add, milled Yes 3 f f, ff, ph, gh, lf, ft fat, cliff, phone, enough, half, often No 4 g g, gg, gh,gu,gue gun, egg, ghost, guest, prologue Yes 5 h h, wh hop, who No 6 dʒ j, ge, g, dge, di, gg jam, wage, giraffe, edge, soldier, exaggerate Yes 7 k k, c, ch, cc, lk, qu ,q(u), ck, x kit, cat, chris, accent, folk, bouquet, queen, rack, box No 8 l l, ll live, well Yes 9 m m, mm, mb, mn, lm man, summer, comb, column, palm Yes 10 n n, nn,kn, gn, pn, mn net, funny, know, gnat, pneumonic, mneumonic Yes 11 p p, pp pin, dippy No 12 r r, rr, wr, rh run, carrot, wrench, rhyme Yes 13 s s, ss, c, sc, ps, st, ce, se sit, less, circle, scene, psycho, listen, pace, course No 14 t t, tt, th, ed tip, matter, thomas, ripped No 15 v v, f, ph, ve vine, of, stephen, five Yes 16 w w, wh, u, o wit, why, quick, choir Yes 17 z z, zz, s, ss, x, ze, se zed, buzz, his, scissors, xylophone, craze Yes 18 ʒ s, si, z treasure, division, azure Yes 19 tʃ ch, tch, tu, ti, te chip, watch, future, action, righteous No 20 ʃ sh, ce, s, ci, si, ch, sci, ti sham, ocean, sure, special, pension, machine, conscience, station No 21 θ th thongs No 22 ð th leather Yes 23 ŋ ng, n, ngue ring, pink, tongue Yes 24 j y, i, j you, onion, hallelujah Yes What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? How can you pronounce a word you’ve never read? It can be a bit tricky. How about a word in a foreign language? Now that must be impossible! Or is it? Imagine a set of symbols that could tell you how to pronounce any word in any language on the planet? Well that is exactly what the International Phonetic Alphabet is. Currently, the IPA consists of 107 sound symbols, 52 diacritics (accents) and 4 prosodic marks (intonations) encompassing virtually every phoneme used in every language on the earth. So for any written word, you can identify the associated phoneme symbols, and with a bit of practice, pronounce the word! Congratulations, you can speak Greek now!
The IPA was created by the International Phonetic Association. Founded in 1886 in Paris, their original mission was to help school children pronounce words in foreign languages and to aid in the teaching of reading. Today their mission is to promote the scientific study of phonetics.
Vowels
Phoneme IPA Symbol Graphemes Examples 25 æ a, ai, au cat, plaid, laugh 26 eɪ a, ai, eigh, aigh, ay, er, et, ei, au, a_e, ea, ey bay, maid, weigh, straight, pay, foyer, filet, eight, gauge, mate, break, they 27 e e, ea, u, ie, ai, a, eo, ei, ae end, bread, bury, friend, said, many, leopard, heifer, aesthetic 28 i: e, ee, ea, y, ey, oe, ie, i, ei, eo, ay be, bee, meat, lady, key, phoenix, grief, ski, deceive, people, quay 29 ɪ i, e, o, u, ui, y, ie it, england, women, busy, guild, gym, sieve 30 aɪ i, y, igh, ie, uy, ye, ai, is, eigh, i_e spider, sky, night, pie, guy, stye, aisle, island, height, kite 31 ɒ a, ho, au, aw, ough swan, honest, maul, slaw, fought 32 oʊ o, oa, o_e, oe, ow, ough, eau, oo, ew open, moat, bone, toe, sow, dough, beau, brooch, sew 33 ʊ o, oo, u,ou wolf, look, bush, would 34 ʌ u, o, oo, ou lug, monkey, blood, double 35 u: o, oo, ew, ue, u_e, oe, ough, ui, oew, ou who, loon, dew, blue, flute, shoe, through, fruit, manoeuvre, group 36 ɔɪ oi, oy, uoy join, boy, buoy 37 aʊ ow, ou, ough now, shout, bough 38 ə a, er, i, ar, our, ur about, ladder, pencil, dollar, honour, augur 39 eəʳ air, are, ear, ere, eir, ayer chair, dare, pear, where, their, prayer 40 ɑ: a arm 41 ɜ:ʳ ir, er, ur, ear, or, our, yr bird, term, burn, pearl, word, journey, myrtle 42 ɔ: aw, a, or, oor, ore, oar, our, augh, ar, ough, au paw, ball, fork, poor, fore, board, four, taught, war, bought, sauce 43 ɪəʳ ear, eer, ere, ier ear, steer, here, tier 44 ʊəʳ ure, our cure, tourist
Teaching phonemic awareness
Knowing that phonemic awareness is a critical skill and being able to effectively teach it are two different things. The book 50 Reading Strategies for K-8 Learners (Sage Publications) suggests 5 guidelines for phonemic awareness instruction:
Analysis of phonemic awareness assessment data should drive instruction, as only a small percentage of students need explicit instruction (Ehri & Roberts, 2006). Phonemic awareness instruction should be a positive, enriching experience that allows students to engage in language play (Yopp, 1992). Effective phonemic awareness instruction provides for individual differences in abilities and uses leveled scaffolding to facilitate growth (McGee & Ukrainetz, 2009). Developmentally appropriate phonemic awareness instruction uses chants, poetry, songs, and rhymes to engage students’ curiosity about language and to develop metalinguistic awareness (Yopp & Yopp, 2000). Effective phonemic awareness instruction explicitly labels sounds and demonstrates the process of blending-segmenting of sounds (Ehri et al., 2001).
Begin with assessment and then use playful, individualized, multisensory instruction
Consistent with all the researched advice on teaching phonemic awareness above, educational therapist and author Dr. Erica Warren, believes that the key to successfully teaching the 44 phonemes in English is assessment, followed by individualized, multi-sensory instruction. She has developed a helpful assessment tool and a number of fun, effective instruction/remediation tools for helping young readers master the essential sounds of the English language. And she created a custom bundle of tools just for Reading Well parents and professional visitors at a special discounted price. The bundle includes an easy to administer assessment tool and over 50 fun, multisensory games and activities which children love. We suggest you check it out.
Final sounds on the 44 phonemes in English
The difficulty people with dyslexia have in distinguishing phonemes is most clearly revealed in their poor spelling. While any phoneme can be a challenge, some are more problematic than others. The vowels and digraphs generally present more difficulty than the consonants, although any sound can present difficulty depending on the particular word and phrase in which it resides.
Good luck and good reading!
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3 Must-Know Concepts for Teaching Phonics in K-2: Phonemes, Graphemes, and Consonant/Vowel Structure
Thankfully, as teachers, college taught us everything we need to know about teaching phonics!
Wait. Did you learn everything you needed to know? ? I hope so, but I often hear from teachers who felt ill-prepared to teach phonics in their classroom. (And I personally had some gaps in my own knowledge!)
If you’d like to strengthen your understanding of the English language and how to teach phonics in K-2, you’re in the right place!
This blog post is the first one in a series about teaching phonics skills. Throughout this series, I’m going to explain important terms as well as give real-life examples of how to teach phonics skills!
So let’s kick off this series by covering some basic (but important!) topics. In this post, we’re going to talk about 3 important concepts: phonemes, graphemes, and consonant/vowel structure of words.
Understanding this stuff helps make you a stronger phonics and reading teacher!
Photo credits: mangpor2004, Shutterstock
Phonemes
Phonemes are the individual sounds that make up words. They are the foundation of language. Educators often use forward slashes (/) to represent phonemes or sounds.
The word “chat,” for example, is made up of these phonemes: /ch/ /ă/ /t/. This word has 3 phonemes. (Yes, it has 4 letters even though it only has 3 sounds…we’ll get to that when we talk about graphemes.)
Phonemes are small but powerful! One phoneme has the ability to change a word – not only in sound, but also in meaning.
For example, the word “bake” is made up of the sounds: /b/ /ā/ /k/ (3 phonemes)
The word “bait” is made up of the sounds: /b/ /ā/ /t/ (also 3 phonemes)
These two words – “bake” and “bait” – differ by just one phoneme.
Now, the spellings of the words “bake” and “bait” differ by more than one letter, right? But, phonemes aren’t letters. They are speech sounds (sounds only).
Graphemes
Now let’s talk about letters! The grapheme is a letter or letter combination that represents a single phoneme.
A grapheme can be made up of one letter or multiple letters.
“Bat” is an example of a word where each sound is represented by just one letter per grapheme. The sounds are: /b/ /ă/ /t/, where /b/ is represented by b, /ă/ is represented by a, and /t/ is represented by t.
“Bright” is a trickier example. The sounds are: /b/ /r/ /ī/ /t/, where /b/ is represented by b, /r/ is represented by r, /ī/ is represented by igh, and /t/ is represented by t. “Bright” has 4 sounds, 4 graphemes, but 6 letters. Tricky, right?
Some graphemes are made up of as many as 4 letters! For example, in the word “sleigh,” the long a sound at the end is spelled “eigh” (one grapheme made up of four letters).
Consonant / Vowel Structure
You probably know what consonants and vowels are, right?
If you want to get technical, a vowel is a speech sound made with little to no constriction of the flow of air from the lungs.
In English, the vowels are considered to be a, e, i, o, and u. But other letters (like “y”) can represent vowel sounds in certain words.
Consonants are the “other,” non-vowel letters. Consonant sounds are produced with some closure of the vocal tract.
You may have seen abbreviations used to represent consonants and vowels: C and V. For example, you may have heard of CVC words.
A CVC word starts with a consonant sound, contains a vowel sound (typically short) in the middle, and ends with another consonant sound. For example, the word “hat” is a CVC word.
A CCVC word is made up of 2 consonant sounds, a vowel sound (usually short), and another consonant sound. “Flag” is a CCVC word.
But here’s where it gets tricky: abbreviations like “CVC” or “CCVC” typically refer to the sounds in words, which may or may not correspond to the actual letters.
Let’s look at the word cow as an example.
It LOOKS like a CVC word, right? “C” is the consonant, “O” is the vowel,” and “W” is the last consonant.
But hang on! The word “cow” is actually made up of 2 phonemes. /k/ /ow/.
The /ow/ is a diphthong, a type of gliding vowel sound (we’ll dive into diphthongs later on in this series).
So that means that “cow” is actually a CV word. It’s made up of one consonant sound, /k/, and one vowel sound, /ow/. It’s not a CVC word.
A little tricky, right? Here are some more examples:
When and How To Teach This Stuff
Knowing this information yourself is one thing. But how do we teach it to our students?
Well, we start working on phonemes through phonological awareness activities in preschool or Kindergarten! You might begin with simple rhyming activities.
Eventually, you’ll have students blend phonemes, segment phonemes in a word, count phonemes, etc. (My phonics program, From Sounds to Spelling, includes extensive phonological awareness practice activities.)
We work on graphemes as soon as we start learning the alphabet! As time goes on, students learn that graphemes can be made up of more than one letter (usually we address this when we start working on digraphs).
Also, I don’t necessarily use the words “phonemes” and “graphemes” with young students, but there’s no harm in doing so. Older students may benefit from learning these terms.
I do start using the terms “vowels” and “consonants” in Kindergarten. The earlier they learn these classifications, the better – because they will definitely need to know what a vowel is when they start learning about short vs. long vowels, syllables, etc.
Photo credits: Photographee.eu, Shutterstock
Learn More About Teaching Phonics
Are you interested in learning more about teaching phonics in K-2? First, follow along with this blog series!
Second, check out my phonics program, From Sounds to Spelling. This resource is not just a program for students – it’s also a professional development tool for teachers! You’ll find lots of “how to” and informational videos in the program.
Happy teaching!
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