Top 28 How Much Force Does It Take To Break A Diamond All Answers

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How much PSI does it take to break a diamond? Like 1.5 Lbs of force with a hard object. Diamonds are Incredibly brittle and weak. Hardness is their main property which is a metallic property that dictates their resistance to scratching likewise anything softer than a diamond will be scratched by a diamond.Diamonds are the hardest naturally occurring substance on earth. More information on diamonds. Diamonds are the most popular choice for engagement and wedding rings because they are almost indestructible, meaning it is nearly impossible to break a diamond.Yes, technically speaking, you can break a diamond with a hammer, but it will be very hard to actually do it. In most cases, you can smash a hammer over your diamond and it will do nothing to it.

Contents

How easy is it to break a diamond?

Diamonds are the hardest naturally occurring substance on earth. More information on diamonds. Diamonds are the most popular choice for engagement and wedding rings because they are almost indestructible, meaning it is nearly impossible to break a diamond.

Can a human break a diamond?

Yes, technically speaking, you can break a diamond with a hammer, but it will be very hard to actually do it. In most cases, you can smash a hammer over your diamond and it will do nothing to it.

How much strength do you need to crush a diamond?

Used in so-called diamond anvil experiments to create high-pressure environments, diamonds are able to withstand crushing pressures in excess of 600 gigapascals (6 million atmospheres).

Can you break a diamond by dropping it?

Answer: It is very unlikely that a diamond would crack or break just by dropping it. Under the most severe circumstances, a diamond would probably chip under a hard blow. Examples of these include hitting the diamond at an angle with a lot of force or banging your hand against a hard surface accidentally.

Are diamonds bulletproof?

Diamond Armor is certified bulletproof by NATO standards, waterproof thanks to nano-technology sealing and has an EMPA air conditioning system in-built to keep the wearer cool.

What is a diamond’s weakness?

“Whilst its cubic arrangement makes a diamond very hard, it is also somewhat brittle,” says Professor Phillips. “This is because there are weaknesses along the cubic planes. Jewellers will often create a notch with another diamond and cleave it by tapping with a steel blade.

What is harder than a diamond?

The scientists found Q-carbon to be 60% harder than diamond-like carbon (a type of amorphous carbon with similar properties to diamond). This has led them to expect Q-carbon to be harder than diamond itself, although this still remains to be proven experimentally.

Can you scratch a diamond with a knife?

The short answer is yes. Diamonds, like other gems, can be scratched. However, diamonds can’t be scratched as easily as other gemstones. The softer a mineral is, the easier it will scratch.

Can diamonds burn?

Although diamond requires a higher temperature to burn, it does indeed burn via normal carbon combustion. You can even burn diamond in a regular flame if you are patient and conditions are right. To accelerate the burning of diamond, you can give it more heat and more oxygen.

What can destroy a diamond?

In a stream of oxygen gas, diamonds burn initially at a low red heat. They will gradually rise in temperature and reach a white heat. Then, the diamonds will burn uninterruptedly with a pale-blue flame, even after the removal of the oxygen heat source.

Is diamond hard or tough?

The outermost shell of each carbon atom has four electrons. In diamond, these electrons are shared with four other carbon atoms to form very strong chemical bonds resulting in an extremely rigid tetrahedral crystal. It is this simple, tightly-bonded arrangement that makes diamond one of the hardest substances on Earth.

Can diamonds break glass?

The answer, no matter how much it shocks you, is yes. Diamonds can, and are used to cut glass. To answer the question more scientifically, diamonds score a 10 (the highest) on the Moh’s scale of hardness, while the glass is a 6 – 7 on the same scale. As is the law of nature – the stronger substance always wins.

Do real diamonds shatter?

To answer the question posed, no, it is not easy to shatter a diamond. But they are breakable if you try hard enough. In fact, despite the enormous evidence of how tough diamonds are, they can still be incredibly fragile. Hitting a diamond at the right spot and the correct angle could cause it to chip.

Do real diamonds float in water?

Real diamonds should not float. To perform the floating test, all you need is your stone and a glass of water. Drop the diamond into the water. True diamonds have high density and should quickly sink to the bottom of the glass.

What can destroy a diamond?

Is it common for a diamond to chip?

Even though diamond is the hardest natural material, it can chip and fracture in the course of normal wear.

Can a knife scratch a diamond?

Soft – can be scratched by a fingernail, Mohs’ 1-2; Medium – can be scratched by a knife or nail, Mohs’ 3-5; Hard – cannot be scratched by a knife but can scratch glass, Mohs’ 6-9; Diamond is the hardest known mineral, Mohs’ 10.

100 TON HIDRAULIC PRESS VS NATURAL DIAMOND

Can You Break A Diamond? – Estate Diamond Jewelry

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Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for Can You Break A Diamond? – Estate Diamond Jewelry Updating Learn everything that you need to know about diamond hardness and strength. Discover the science behind strength and power of a diamond.
Table of Contents:

Can You Break a Diamond

How do Diamond Cutters Cut Through Diamonds

Can you Break a Diamond with a Hammer

How Polished Diamonds Break

Keeping Your Diamond Safe (and Whole)

Can Diamonds Chip

Talk to a Diamond Expert

Can You Break A Diamond? - Estate Diamond Jewelry — Can You Break A Diamond? – Estate Diamond Jewelry

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Table of Contents:

Contents

Hardness and crystal structure[edit]

Toughness[edit]

Optical properties[edit]

Electrical properties[edit]

Thermal conductivity[edit]

Thermal stability[edit]

Can You Break a Diamond? And Other Engagement Ring Care Questions

Can You Break a Diamond? And Other Engagement Ring Care Questions

A big concern for all of us when it comes to buying anything is quality. So when it comes to your engagement or wedding ring, we understand your concerns about wanting something that will last forever (you will be wearing your ring every day after all!). While the quality of stones and materials used in your engagement ring are a huge part of making your ring last for generations, most people don’t know that regular care and cleaning makes up the other half. Here are some tips to maintain your ring looking brand new, so that one day your granddaughter will see your ring and swoon.

Can you break your diamond ring?

Diamonds are the hardest naturally occurring substance on earth. More information on diamonds.

Diamonds are the most popular choice for engagement and wedding rings because they are almost indestructible, meaning it is nearly impossible to break a diamond. Unlike some trendy engagement rings, diamonds rank the highest on the Mohs Hardness Scale, meaning that when it comes to the most durable stone, diamonds can’t be beat. Due to their hardness, diamonds can withstand the wear and tear of the everyday, but are sometimes so hard that they can inflict damage on your metal or accent stones.

To do any damage to a diamond, it would take a major blow or hard impact. Diamonds are most susceptible to this kind of damage along edges where the cut of the stone comes to a point. Meaning certain engagement ring cuts like marquise or pear may be more susceptible to chipping when suffering hard impact. However, as long as you care for your diamond properly, there is minimal chance it will suffer any damage at all.

How Can I Protect My Diamond Ring?

The Jordan diamond engagement ring has an emerald cut diamond in an east-west setting.

While the quality of the stones and metals you use when you design an engagement ring is a huge part of ensuring the lifetime quality of your ring, without proper care your ring is more susceptible to damage. Here are a few simple steps you can take to keep your ring in top shape.

Should I get my Engagement Ring Inspected?

The Jessica was recently inspected at our studio.

Regular inspections are a game changer when it comes to protecting your ring. Getting your ring inspected by a jewelry professional at least once a year helps make sure that your ring is handling everyday wear and tear just fine. Abby Spark’s jewelry care, like our VIP Treatment, is offered to all of our clients once a year at no cost. During inspections, we check to make sure that your stones aren’t damaging your metal (or vice versa). We also tighten your settings to make sure that your stones don’t come loose and fall out, and that none of your diamonds or gemstones have suffered scratches or chips. We will determine if any repairs are needed. Keeping up with these ring inspections is the best way to keep your ring looking like it did the day you received it.

Should I Get My Engagement Ring Professionally Cleaned?

Keep you stones as brilliant as The Alexandrea.

Ring cleaning not only keeps your stones as sparkly and brilliant as they were when you first got them, but also keeps your ring wearable and comfortable. Your engagement ring goes with you everywhere, and unfortunately, that means everything else does too. Bacteria and germs love to lurk in the crevices between your stones and settings, and can cause irritation, dryness, and rashes to develop on your skin under your ring. If you start developing a rash after some months of wear, you most likely do not have an allergy to the metal in your ring (though that may be your first reaction), but instead are having a reaction to the germs that are hiding out there. Regular cleaning is essential to prevent ring rash. Ultrasonic cleaning is included with our yearly VIP treatment and we offer additional cleaning once per quarter with our ‘Dirty Parties’, but sometimes more cleaning may be needed. Here are a few at home remedies you can use for a quick fix to ring rash. Note: Some of these methods may damage softer gemstones and metals. Please consult Abby Sparks Jewelry or a certified jewelry professional before using these methods on your ring.

Use a Soft Toothbrush A simple and quick way to clean your ring is to use a soft toothbrush. Don’t use a brand new toothbrush, as the tough bristles could scratch your ring. Instead, take that old toothbrush you were going to throw out and with some dish soap and warm water scrub your ring all over. We recommend non-organic soaps like Dawn or Palmolive, because we have found they are the most effective. Use a very soft cloth, like a cotton t-shirt, to dry your ring when you are finished.

Hydrogen Peroxide and White Vinegar

This cleaning method is one we recommend that you please consult Abby Sparks Jewelry or a certified jewelry professional before using, because it may damage softer gemstones and metals. Use ¼ cup of hydrogen peroxide and mix it with ½ cup of white vinegar. Let your rings soak in the mixture for about 30 minutes. Don’t worry if you see bubbles – they are from the peroxide and vinegar killing all of the germs on your ring (totally gross right?).

Boil Rings in Water

This cleaning solution should only be used on platinum and diamond rings, but again please call us, Abby Sparks Jewelry, or a certified jewelry professional before trying this method. Grab a pencil, chopsticks, a ruler, or any other object that you can lay across a pot filled with water to suspend your rings. Tie your ring to the pencil with a string, ribbon, or hair tie, so that they are submerged in the water, but not touching the bottom or sides of the pot. You do not want your rings bouncing around during the boiling because they could be scratched or damaged. Boil your rings for about 20 minutes. The hot water will kill any bacteria living on your ring. Before you put your rings back on, make sure your rash has healed. Even if they are clean, if you put your rings back on before your rash has healed, it will continue. Use some cortisone cream to heal the affected area quickly, so you can get back to flaunting your bling as soon as possible.

How Should I Store my Engagement Ring?

The Amelia custom bridal set in an Abby Sparks Jewelry Box.

To make sure your ring doesn’t get scratched or chipped by other jewelry or rough handling, make sure that your store it properly. We recommend keeping your engagement ring in its ring box or in a cloth travel pouch by itself. If you don’t have those things, you can store your ring wrapped in a soft cloth, like a handkerchief or soft cotton t-shirt. Using a paper towel or tissue will cause fibers to get stuck in your settings, so make sure whatever you are wrapping your ring in does not have loose fibers. For security, store your fine jewelry in a safe, and of course, make sure you have insurance!

When Should I Take my Engagement Ring Off?

The Carrie looks stunning when worn, but if worn in the wrong circumstances it will lose its luster.

There are certain times when jewelry is more susceptible to damage, and it would be best to leave your ring at home if you know you are going to be doing the following activities:

Showering or Bathing: Water and hot temperatures can be risky for certain metals and gemstones.

Water and hot temperatures can be risky for certain metals and gemstones. Any form of exercise: An object in motion stays in motion…and has a higher chance of running in to hard surfaces.

An object in motion stays in motion…and has a higher chance of running in to hard surfaces. Sleeping: Putting pressure on your ring can damage the setting or stones.

Putting pressure on your ring can damage the setting or stones. Cooking or baking: Again, lots of hard surfaces involved here.

Again, lots of hard surfaces involved here. Cleaning: Using harsh chemicals can damage your ring.

Using harsh chemicals can damage your ring. Swimming: In the ocean or the pool. Chemicals in pools can damage your stones, and you have a higher chance of losing your ring in water.

In the ocean or the pool. Chemicals in pools can damage your stones, and you have a higher chance of losing your ring in water. Putting on Sunscreen or Lotions: Not only can they make your stones look cloudy, but some lotions have chemicals that are damaging.

Not only can they make your stones look cloudy, but some lotions have chemicals that are damaging. Certain Jobs: If you use your hands a lot, best leave your ring at home.

If you use your hands a lot, best leave your ring at home. Crafting: Painting or ceramics can get messy for your hands.

While this is a lot of information to go through at first, proper care is essential to caring for your engagement ring. After all, your ring was major investment, right? We know that you want it to last. Caring for your ring doesn’t need to be difficult or time consuming. In fact, it’s as simple as bringing your ring to us once a year for a VIP treatment, or coming to get clean at a Dirty Party. Inspections and cleanings will keep your ring looking as if your partner just popped the question yesterday. So you can continue to continue to flaunt your ring candy for years to come. Book an appointment to talk with us about ring care.

Can You Break A Diamond?

It’s hardly a surprise if we say that the diamond is the hardest material we know. But we should probably also say that you can easily break a diamond with things you have lying around the house.

But how can that be? It actually comes down to the definition of hardness. See Below.

Can You Break a Diamond?

Technically speaking a diamond can be broken, but in actual practice, it is very difficult to break a diamond. You have to hit it in the exact right spot and then also ensure that you are using enough force.

Here’s the science behind breaking a diamond. To say something is “hard” is not the same as saying it is “strong”. As an example, you can scratch steel with a diamond, but you can easily shatter a diamond with a hammer. The diamond is hard, the hammer is strong.

Whether something is hard or strong depends on its internal structure. A diamond is made entirely of carbon atoms which are joined in a lattice-type structure. Each atom is a set distance from the next, and moving two of them closer or further away requires sudden and extreme force. This makes the diamond incredibly hard and is why it is able to scratch any other material.

Steel, on the other hand, has an ionic structure. In simple terms, it is similar to that of a handful of raisins in a jar of honey. You can move any of the ions about easily, and any force is easily absorbed. Hit steel with a hammer of any material and it just absorbs the blow by shifting the ions sideways instead of shattering.

This makes steel incredibly strong and infinitely workable. Diamonds, because of their lack of flexibility in the structure, are not actually very strong at all.

How do Diamond Cutters Cut Through Diamonds?

You might be wondering how any diamond ever gets to its finished state if nothing else can even scratch it. The first stage of processing a rough diamond is to separate it into the maximum available number of stones. This is done by taking advantage of cleave lines within each rough diamond. A cleave line – a tetrahedral plane, to give it its technical name – is the weak spot in a diamond. As a simple example, wood has a single grain. Drive a chisel into a piece of wood along the grain, and the piece will split easily. Try it across the grain and it will merely make a cut the length of the chisel blade.

With a sharp blow of a special metal cleaving tool, the rough diamond will split along these predictable cleave lines. The drawback here is that, where wood has just a single cleave line in the grain, a rough diamond has 4 cleave lines, each of which can affect how many single polished stones the rough diamond can produce.

In some instances, examination of a rough diamond can take weeks or months before choosing a particular cleave line. This is especially true for exceptional diamonds, such as those commissioned for a specific purpose.

Can you Break a Diamond with a Hammer?

Yes, technically speaking, you can break a diamond with a hammer, but it will be very hard to actually do it. In most cases, you can smash a hammer over your diamond and it will do nothing to it.

Here are the things that you’ll have to do in order to make it easier to break a diamond with a hammer:

Find a diamond that has internal inclusions and inner weaknesses.

Aim the hammer blow to inflict maximum force against the weakest internal location of the diamond

Don’t let the diamond jump when it’s hit. In most cases, the hammer blow will weaken as the diamond moves away from the hammer blow.

In conclusion, although it is possible to break a diamond with a hammer, it is very VERY difficult to actually do it.

We put it to the Test: We actually sent a real diamond to the famous YouTubers HowRediculous and challenged them to break a diamond using a bowling ball and a massive hammer. These videos were watched millions of times.

How Polished Diamonds Break

These weaknesses, whilst reasonably easy to exploit in large, rough stones, are still present in polished diamonds. Because of the structure of the diamond mentioned above, there is always a risk of impact chipping the stone. It doesn’t even need to be an especially high impact or even on an especially hard surface. Just clipping the diamond at exactly the right angle could spit it in two.

It’s not uncommon for engagement rings to suddenly be missing a piece out of the crown or girdle of a diamond. The type of cut can expose some parts of the stone more than others, but all are potentially at risk.

Keeping Your Diamond Safe (and Whole)

If this sounds like it makes diamonds too much to worry about, it isn’t really. Luck – or bad luck, at least – and a little common sense are what will determine whether your diamond survives for a lifetime or not. As long as you are aware of your ring, you don’t need to be overly paranoid about it. If you do get that way, the enjoyment of your ring will just disappear.

In the same way, you wouldn’t constantly do things that would damage an expensive watch, just take the same precautions with your engagement ring. You don’t need to always take it off, just as you wouldn’t your watch. Just be mindful is all we’re advising.

Can Diamonds Chip?

The sad fact is that chipped or broken diamonds can’t be repaired. You have the choice of whether to live with a damaged stone or replace it. It’s also unlikely that your chipped diamond will have much of a trade-in value. Depending on the size of the stone and the location of the chip, it may be possible that the diamond can be re-cut. However, unless it is a pretty large diamond and pretty superficial damage, you would be lucky to realize more than $100 for any chipped diamond.

But you have your ring insured, right? And you also made sure to include loss and damage as part of the policy? In that case, you can relax a little more. You’ll never replace the sentimental value, of course, but you should get a new diamond out of it. Just know that an insurer will look closely at any claim to see if you were negligent or not. If you were mountain climbing when you chipped your ring, for example, you should probably forget about your claim. But, if it happened in regular everyday life, you should be okay.

Your diamond may not be as indestructible as you thought, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t enjoy it all the same.

Do you have any other diamond questions? Or are you looking to buy a diamond? Feel free to reach out to our diamond experts in the contact form below.

Material properties of diamond

Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. It is a crystal that is transparent to opaque and which is generally isotropic (no or very weak birefringence). Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Yet, due to important structural brittleness, bulk diamond’s toughness is only fair to good. The precise tensile strength of bulk diamond is little known; however, compressive strength up to 60 GPa has been observed, and it could be as high as 90–100 GPa in the form of micro/nanometer-sized wires or needles (~100–300 nm in diameter, micrometers long), with a corresponding maximum tensile elastic strain in excess of 9%.[1][2] The anisotropy of diamond hardness is carefully considered during diamond cutting. Diamond has a high refractive index (2.417) and moderate dispersion (0.044) properties that give cut diamonds their brilliance. Scientists classify diamonds into four main types according to the nature of crystallographic defects present. Trace impurities substitutionally replacing carbon atoms in a diamond’s crystal structure, and in some cases structural defects, are responsible for the wide range of colors seen in diamond. Most diamonds are electrical insulators and extremely efficient thermal conductors. Unlike many other minerals, the specific gravity of diamond crystals (3.52) has rather small variation from diamond to diamond.

Hardness and crystal structure [ edit ]
Known to the ancient Greeks as ἀδάμας (adámas, ‘proper, unalterable, unbreakable’)[3] and sometimes called adamant, diamond is the hardest known naturally occurring material, and serves as the definition of 10 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Diamond is extremely strong owing to its crystal structure, known as diamond cubic, in which each carbon atom has four neighbors covalently bonded to it. Bulk cubic boron nitride (c-BN) is nearly as hard as diamond. Diamond reacts with some materials, such as steel, and c-BN wears less when cutting or abrading them. (Its zincblende structure is like the diamond cubic structure, but with alternating types of atoms.) A currently hypothetical material, beta carbon nitride (β-C 3 N 4 ), may also be as hard or harder in one form. It has been shown that some diamond aggregates having nanometer grain size are harder and tougher than conventional large diamond crystals, thus they perform better as abrasive material.[4][5] Owing to the use of those new ultra-hard materials for diamond testing, more accurate values are now known for diamond hardness. A surface perpendicular to the [111] crystallographic direction (that is the longest diagonal of a cube) of a pure (i.e., type IIa) diamond has a hardness value of 167 GPa when scratched with a nanodiamond tip, while the nanodiamond sample itself has a value of 310 GPa when tested with another nanodiamond tip. Because the test only works properly with a tip made of harder material than the sample being tested, the true value for nanodiamond is likely somewhat lower than 310 GPa.[4]
Visualisation of a diamond cubic unit cell: 1. Components of a unit cell, 2. One unit cell, 3. A lattice of 3×3×3 unit cells

Molar volume vs. pressure at room temperature.

3D ball-and-stick model of a diamond lattice

The precise tensile strength of diamond is unknown, though strength up to 60 GPa has been observed, and theoretically it could be as high as 90–225 GPa depending on the sample volume/size, the perfection of diamond lattice and on its orientation: Tensile strength is the highest for the [100] crystal direction (normal to the cubic face), smaller for the [110] and the smallest for the [111] axis (along the longest cube diagonal).[6] Diamond also has one of the smallest compressibilities of any material.

Cubic diamonds have a perfect and easy octahedral cleavage, which means that they only have four planes—weak directions following the faces of the octahedron where there are fewer bonds—along which diamond can easily split upon blunt impact to leave a smooth surface. Similarly, diamond’s hardness is markedly directional: the hardest direction is the diagonal on the cube face, 100 times harder than the softest direction, which is the dodecahedral plane. The octahedral plane is intermediate between the two extremes. The diamond cutting process relies heavily on this directional hardness, as without it a diamond would be nearly impossible to fashion. Cleavage also plays a helpful role, especially in large stones where the cutter wishes to remove flawed material or to produce more than one stone from the same piece of rough (e.g. Cullinan Diamond).[7]
Diamonds crystallize in the diamond cubic crystal system (space group Fd3m) and consist of tetrahedrally, covalently bonded carbon atoms. A second form called lonsdaleite, with hexagonal symmetry, has also been found, but it is extremely rare and forms only in meteorites or in laboratory synthesis. The local environment of each atom is identical in the two structures. From theoretical considerations, lonsdaleite is expected to be harder than diamond, but the size and quality of the available stones are insufficient to test this hypothesis.[8] In terms of crystal habit, diamonds occur most often as euhedral (well-formed) or rounded octahedra and twinned, flattened octahedra with a triangular outline. Other forms include dodecahedra and (rarely) cubes. There is evidence that nitrogen impurities play an important role in the formation of well-shaped euhedral crystals. The largest diamonds found, such as the Cullinan Diamond, were shapeless. These diamonds are pure (i.e. type II) and therefore contain little if any nitrogen.[7]
The faces of diamond octahedrons are highly lustrous owing to their hardness; triangular shaped growth defects (trigons) or etch pits are often present on the faces. A diamond’s fracture is irregular. Diamonds which are nearly round, due to the formation of multiple steps on octahedral faces, are commonly coated in a gum-like skin (nyf). The combination of stepped faces, growth defects, and nyf produces a “scaly” or corrugated appearance. Many diamonds are so distorted that few crystal faces are discernible. Some diamonds found in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are polycrystalline and occur as opaque, darkly colored, spherical, radial masses of tiny crystals; these are known as ballas and are important to industry as they lack the cleavage planes of single-crystal diamond. Carbonado is a similar opaque microcrystalline form which occurs in shapeless masses. Like ballas diamond, carbonado lacks cleavage planes and its specific gravity varies widely from 2.9 to 3.5. Bort diamonds, found in Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana, are the most common type of industrial-grade diamond. They are also polycrystalline and often poorly crystallized; they are translucent and cleave easily.[7]
Because of its great hardness and strong molecular bonding, a cut diamond’s facets and facet edges appear the flattest and sharpest. A curious side effect of diamond’s surface perfection is hydrophobia combined with lipophilia. The former property means a drop of water placed on a diamond will form a coherent droplet, whereas in most other minerals the water would spread out to cover the surface. Similarly, diamond is unusually lipophilic, meaning grease and oil readily collect on a diamond’s surface. Whereas on other minerals oil would form coherent drops, on a diamond the oil would spread. This property is exploited in the use of so-called “grease pens,” which apply a line of grease to the surface of a suspect diamond simulant. Diamond surfaces are hydrophobic when the surface carbon atoms terminate with a hydrogen atom and hydrophilic when the surface atoms terminate with an oxygen atom or hydroxyl radical. Treatment with gases or plasmas containing the appropriate gas, at temperatures of 450 °C or higher, can change the surface property completely.[9] Naturally occurring diamonds have a surface with less than a half monolayer coverage of oxygen, the balance being hydrogen and the behavior is moderately hydrophobic. This allows for separation from other minerals at the mine using the so-called “grease-belt”.[10]
Toughness [ edit ]
Unlike hardness, which denotes only resistance to scratching, diamond’s toughness or tenacity is only fair to good. Toughness relates to the ability to resist breakage from falls or impacts. Because of diamond’s perfect and easy cleavage, it is vulnerable to breakage. A diamond will shatter if hit with an ordinary hammer.[11] The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 2.0 MPa⋅m1/2, which is good compared to other gemstones like aquamarine (blue colored), but poor compared to most engineering materials. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a cleavage plane and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. Diamond cutters use this attribute to cleave some stones, prior to faceting.[12][13]
Ballas and carbonado diamond are exceptional, as they are polycrystalline and therefore much tougher than single-crystal diamond; they are used for deep-drilling bits and other demanding industrial applications.[14] Particular faceting shapes of diamonds are more prone to breakage and thus may be uninsurable by reputable insurance companies. The brilliant cut of gemstones is designed specifically to reduce the likelihood of breakage or splintering.[7]
Solid foreign crystals are commonly present in diamond. They are mostly minerals, such as olivine, garnets, ruby, and many others.[15] These and other inclusions, such as internal fractures or “feathers”, can compromise the structural integrity of a diamond. Cut diamonds that have been enhanced to improve their clarity via glass infilling of fractures or cavities are especially fragile, as the glass will not stand up to ultrasonic cleaning or the rigors of the jeweler’s torch. Fracture-filled diamonds may shatter if treated improperly.[16]
Pressure resistance [ edit ]
Used in so-called diamond anvil experiments to create high-pressure environments, diamonds are able to withstand crushing pressures in excess of 600 gigapascals (6 million atmospheres).[17]
Optical properties [ edit ]
Color and its causes [ edit ]
2 mm Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique, the diamond size is ~

2 mm × 2 mm ); 2–4) irradiated by different doses of 2 MeV electrons; 5–6) irradiated by different doses and annealed at 800 °C . Pure diamonds, before and after irradiation and annealing. Clockwise from left bottom: 1) initial (); 2–4) irradiated by different doses ofelectrons; 5–6) irradiated by different doses and annealed at

Diamonds occur in various colors: black, brown, yellow, gray, white, blue, orange, purple to pink and red. Colored diamonds contain crystallographic defects, including substitutional impurities and structural defects, that cause the coloration. Theoretically, pure diamonds would be transparent and colorless. Diamonds are scientifically classed into two main types and several subtypes, according to the nature of defects present and how they affect light absorption:[7]
Type I diamond has nitrogen (N) atoms as the main impurity, at a concentration of up to 1%. If the N atoms are in pairs or larger aggregates, they do not affect the diamond’s color; these are Type Ia. About 98% of gem diamonds are type Ia: these diamonds belong to the Cape series, named after the diamond-rich region formerly known as Cape Province in South Africa, whose deposits are largely Type Ia. If the nitrogen atoms are dispersed throughout the crystal in isolated sites (not paired or grouped), they give the stone an intense yellow or occasionally brown tint (type Ib); the rare canary diamonds belong to this type, which represents only ~0.1% of known natural diamonds. Synthetic diamond containing nitrogen is usually of type Ib. Type Ia and Ib diamonds absorb in both the infrared and ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, from 320 nm. They also have a characteristic fluorescence and visible absorption spectrum (see Optical properties).[18]
Type II diamonds have very few if any nitrogen impurities. Pure (type IIa) diamond can be colored pink, red, or brown owing to structural anomalies arising through plastic deformation during crystal growth;[19] these diamonds are rare (1.8% of gem diamonds), but constitute a large percentage of Australian diamonds. Type IIb diamonds, which account for ~0.1% of gem diamonds, are usually a steely blue or gray due to boron atoms scattered within the crystal matrix. These diamonds are also semiconductors, unlike other diamond types (see Electrical properties). Most blue-gray diamonds coming from the Argyle mine of Australia are not of type IIb, but of Ia type. Those diamonds contain large concentrations of defects and impurities (especially hydrogen and nitrogen) and the origin of their color is yet uncertain.[20] Type II diamonds weakly absorb in a different region of the infrared (the absorption is due to the diamond lattice rather than impurities), and transmit in the ultraviolet below 225 nm, unlike type I diamonds. They also have differing fluorescence characteristics, but no discernible visible absorption spectrum.[18]
Certain diamond enhancement techniques are commonly used to artificially produce an array of colors, including blue, green, yellow, red, and black. Color enhancement techniques usually involve irradiation, including proton bombardment via cyclotrons; neutron bombardment in the piles of nuclear reactors; and electron bombardment by Van de Graaff generators. These high-energy particles physically alter the diamond’s crystal lattice, knocking carbon atoms out of place and producing color centers. The depth of color penetration depends on the technique and its duration, and in some cases the diamond may be left radioactive to some degree.[7][21]
Some irradiated diamonds are completely natural; one famous example is the Dresden Green Diamond.[10] In these natural stones the color is imparted by “radiation burns” (natural irradiation by alpha particles originating from uranium ore) in the form of small patches, usually only micrometers deep. Additionally, Type IIa diamonds can have their structural deformations “repaired” via a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) process, removing much or all of the diamond’s color.[22]
Luster [ edit ]
A scattering of round-brilliant cut diamonds shows the many reflecting facets

The luster of a diamond is described as ‘adamantine’, which simply means diamond-like. Reflections on a properly cut diamond’s facets are undistorted, due to their flatness. The refractive index of diamond (as measured via sodium light, 589.3 nm) is 2.417. Because it is cubic in structure, diamond is also isotropic. Its high dispersion of 0.044 (variation of refractive index across the visible spectrum) manifests in the perceptible fire of cut diamonds. This fire—flashes of prismatic colors seen in transparent stones—is perhaps diamond’s most important optical property from a jewelry perspective. The prominence or amount of fire seen in a stone is heavily influenced by the choice of diamond cut and its associated proportions (particularly crown height), although the body color of fancy (i.e., unusual) diamonds may hide their fire to some degree.[21]
More than 20 other minerals have higher dispersion (that is difference in refractive index for blue and red light) than diamond, such as titanite 0.051, andradite 0.057, cassiterite 0.071, strontium titanate 0.109, sphalerite 0.156, synthetic rutile 0.330, cinnabar 0.4, etc. (see dispersion).[23] However, the combination of dispersion with extreme hardness, wear and chemical resistivity, as well as clever marketing, determines the exceptional value of diamond as a gemstone.

Fluorescence [ edit ]
A photograph (top) and UV-excited photoluminescence image (bottom) from a plate cut from a synthetic diamond (width ~3 mm). Most of yellow color and green emission originate from nickel impurities.

Diamonds exhibit fluorescence, that is, they emit light of various colors and intensities under long-wave ultraviolet light (365 nm): Cape series stones (type Ia) usually fluoresce blue, and these stones may also phosphoresce yellow, a unique property among gemstones. Other possible long-wave fluorescence colors are green (usually in brown stones), yellow, mauve, or red (in type IIb diamonds).[24] In natural diamonds, there is typically little if any response to short-wave ultraviolet, but the reverse is true of synthetic diamonds. Some natural type IIb diamonds phosphoresce blue after exposure to short-wave ultraviolet. In natural diamonds, fluorescence under X-rays is generally bluish-white, yellowish or greenish. Some diamonds, particularly Canadian diamonds, show no fluorescence.[18][21]
The origin of the luminescence colors is often unclear and not unique. Blue emission from type IIa and IIb diamonds is reliably identified with dislocations by directly correlating the emission with dislocations in an electron microscope.[25] However, blue emission in type Ia diamond could be either due to dislocations or the N3 defects (three nitrogen atoms bordering a vacancy).[26] Green emission in natural diamond is usually due to the H3 center (two substitutional nitrogen atoms separated by a vacancy),[27] whereas in synthetic diamond it usually originates from nickel used as a catalyst (see figure).[18] Orange or red emission could be due to various reasons, one being the nitrogen-vacancy center which is present in sufficient quantities in all types of diamond, even type IIb.[28]
Optical absorption [ edit ]
Cape series (Ia) diamonds have a visible absorption spectrum (as seen through a direct-vision spectroscope) consisting of a fine line in the violet at 415.5 nm; however, this line is often invisible until the diamond has been cooled to very low temperatures. Associated with this are weaker lines at 478 nm, 465 nm, 452 nm, 435 nm, and 423 nm. All those lines are labeled as N3 and N2 optical centers and associated with a defect consisting of three nitrogen atoms bordering a vacancy. Other stones show additional bands: brown, green, or yellow diamonds show a band in the green at 504 nm (H3 center, see above),[27] sometimes accompanied by two additional weak bands at 537 nm and 495 nm (H4 center, a large complex presumably involving 4 substitutional nitrogen atoms and 2 lattice vacancies).[29] Type IIb diamonds may absorb in the far red due to the substitutional boron, but otherwise show no observable visible absorption spectrum.[7]
Gemological laboratories make use of spectrophotometer machines that can distinguish natural, artificial, and color-enhanced diamonds. The spectrophotometers analyze the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet absorption and luminescence spectra of diamonds cooled with liquid nitrogen to detect tell-tale absorption lines that are not normally discernible.[7][30]
Electrical properties [ edit ]
Diamond is a good electrical insulator, having a resistivity of 100 GΩ⋅m to 1 EΩ⋅m[31] (10×1011 – 10×1018 Ω⋅m). Most natural blue diamonds are an exception and are semiconductors due to substitutional boron impurities replacing carbon atoms. Natural blue or blue-gray diamonds, common for the Argyle diamond mine in Australia, are rich in hydrogen; these diamonds are not semiconductors and it is unclear whether hydrogen is actually responsible for their blue-gray color.[20] Natural blue diamonds containing boron and synthetic diamonds doped with boron are p-type semiconductors. N-type diamond films are reproducibly synthesized by phosphorus doping during chemical vapor deposition.[32] Diode p-n junctions and UV light emitting diodes (LEDs, at 235 nm) have been produced by sequential deposition of p-type (boron-doped) and n-type (phosphorus-doped) layers.[33] Diamond’s electronic properties can be also modulated by strain engineering.[1]
Diamond transistors have been produced (for research purposes).[34] FETs with SiN dielectric layers, and SC-FETs have been made.[35]
In April 2004, the journal Nature reported that below the superconducting transition temperature 4 K, boron-doped diamond synthesized at high temperature and high pressure is a bulk superconductor.[36] Superconductivity was later observed in heavily boron-doped films grown by various chemical vapor deposition techniques, and the highest reported transition temperature (by 2009) is 11.4 K.[37][38] (See also Covalent superconductor#Diamond)

Uncommon magnetic properties (spin glass state) were observed in diamond nanocrystals intercalated with potassium.[39] Unlike paramagnetic host material, magnetic susceptibility measurements of intercalated nanodiamond revealed distinct ferromagnetic behavior at 5 K. This is essentially different from results of potassium intercalation in graphite or C60 fullerene, and shows that sp3 bonding promotes magnetic ordering in carbon. The measurements presented first experimental evidence of intercalation-induced spin-glass state in a nanocrystalline diamond system.

Thermal conductivity [ edit ]
Unlike most electrical insulators, diamond is a good conductor of heat because of the strong covalent bonding and low phonon scattering. Thermal conductivity of natural diamond was measured to be about 2200 W/(m·K), which is five times more than silver, the most thermally conductive metal. Monocrystalline synthetic diamond enriched to 99.9% the isotope 12C had the highest thermal conductivity of any known solid at room temperature: 3320 W/(m·K), though reports exist of superior thermal conductivity in both carbon nanotubes and graphene.[40][41] Because diamond has such high thermal conductance it is already used in semiconductor manufacture to prevent silicon and other semiconducting materials from overheating. At lower temperatures conductivity becomes even better, and reaches 41000 W/(m·K) at 104 K (12C-enriched diamond).[41]
Diamond’s high thermal conductivity is used by jewelers and gemologists who may employ an electronic thermal probe to distinguish diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered thermistors mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip’s thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about 2–3 seconds. However, older probes will be fooled by moissanite, a crystalline mineral form of silicon carbide introduced in 1998 as an alternative to diamonds, which has a similar thermal conductivity.[7][30]
Technologically, the high thermal conductivity of diamond is used for the efficient heat removal in high-end power electronics. Diamond is especially appealing in situations where electrical conductivity of the heat sinking material cannot be tolerated e.g. for the thermal management of high-power radio-frequency ( RF ) microcoils that are used to produce strong and local RF fields.[42]
Thermal stability [ edit ]
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure.

Being a form of carbon, diamond oxidizes in air if heated over 700 °C.[43] In absence of oxygen, e.g. in a flow of high-purity argon gas, diamond can be heated up to about 1700 °C.[44][45] Its surface blackens, but can be recovered by re-polishing. At high pressure (~20 GPa) diamond can be heated up to 2500 °C,[46] and a report published in 2009 suggests that diamond can withstand temperatures of 3000 °C and above.[47]
Diamonds are carbon crystals that form deep within the Earth under high temperatures and extreme pressures. At surface air pressure (one atmosphere), diamonds are not as stable as graphite, and so the decay of diamond is thermodynamically favorable (δH = −2 kJ/mol).[21] So, contrary to De Beers’ ad campaign extending from 1948 to at least 2013 under the slogan “A diamond is forever”,[48] diamonds are definitely not forever. However, owing to a very large kinetic energy barrier, diamonds are metastable; they will not decay into graphite under normal conditions.[21]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
Further reading [ edit ]

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