Top 50 How Much Is 2000 Shillings The 192 Latest Answer

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Contents

How much is a shilling in today’s money?

Today, a shilling from Churchill’s England has the purchasing equivalent of 5 pence in the decimal currency system.

How much is 2000 shillings worth in the last kingdom?

2,000 shillings is 10,000 pence or about 42 libra.

How much is 2000 Kenyan shillings in dollars?

Convert KES/USD – Wise.
…
Are you overpaying your bank?

Conversion rates Kenyan Shilling / US Dollar
2000 KES	16.92048 USD
5000 KES	42.30120 USD
10000 KES	84.60240 USD

How much is an English shilling in US dollars?

North America

After the United States adopted the dollar as its unit of currency and accepted the gold standard, one British shilling was worth 24 US cents.

How much is a British shilling?

The British shilling was a unit of currency and a denomination of sterling coinage worth 120 of one pound, or twelve pence.

How much is a 1 shilling?

Shilling (s) – 20 shillings = 1 pound. Pence (d) – 12 pence = 1 shilling.

What would 2 shillings be worth today?

The 2 Shilling coin was more commonly known as a florin, and is generally regarded as the first pre-decimal coin to be issued in the mid-nineteenth century. With a value of one-tenth of a pound sterling, it is the exact equivalent to the current ten pence coin.

How much was a shilling worth in the 1700s?

In the 1700s, twelve pence equaled a shilling, and twenty shillings a pound. The situation becomes more confusing when you learn that before the Revolution each colony had a distinct currency, but each adhered to the pound, shilling, and pence denominations.

How much was a shilling worth in the Middle Ages?

There were various measures of money in medieval England. A pound sterling was worth 20 shillings, and a shilling was worth 12 pence, so one pound was worth equivalent to 240 pence.

How many dollars is 1000ksh?

How much is 1000 Kahsh in US Dollar? 1000 Kahsh is 37.536960 US Dollar.

How much is 1sh in Tanzania?

Latest Currency Exchange Rates: 1 Kenyan Shilling = 19.6727 Tanzanian Shilling.

Is there a thousand coin in Kenya?

KES is divided into 100 cents; however, the value of the shilling is so low that cents are rarely used anymore. Kenyan coins available include 1, 5, 10, and 20 shillings; banknotes are available in 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 Kenyan shillings.

What do shillings mean?

Definition of shilling

1a : a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom equal to 12 pence or ¹/₂₀ pound. b : a former monetary unit equal to ¹/₂₀ pound of any of various countries in or formerly in the Commonwealth of Nations. 2 : a coin representing one shilling. 3 : any of several early American coins.

What is a quid in England?

Quid is a slang expression for the British pound sterling, or the British pound (GBP), which is the currency of the United Kingdom (U.K.).

What are shillings in war?

To “take the King’s shilling” was to agree to serve as a sailor or soldier in the Royal Navy or the British Army. It is closely related to the act of impressment.

How much is a 1 shilling coin worth?

The British one shilling predecimal coin has the same value as a modern 5p coin. It is the equivalent of 1/20 of a Pound Sterling. The 1 shilling coin was often referred to as a ‘bob’. The notation of a one shilling was ‘1/-‘.

What would 2 shillings be worth today?

How much was a shilling worth in the 18th century?

How much was a shilling worth in medieval times?

There were various measures of money in medieval England. A pound sterling was worth 20 shillings, and a shilling was worth 12 pence, so one pound was worth equivalent to 240 pence.

What does Tanzanian money look like ? 2000 shillings

How Much is a Shilling? The Currency of 1940s Britain – Churchill Central

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Most searched keywords: Whether you are looking for How Much is a Shilling? The Currency of 1940s Britain – Churchill Central Updating Have ever wondered how much is a shilling worth? Churchill Central explores the value and history of the United Kingdom’s currency in the 1940s.
Table of Contents:

What was Old British Currency Like

How Much is a Shilling Worth

What Could You Buy with a Shilling

Old British Coins Today

How Much is a Shilling? The Currency of 1940s Britain

Have you ever wondered how much is a shilling worth? Are you curious about what money was like in decades past? Have you ever thought about what day-to-day expenses were in the days before the Iron Curtain fell across Europe?

The currency of Churchill’s England was a far cry from the currency you use today. Understanding how money worked in the 1940s can help you and other modern readers reconnect with the world as it was in Churchill’s day.

Explore the history of British currency, what was it like before the advent or decimalisation and discover the buying power of the British shilling.

What was Old British Currency Like?

The current decimal system relies on units of ten to divide currency. Today, one pound is worth one hundred pence or pennies, easily divisible by powers of ten. But the decimal currency system was only adopted by the United Kingdom in the 15th of February 1971. That date was known as Decimal Day and officially marked the end of the old British currency.

Before Decimal Day, British was a lot more complex. The old British currency system was in use even long before Churchill’s early years. So what was money like in the 1940s? In the days of Winston Churchill, British currency was littered with coinage. Although old British currency was based on the pound sterling as it is today, there were dozens of denominations for values above and below it.

Above the pound were the guinea and the five-pound note. A guinea, named after the gold-rich Guinea coast, was worth a pound and a shilling. The five-pound note was a large stiff piece of pure white paper. It wouldn’t fit inside a wallet unless folded and was worth five pounds.

The pound itself came in two ways. A single pound coin was made of gold and known as a sovereign. In paper form, the pound was more commonly known as a quid. Sovereigns and quids were equally hard to come by for working class people in the 1940s.

Below the pound where the shillings and pennies, although a dizzying variety of coins combine these two.

These sub-divisions of the pound include the following:

A half-sovereign was worth 10 shillings

A crown was worth five shillings

A florin was worth two shillings

A sixpence was worth six pennies

A groat was worth four pennies

The penny itself was colloquially known as a copper because it was made of the metal. The penny itself could be further divided into the farthing, worth a fourth of a penny and a halfpenny, worth exactly what it says. Old British coins used to contain actual precious metals if they weren’t made completely form them, stemming from its ancient origins.

This system of currency may seem archaic, complicated, and dizzying but British people used it for centuries without difficulty. The old system of currency had its roots in the Roman Occupation of Britain. In those days, a literal pound of silver was divided into 240 denarii, the Roman equivalent of a penny. All subsequent denominations were derived from this division.

But what about the shilling? How did it fit into this seemingly confusing currency system?

How Much is a Shilling Worth?

The shilling’s name originates from the term scilling or scylling. A scilling was an Old German coin made of gold. Other etymologists claim the shilling comes from a word that meant “to divide.” If so, this is appropriate considering the shilling’s place in the old British currency.

But how much is a shilling exactly? How many shillings are there in a pound?

A pound was worth twenty shillings and each shilling was worth a dozen pennies. Today, a shilling from Churchill’s England has the purchasing equivalent of 5 pence in the decimal currency system. Of course, this isn’t reflective of the worth of rare coins.

The shilling itself could be further divided into lesser denominations.

For example, if you wanted your shilling broken down by the shopkeeper, you could ask for it in the following combinations:

Three groats

Two sixpence

Four threepenny bits

Twelve coppers or pennies

Because the pound was more than most people could earn in a week in 1940s currency, if you were to travel back to Churchill’s time, you’d see more people use old British coins than paper money.

It was more common for people to carry coin purses rather than wallets because paper currency was rare. Only the wealthy and the well-to-do used the pound and the five-pound note, and even then, these people preferred to put their purchases on credit. The regular people of 1940s Britain used coins. Specifically, the shilling and its various companions below the pound.

But the true test of a currency’s worth is its purchasing power. How much is a shilling worth if you were going to buy something with it? If you were to travel back in time and go into a dry goods store or a grocery, what could you buy with a shilling?

What Could You Buy with a Shilling?

When discussing life in 1940s Britain and the history of British currency at the time, it’s inevitable that the discussion will include the hardships imposed on the country by World War II.

In a session of parliament as early as April 1940, almost a year since the United Kingdom joined the conflict in 1939, a member of parliament declared certain controlled foodstuffs were so costly that “large numbers of the population are unable to obtain their requirements.” And this was only at the start of the conflict.

If you were to walk in a grocery in Britain during the 1940s, intent on spending an entire shilling, you could leave with a shopping bag with the following items:

A quarter pound of cocoa, worth 5 pennies

A bar of soap, worth 3 pennies

A packet of pudding, worth 3 pennies

And a packet of gum, worth 1 penny

Keep in mind that in today’s currency, a single shilling is worth only 5 pence and you can see how robust the difference is between the economy of Britain in the 1940s and Britain today.

If you wanted to buy more luxurious items, you’d have to really stretch your shilling. This became truer as the war dragged on through the early 40s. By 1944, a quart of milk was worth 9 pennies, almost an entire shilling. This was a horrifying increase in price, given that in 1939, the same amount of milk was worth 3 pennies. In four years, the war had managed to triple the price of milk.

Although the prices may seem trivial, 1940s currency was worth a lot more than today. In 1940, the average annual salary in the United Kingdom was 185 pounds, or 3,700 shillings in a year. It would have been shocking to see prices go through the roof. Watching an entire shilling disappear just to buy a quart of milk is downright terrifying when you’re living in a fixed income during a war.

Mercifully, under Churchill’s leadership, the United Kingdom managed to weather through the war, weary but unbroken. Prices soon stabilized and people were able to acquire necessary supplies thanks to rationing efforts. Eventually, Britain was back in form, but the prices would never be the same again. And less than 30 years after the war ended, so too did the days of the shilling.

Old British Coins Today

Today, old British coins are now only valuable to collectors and antiquarians. Museums sometimes display their collections of old coins and the shilling still has pride of place and value to certain individuals. However, it’s days as a means of transaction are long past and it belongs in the annals of history.

But when you ask how much is a shilling, you’re not only asking for its monetary price. The value of the shilling has transcended its monetary status. Today, a shilling is a way for you to connect with the past to examine history and find wisdom in those days of adversity.

An Historian Goes to the Movies

Partway through the first season of The Last Kingdom, our hero, Uhtred of Bebbanburg (Alexander Draymon) gets married to Mildreth (Amy Wren). This starts a plot thread dealing with a debt owed to the Church that I think is worth looking at, because, as usual whenever medieval law or religion is involved, things go wrong historically.

In the third episode, Uhtred presses Alfred (David Dawson) to give him land. Alfred counters by offering him a bride who has land, and he decides to take the offer. Episode 4 is where the marriage happens. Evidently there was a meeting not shown in the episode in which Uhtred negotiated the details of the marriage with her godfather, Odda. Her father is dead, but it seems a little odd that he would be negotiating with Odda instead of an actual kinsman of hers, since godparents did not have any legal rights over godchildren, but perhaps Odda is actually a kinsman as well as a godparent (which would be fairly irregular, since godparents were not typically relatives of the child) or perhaps her entire family is dead and it was decided that Odda as godparent was the only person around to be responsible for her.

Odda’s son, Odda Jr, (Brian Vernel) has the hots for Mildred and tries to bribe Uhtred to not marry her, presumably because he wants to marry her himself. Unfortunately for him, that would have been a no-no, because since his father is Mildrith’s god-father, he has a spiritual kinship with Mildreth that would render the marriage a form of incest. The show never explicitly says he wants to marry her, and he’s an all-around rotter anyway, so perhaps he just wants some semi-incestuous sexytime with her.

The unseen meeting is technically the engagement ceremony, the beweddung (the ‘wedding’), and it was normally the critical moment of the whole marriage as far as the law was concerned. Engagement was a legal contract, with witnesses, and was often accompanied by a feast to celebrate the establishing of new ties between the two men. Once the beweddung has taken place, groom and bride’s family are legally committed to the union, and if either of them tries to back out, they owe the other side a stiff fine. Socially this would have been an important moment as well, and Uhtred would probably have met Mildrith at that point. However, her presence was not legally required; what mattered was her father’s presence and Uhtred’s. The beweddung would eventually be followed by the gifta, the ‘giving’ of the bride at the nuptial ceremony. In the show, the gifta apparently happens a day or two after the beweddung, but the two ceremonies could actually be months or even years apart. The gifta was less important, but the show assumes it’s the more important one because for modern Westerners, the engagement has become a nominal practice and the nuptial ceremony has become the focus of all the attention as well as the legal heart of the arrangement.

Uhtred pays a “bride price” of “33 pieces”, presumably of silver, that is, shillings. Technically this would have been the ‘handgeld’ or weotuma, paid by the groom to the family of the bride at the engagement ceremony. It compensated the family for the loss of their daughter and her labor and also demonstrated that the groom had the resources to support his wife. However, by Alfred’s time, the handgeld was given to the bride herself. In the show, Odda momentarily tries to keep the handgeld for himself, but it is finally presented to Mildrith by Odda Jr at the nuptials, although it turns out that he’s kept almost half of it without her knowing it. (Uhtred later correctly says that this money belongs to her legally, so Odda has cheated her.)

At the nuptials, Father Beocca (Ian Hart) blesses the wedding. Modern Americans would assume that this was necessary for the marriage to actually be a marriage, but as I’ve mentioned before, the participation of a priest was not a requirement for a marriage to be binding. It’s a social nicety and a religious blessing, but the beweddung was legally the key moment in the joining of the couple.

Then the couple rides to her estate, Lyscombe, which legally is his estate, since it would be the dowry from her family to him. Uhtred would have had control over the property. During the ride, Uhtred discovers there’s a complication involved in this deal, which we’ll get to later. When they get to Lyscombe, Mildrith proceeds to give away some or all of her handgeld to the peasants who have come to congratulate her on her marriage. From a financial standpoint, this is a very foolish thing to do, because that money was intended to help support her when she becomes a widow. It’s also a fairly extravagant gift, since a shilling was enough to purchase a couple acres of land. And, as we’ll see, she’s deeply in debt. However, generosity was an important Christian virtue and Mildrith later decides to become a nun, so perhaps she’s trying to emulate the extravagant disdain of wealth that saints were expected to demonstrate.

Then the newlyweds have sex. However, the show skips over another important moment. After sleeping with her, assuming she was a virgin, a new husband was obligated to pay his bride her morgengabe, or ‘morning gift’. The morgengabe was financial compensation to the bride for the loss of her virginity. The failure to pay this was a statement that the bride was not a virgin, and it was mattered legally. If he married her thinking her a virgin and then discovered that she wasn’t, he would have grounds to repudiate the marriage and sue her father for fraud. Like the handgeld, the morning gift was the bride’s personal property, outside her husband’s legal authority.

So there are three important moments in an Anglo-Saxon wedding: the beweddung, the gifta, and the payment of the morgengabe. The show has chosen to give us only one of them, the gifta, arguably the least critical of the three legally, out of the mistaken sense that it was the most important one. Modern audiences don’t care much about the legal niceties and assume that the blessing of the nuptials is the emotionally critical moment, but I’m far from convinced that an Anglo-Saxon would have seen it that way.

The Debt

On the ride to Lyscombe, Mildrith reveals that there’s a complication. As she explains it, her dead father made an arrangement with ‘the Church’. She says that to find favor with God he gave the Church 1/10th of the yield of his estate, and ‘they’ demand this payment even when the crops fail or the Danes raid. The bishop sued her father. It’s not clear what court this was, but she says “the Church is the law, and the law decreed that my father owed them a huge sum.” He died right after that. Alfred, she says, could “remove the debt”, but he has chosen not to. Then she reveals that the amount owed is 2,000 shillings. There’s a lot wrong here, so let’s pick it apart.

In the Anglo-Saxon period, 1 librum (a ‘pound’) was worth 48 shillings, while 1 shilling was worth 4-6 pence (the exact exchange rate fluctuated over time, so let’s say it’s 5 pence to the shilling). 2,000 shillings is 10,000 pence or about 42 libra. Translating medieval currency into modern currency is quite difficult, since their economy was drastically different from ours. Instead of trying to declare an equivalent dollar amount, I’ll do what historians do and talk about prices in the Anglo-Saxon period so you can get a sense of the buying power of that money. One shilling was enough to purchase a ewe and lamb, so that sum would purchase a massive flock of sheep. A common house dog cost about 4 pence. A sword cost around 240 shillings. 1 librum could purchase around 120 acres of land, so that sum would purchase around 5,000 acres. In other words it’s a huge sum of money.

Since that sum was accrued off of 1/10th of Mildreth’s estates, either her father had a massive estate of which we don’t see much evidence (since her hall is a small house in need of repair), or else her father let that debt run up for a very long time. If her father controlled estates large enough to generate that sort of debt in a just a few years, why was her handgeld so low? If she’s that rich, why didn’t any other noble try to marry her? (She says there were other suitors but “none suitable”, perhaps a reference to her god-sibling Odda Jr.) In other words, these figures don’t make a lot of sense based on what little evidence we have to work with.

But honestly, the math is the least of the issues here. It’s not clear who her father made this deal with. Was it the local church attached to her father’s estates? A local monastery? One of the bishops of Wessex? It’s never explained. I doubt it’s the local “parish” church (in quotations because the actual parish system won’t develop for a few more centuries), because if it’s on his land, he would probably be the proprietor of the church and therefore he’d be making a deal with himself and could let himself out of it if need be. What would make the most sense historically is that he made this deal with a local monastery, since early medieval nobles frequently made donations to a monastery that had an association with their family, in exchange for being able to retire there late in life, but I suppose he could have done it with the bishop for some reason. The fact that the bishop is the one who sued him would suggest that it was a deal with the bishop, so that’s what I’m going to say.

It seems highly unlikely that he signed this deal with the bishop personally. Most Anglo-Saxon bishops were monks, who were trained to think about money as being evil, so most bishops probably won’t have accepted such a deal personally, for fear that the gift might lead them into sin. Instead, Mildrith’s dad probably made the deal with the local cathedral as an ecclesiastical institution. So he probably made the contract with the dean or the treasurer of the cathedral chapter (as the staff of a cathedral was collectively known) and gave the gift to the cathedral for its support and maintenance, or perhaps to build a new chapel or something.

But whatever deal he struck was very odd. Normally, if a noble wanted to give a gift to an ecclesiastical institution he would make it in either movable goods (livestock perhaps, or much less commonly cash) or else he would give land free and clear. He would give an estate to the cathedral and the cathedral would take it over and manage it and it would become part of the permanent endowment of the cathedral. But that’s not what Mildrith’s father did. Instead, he gave the cathedral not the land, but rather some sort of usufructory rights on the land; he gave the cathedral the income from the land but not the land itself. And even more strangely, he didn’t give whatever produce or livestock the estate produced. He guaranteed the cathedral a set revenue from the estate regardless of how much the estate actually produced. That’s pretty bizarre, and it was an idiotic thing to do unless he was rolling in money and absolutely certain that he could afford to make up the difference between what the land actually produced and the revenue he had guaranteed to the cathedral. I’m not a specialist in medieval land law, but I’ve never run across a deal like that in my own research and it sounds suspiciously like it was made up to create a situation where poor Mildrith just happens to owe a vast sum of money she can’t pay. But perhaps some specialist in Anglo-Saxon land law can correct me on this.

But wait! There’s more! The bishop “took [her father] to law”. In what court? His own episcopal court? Her statement that the Church “is the law” seems to mean it was the bishop’s court. That strikes me as suspicious, because that would make the bishop simultaneously judge and plaintiff, a highly irregular situation. Technically, the archdeacon might have been the one to bring the suit, since they handled most of the bishop’s financial matters; perhaps Mildrith is just using ‘the bishop’ as short-hand for the clerical officials under the bishop, but it still amounts to the bishop bringing suit in his own court. Since the gift was probably made to the cathedral rather than to the bishop, it might have been the cathedral treasurer who brought the suit, in which case it would have been the treasurer as representative of the building suing Mildrith’s father in the bishop’s court, in which case the bishop did not bring the suit at all but instead sat in judgment. That’s the most likely scenario, if we assume that Mildrith is wrong about who brought the suit.

But if the suit was brought in the bishop’s court, it was done under canon law, which would explain her statement that the Church is the law. But if this was an entirely canon law matter, why can King Alfred ‘remove’ the debt? Does she mean that Alfred has the legal power as king to simply void the contract? The only way that makes sense is if the suit was brought in the royal court, following secular law, with the bishop (or deacon or treasurer) as plaintiff, Mildreth’s father as defendant, and Alfred (or one of his officials) as the judge, and even then it naively assumes that the king can just make up the law as he goes. If it was a secular court case under royal law, her claim that the Church controlled the proceedings is nonsense, and if it was an episcopal suit under canon law, her statement that Alfred can waive the debt makes no sense. Perhaps she means that Alfred has the money to pay the bishop what is owed and simply refuses to do so. But if that’s the case, why would she assume the king would intervene to pay her father’s debts?

Now, on top of all that, the show assumes that because Uhtred is Mildrith’s husband, he is now locked into paying this debt. A conversation between Odda and Alfred confirms that this was part of Alfred’s intention. He wants to test whether Uhtred is reliable or not. But he’s forgotten one tiny detail. Anglo-Saxon law allows the groom to divorce his wife and sue her kin for fraud, which is pretty much what Alfred and Odda have just perpetrated. They’ve gotten Uhtred to marry on false pretenses, leading him to think that Mildrith is much wealthier than she actually is. Luckily for them, he’s as ignorant of Anglo-Saxon law as whoever dreamed up this scenario in the first place. He accepts that he’s on the line for the debt and it drives the next several episodes’ worth of action as he tries to find a way to pay the debt.

The Penance

However, that legal gibberish is a masterpiece of detailed historical research compared to what happens in the next episode.

Uhtred leads an attack against the Danes and scores a major victory. He’s warned to present himself to Alfred before anyone else can claim credit for the victory, but instead he goes to Lyscombe to meet his wife and newborn son. This somehow allows Odda Jr to claim all the credit for the victory, because apparently no other Saxon at the battle noticed that Uhtred had single-handedly engineered it and because Alfred is apparently a gullible fool.

When Uhtred learns about this, he rides back to Winchester and barges into the royal chapel, interrupting a church service that Alfred seems to be leading personally (but, to be fair, there’s someone dressed like a bishop standing next to Alfred, so let’s assume the show understands that kings don’t get to lead church services). Uhtred rages at Odda Jr and draws his sword. This understandably pisses off Alfred, who declares that Uhtred has broken the king’s peace, broken the peace of Christ, and brought weapons into a sacred place. He declares that he will punish Uhtred and sends him out to wait in the courtyard.

Eventually Ealdorman Wulfhere shows up with Aethelwold (Harry McEntire) in tow, who has been caught drunk. Wulfhere tells Uhtred that the punishment for drawing a sword on the king is death. That’s doubtful, since Anglo-Saxon criminal law focused almost entirely on what injury has been done (no harm, no foul, basically), and injuries are either avenged with an equal injury or else handled by fine. Drawing a sword on the king might be an injury to his dignity or his peace, but it’s not the same thing as killing the king, so it would have been handled with a fine. But Alfred is being merciful. Instead of killing Uhtred, Alfred (via Wulfhere) sentences Uhtred to perform penance instead.

There is so much wrong here, I’d put my hands through the tv screen and strangle the scriptwriter if I could. Unfortunately I can’t. So I’m just going to have to explain what the hell penance is so that you too can see how idiotic this is.

Penance began in early Christianity as a way to make up for having committed a major sin, like sleeping with your wife’s sister or sacrificing to an idol. The original idea was that while minor sins could be readily forgiven, once a person was baptized, they were expected to avoid all egregious sin. But if they committed an egregious sin, they had one chance to make things right by confessing the sin and performing a penance to atone for the failing, such as prolonged periods of fasting (for example, fasting on every holy day for a year), prayer, alms-giving, and so on. For a grievous sin, this was a one-time ritual and having performed it rendered one to some extent a second-class congregant; for example those who had performed penance could not be ordained as priests and they could not receive the Eucharist until the bishop reconciled them to the congregation. In other words, this was a very severe religious punishment for a severe sin. It was not automatically a public matter, but penitents frequently made a public confession of their sin as part of the process.

By the 7th century, however, under the influence of early medieval monasticism, a new system emerged that is technically called Tariffed Penance. Under this system, penance was no longer simply for severe sins, but potentially for all sins. It was no longer a one-time ritual, but was rather to be performed repeatedly, as often as a sinner had need of it. Penance was now tariffed, meaning that the penance was graded according to the severity of the sin. This gradually gave rise to the sacrament of confession and penance employed in modern Catholicism (“say 10 Hail Marys” for that sin), which is still essentially Tariffed Penance.

But in order for penance to have any value, the sinner in question has to confess his sin to a priest and repent. And before he can do that, he has to actually be a Christian in the first place.

So there are several problems here. 1) Uhtred doesn’t see himself as a Christian and the people around him don’t see him that way either, although Alfred, Beocca, and Mildrith are trying to push him in that direction. There’s no point in him doing penance because he’s a pagan and is going to Hell regardless. 2) Uhtred hasn’t confessed any sin to a priest. He clearly doesn’t repent of anything he does in that scene because he’s convinced he’s right. No repentance, no confession. No confession, no penance. 3) Alfred isn’t a priest and doesn’t have the authority to impose penance on anyone. 4) Penance isn’t a punishment for a secular crime, which is specifically the thing that Wulfhere says Alfred is punishing Uhtred for. (Alfred did accuse Uhtred to two religious offenses–disrupting a church service and drawing a weapon in church–but that’s not what he’s actually punishing Uhtred for doing.) Penance is a punishment for sin, not crime.

So this is like Donald Trump sentencing someone who tweeted at him to say 10 Hail Marys. Actually that’s a poor analogy, because we have free speech laws. This is like Donald Trump sentencing someone who pulled a gun on him to say 10 Hail Marys. That’s not a great analogy either, because 10 Hail Marys isn’t a very serious penance. This is like is a scriptwriter who doesn’t know what the fuck he’s talking about making up some bullshit because medieval people did penance and medieval people had kings, so clearly the two of those things must somehow intersect at some point.

As if all of that wasn’t dumb enough, the penance involves Uhtred and Aethelwold crawling through mud on their knees begging Alfred’s forgiveness while a crowd jeers and throws things at them. It’s true that some penances did have an element of public humiliation to them (condemned heretics sometimes had to participate in a barefoot public procession to a local church carrying a candle, for example), but while shame was a part of such procedures, it wasn’t meant to be a spectacle of ridicule like a public execution. Penance was intended to be a form of spiritual healing.

On this issue, The Last Kingdom is just another example of how people project nonsensical ideas about an all-powerful church back onto the medieval past while simultaneously making up whatever they want around law, because, hey, medieval law must not make any sense.

Want to Know More?

The Last Kingdom is available on Amazon, as well as on Netflix. The first book of Bernard Cornwell’s Saxon Stories is also called The Last Kingdom.

If you want to know more about Anglo-Saxon marriage, there are a number of good books on Anglo-Saxon women, but unfortunately they’re all out of print. Helen Jewell’s Women in Medieval England covers more than just the Anglo-Saxon period, but it’s a good introduction to the topic.

If you want to know more about penance, Robert Meens puts the ritual into its social context in Penance in Medieval Europe.

Wikipedia

Name for a coin or unit of currency

A 1933 UK shilling

1956 Elizabeth II UK shilling showing English and Scottish reverses

The shilling is a historical coin, and the name of a unit of modern currencies formerly used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and other British Commonwealth countries.

Currently the shilling is used as a currency in five east African countries: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somalia, as well as the de facto country of Somaliland.[1] The East African Community additionally plans to introduce an East African shilling.

History [ edit ]
c. 1551 English shilling minted under Edward VI,

Silver 4 schilling coin, Hamburg , 1728

The word shilling comes from Old English “Scilling”, a monetary term meaning twentieth of a pound, from the Proto-Germanic root skiljaną meaning ‘to separate, split, divide’, from (s)kelH- meaning ‘to cut, split.’ The word “Scilling” is mentioned in the earliest recorded Germanic law codes, those of Æthelberht of Kent.

There is evidence that it may alternatively be an early borrowing of Phoenician 𐤔𐤒𐤋‎ shekel, Punic sql (sə’kel) meaning ‘weigh’ and ‘coin’. The two meanings given in the literature in both Germanic and Semitic word are the same for both a fixed weight and a certain coin. The term would come from the German understanding of shekel as shkel with the common Germanic suffix -ling.[2][3][4]
In origin, the word schilling designated the solidus of Late Antiquity, the gold coin that replaced the aureus in the 4th century. The Anglo-Saxon scillingas of the 7th century were still small gold coins.

In 796, Charlemagne passed a monetary reform, based on the Carolingian silver pound (about 406.5 grams). The schilling was one-twentieth of a pound or about 20.3 grams of silver. One schilling had 12 denarii or deniers (“pennies”). There were, however, no silver schilling coins in the Carolingian period, and gold schillings (equivalent to twelve silver pfennigs) were very rare.

In the 12th century, larger silver coins of multiple pfennig weight were minted, known as denarii grossi or groschen (groats). These heavier coins were valued at between 4 and 20 of the silver denarii. In the late medieval period, states of the Holy Roman Empire began minting similar silver coins of multiple pfennig weight, some of them denominated as schilling.

In the 16th century, numerous different types of schilling were minted in Europe. The English shilling was the continuation of the testoon coin under Edward VI and was first minted in 1551 minted in 92.5% “sterling” silver.

By the 17th century, further devaluation resulted in schillings in the Holy Roman Empire being minted in billon (majority base metal content) instead of silver, with 48 schillings to one Reichsthaler. The English (later British) shilling continued to be minted as a silver coin until 1946.

British Isles [ edit ]
Kingdom of England [ edit ]
A shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII[5] (or Edward VI around 1550). The shilling continued in use after the Acts of Union of 1707 created a new United Kingdom from the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, and under Article 16 of the Articles of Union, a common currency for the new United Kingdom was created.

Kingdom of Scotland [ edit ]
The term shilling (Scots: schilling) was in use in Scotland from early medieval times.

Great Britain and the UK [ edit ]
Slang terms for the old shilling coins include “bob” and “hog”. While the derivation of “bob” is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was “bobstick” and speculates that it may be connected with Sir Robert Walpole.[6]
One abbreviation for shilling is s (for solidus, see £sd). Often it was expressed by a solidus symbol (“/”), which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ,[7] thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence (and equivalent to 21 pennies expressed as denarii, “d” for short; the shilling itself was equal to twelvepence). A price of one shilling with no additional pence was written with a solidus and a dash: 1/- . Two shillings and sixpence (half a crown or an eighth of a £) was written as 2/6.

During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound (weighing 5760 grains or 373 g) of standard (0.925 fine) silver into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations. This set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, when a new smaller 5p coin was introduced.

The common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling or half of a florin, and thus there were 240 pence in a pound.

Three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. They were:

the florin, two shillings (2/–), which adopted the value of 10 new pence (10p) at decimalisation;

the half-crown, two shillings and sixpence (2/6) or one-eighth of a pound, which was abolished at decimalisation (otherwise it would have had the value of 12½p);

the crown (five shillings or one-fourth of a pound), the highest denominated non-bullion UK coin in circulation at decimalisation (in practice, crowns were commemorative coins not used in everyday transactions).

At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin was superseded by the new five-pence piece, which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value, and inherited the shilling’s slang name of a bob. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991.

Irish shillings [ edit ]
Between 1701 and the unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as the “black hog”, as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as “white hogs”.

In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling coin was issued as scilling in Irish. It was worth 1/20 of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side. The first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The pre-decimal Irish shilling coin (which was retained for some time after decimalisation) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, when a smaller five-pence coin was introduced.

British Empire [ edit ]
Australian shillings [ edit ]
Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram’s head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia’s currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian), where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar.

The slang term for a shilling coin in Australia was “deener”. The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was “bob”, the same as in the United Kingdom.

After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight.

New Zealand shilling [ edit ]
New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha “in a warlike attitude” on the reverse.[8] In 1967, New Zealand’s currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight. Ten cent coins minted through the remainder of the 1960s included the legend “ONE SHILLING” on the reverse. Smaller 10-cent coins were introduced in 2006.

Maltese shillings [ edit ]
The shilling (Maltese: xelin, pl. xelini) was used in Malta, prior to decimalisation in 1972, and had a face value of five Maltese cents.

Ceylonese shillings [ edit ]
In British Ceylon, an shilling (Sinhala: Silima, Tamil: Silin) was equivalent to eight fanams. With the replacement of the rixdollar by the rupee in 1852, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to half a rupee. On the decimalisation of the currency in 1869, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to 50 Ceylon cents. The term continued to be used colloquially until the late 20th century.[9]
East African shillings [ edit ]
Countries in Africa where the currency is called shilling.

The East African shilling was in use in the British colonies and protectorates of British Somaliland, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda and Zanzibar from 1920, when it replaced the rupee, until after those countries became independent, and in Tanzania after that country was formed by the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Upon independence in 1960, the East African shilling in the State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland) and the Somali somalo in the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) were replaced by the Somali shilling.[10] The State of Somaliland, which subsequently regained its independence in 1991 as the republic of Somaliland, adopted the Somaliland shilling as its currency.[11]
In 1966, the East African Monetary Union broke up, and the member countries replaced their currencies with the Kenyan shilling, the Ugandan shilling and the Tanzanian shilling, respectively.[12] Though all these currencies have different values at present, there were plans to reintroduce the East African shilling as a new common currency by 2009,[13] although this has not come about.

North America [ edit ]
In the thirteen British colonies that became the United States in 1776, British money was often in circulation. Each colony issued its own paper money, with pounds, shillings, and pence used as the standard units of account. Some coins were minted in the colonies, such as the pine tree shilling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. After the United States adopted the dollar as its unit of currency and accepted the gold standard, one British shilling was worth 24 US cents. Due to ongoing shortages of US coins in some regions, shillings continued to circulate well into the nineteenth century. Shillings are described as the standard monetary unit throughout the autobiography of Solomon Northup (1853)[14] and mentioned several times in the Horatio Alger Jr. story Ragged Dick (1868).[15][16] Prices in an 1859 advertisement in a Chicago newspaper were given in dollars and shillings.[17]
In Canada, £sd currencies were in use both during the French period (New France livre) and after the British conquest (Canadian pound). Between the 1760s and 1840s in Lower Canada, both French and British-based pounds coexisted as units of account, the French livre being close in value to the British shilling. A variety of coinage circulated. By 1858, a decimal Canadian dollar came into use. Other parts of British North America decimalized shortly afterwards and Canadian confederation in 1867 passed control of currency to the federal government.

Somali shilling [ edit ]
The Somali shilling is the official currency of Somalia. It is subdivided into 100 cents (English), senti (Somali, also سنت) or centesimi (Italian).

The Somali shilling has been the currency of parts of Somalia since 1921, when the East African shilling was introduced to the former British Somaliland protectorate. Following independence in 1960, the somalo of Italian Somaliland and the East African shilling (which were equal in value) were replaced at par in 1962 by the Somali shilling. Names used for the denominations were cent, centesimo (plural: centesimi) and سنت (plurals: سنتيمات and سنتيما) together with shilling, scellino (plural: scellini) and شلن.

That same year, the Banca Nazionale Somala issued notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 scellini/shillings. In 1975, the Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Bank) introduced notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 shilin/shillings. These were followed in 1978 by notes of the same denominations issued by the Bankiga Dhexe Ee Soomaaliya (Central Bank of Somalia). 50 shilin/shillings notes were introduced in 1983, followed by 500 shilin/shillings in 1989 and 1000 shilin/shillings in 1990. Also in 1990 there was an attempt to reform the currency at 100 to 1, with new banknotes of 20 and 50 new shilin prepared for the redenomination.[18]
Following the breakdown in central authority that accompanied the civil war, which began in the early 1990s, the value of the Somali shilling was disrupted. The Central Bank of Somalia, the nation’s monetary authority, also shut down operations. Rival producers of the local currency, including autonomous regional entities such as the Somaliland territory, subsequently emerged.

Somalia’s newly established Transitional Federal Government revived the defunct Central Bank of Somalia in the late 2000s. In terms of financial management, the monetary authority is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy.[19] Owing to a lack of confidence in the Somali shilling, the US dollar is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fueled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. This inflationary environment, however, is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.[19]
Somaliland shilling [ edit ]
The Somaliland shilling is the official currency of Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.[20] The currency is not recognised as legal tender by the international community, and it currently has no official exchange rate. It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland, Somaliland’s central bank. Although the authorities in Somaliland have attempted to bar usage of the Somali shilling, Somalia’s official currency is still in circulation in some regions.[21][better source needed]
Other [ edit ]
Elsewhere in the former British Empire, forms of the word shilling remain in informal use. In Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, selen is used in Bislama and Pijin to mean “money”; in Malaysia, syiling (pronounced like shilling) means “coin”. In Egypt and Jordan the shillin (Arabic: شلن) is equal to 1/20 (five qirshes — Arabic: قرش, English: piastres) of the Egyptian pound or the Jordanian dinar. In Belize, the term shilling is commonly used to refer to twenty-five cents.

Other countries [ edit ]
The Austrian schilling was the currency of Austria between 1 March 1924 [22] and 1938 and again between 1945 and 2002. It was replaced by the euro at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen.

and 1938 and again between 1945 and 2002. It was replaced by the euro at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen. In the principalities covering present Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg, the cognate term schelling was used as an equivalent ‘arithmetic’ currency, a ‘solidus’ representing 12 ‘denarii’ or 1/20 ‘pound’, while actual coins were rarely physical multiples of it, but still expressed in these terms.

was used as an equivalent ‘arithmetic’ currency, a ‘solidus’ representing 12 ‘denarii’ or 1/20 ‘pound’, while actual coins were rarely physical multiples of it, but still expressed in these terms. Shillings were issued in the Scandinavian countries (skilling) until the Scandinavian Monetary Union of 1873, and in the city of Hamburg, Germany.

until the Scandinavian Monetary Union of 1873, and in the city of Hamburg, Germany. In Poland szeląg was used. [23]
was used. The soll , later the sou , both also derived from the Roman solidus, were the equivalent coins in France, while the sol (PEN) remains the currency of Peru.

, later the , both also derived from the Roman solidus, were the equivalent coins in France, while the sol (PEN) remains the currency of Peru. As in France, the Peruvian sol was originally named after the Roman solidus, but the name of the Peruvian currency is now much more closely linked to the Spanish word for the sun (sol). This helps explain the name of its temporary replacement, the inti, named for the Incan sun god.

References [ edit ]
Further reading [ edit ]
Mays, James O. “The Romance of the English Shilling,” History Today (Dec 1971), Vol. 21 Issue 12, pp 848–855, online. Covers 1504 to 1971.

Media related to Shilling at Wikimedia Commons

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