Top 5 How Much Is A Carton Of American Spirits 3141 Votes This Answer

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Contents

Does American Spirit sell cartons?

American Spirit Cigarettes

There are menthol and non-menthol cigarettes available, and these tobacco products are sold by the carton to adults. The cheap cigarettes option is to buy a carton.

How much is a pack of American Spirits?

Results. American Spirit was sold in 77% of stores at an average price of $7.03 (SD = 0.66), which was $0.75–$1.78 (12.0%–34.4%) higher than Pall Mall, Newport, and Marlboro in the same stores.

How many packs are in a carton?

Carton. A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs, totaling 200 cigarettes. Some cartons contain twenty packs, totaling 400 cigarettes.

How many cigs are in a carton?

Quantity of cigarettes purchased

Participants who reported smoking factory-made cigarettes were asked whether they bought cigarettes by carton, pack or by individual cigarettes out of a pack on their last purchase occasion. A standard carton of cigarettes contains 10 individual packs of 20 cigarettes each.

How many packs are in a carton of American Spirit cigarettes?

Natural American Spirit Yellow. 100% additive-free premium tobacco. Made with 100% additive free, premium tobacco without reconstituted tobacco and processed stems.

Why do American spirits burn so long?

American Spirit burn slower because they are additive-free. Some additives added to mainstream brands serve to make cigarettes burn faster. It stands to reason that since American Spirit lacks these additives and because it’s well-packed with natural tobacco, it burns at a much slower rate.

What’s the cheapest state to buy cigarettes in?

Missouri. Missouri has the lowest price of cigarettes by state in the US — an average of $5.25 for a pack. The low cigarette excise tax ($0.17 per pack) and state sales tax ($0.21 per pack) are responsible for the affordable cigarette prices in Missouri.

What’s the healthiest cigarette?

Actually, the answer would be – none. There are simply no safe cigarettes. Even “light” and “all natural” might sound attractive and healthier, but they are not. They all contain harmful substances that we have mentioned.

How much does a pack of American Spirits cost in California?

A pack of Natural American Spirit cigarettes that last week cost $7.25 now goes for nearly $10, Kulvinder said. “Prices are going to pinch a little for those who smoke. They’ve got to handle an extra $70 to $80 a month” due to the tax hike, he said.

How many is in a carton?

The word for a 24 can box of beer is a ‘carton’, a 30 can box of beer is a ‘block’.

What is carton quantity?

Carton quantity: This is the quantity of products in the carton box. Inner quantity: This is the quantity of products in the inner box. Volume of the item = Volume of the carton/Carton quantity. Line freight cost= Total freight cost/(Total Volume of the shipment/volume of the item)

Why are cigarettes sold in packs of 20?

The reason that we have the 20-cigarette pack is to prevent youths from smoking by keeping the price high. While preventing teen smoking is critical, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only about 14% of youths who smoke buy their own cigarettes directly from a store.

How many cigarettes a day is heavy smoking?

Background: Heavy smokers (those who smoke greater than or equal to 25 or more cigarettes a day) are a subgroup who place themselves and others at risk for harmful health consequences and also are those least likely to achieve cessation.

What happens if you smoke 5 cigarettes a day?

Just five cigarettes a day can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including Buerger’s disease, a condition that causes dangerous clotting. Cancer: Smoking can cause cancer in almost every part of the body and increases the risk of death if cancer does occur.

How much is a box of cigarettes?

As we mentioned, the average cost of a pack of cigarettes is seven dollars per pack, depending on the state tax. This cost is based on a pack of 20 cigarettes. You can also get a carton, which costs around $49 and includes 10 packs containing 20 cigarettes each.

What is the yellow pack of American Spirits?

The Yellow pack offers a mellow tobacco taste with our 100% additive-free natural American Spirit Blend. Like all of our styles, the cigarettes in our Yellow pack are packed with up to 25% more tobacco than other leading king-sized cigarettes, giving you a longer and more enjoyable smoke.

What is the difference between American Spirit Yellow and Blue?

Orange – Smooth Mellow Original Taste. Yellow – Original Blend Mellow Original Taste. Blue – Original Blend Full-bodied Taste.

How much is a carton of Marlboro cigarettes?

Marlboro Cigarettes
Quantity Our Price Price per carton
3 Cartons $ 183.00 $ 61.00
4 Cartons $ 244.00 $ 61.00
6 Cartons $ 360.00 $ 60.00
9 Cartons $ 531.00 $ 59.00

What are the different kinds of American spirits?

American Spirit
  • American Spirit Light (Yellow Box) $13.99.
  • American Spirit Full Flavor (Blue pack) $13.99.
  • American Spirit Carton. …
  • American Spirit Ultra Light (Orange Box) …
  • American Spirit Menthol Light (Lime Box) …
  • American Spirit Organic Light (Orange & Tan Pack) …
  • American Spirit Gold. …
  • American Spirit Medium (Sage Box)

are american spirits SAFER than other cigarettes?
are american spirits SAFER than other cigarettes?


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Package size[edit]

Hard pack and soft pack[edit]

Collecting[edit]

Plain tobacco packaging[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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Cigarette pack - Wikipedia
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Trends in cigarette pricing and purchasing patterns in a sample of US smokers: findings from the ITC US Surveys (2002–2011) | Tobacco Control

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Discussion

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Trends in cigarette pricing and purchasing patterns in a sample of US smokers: findings from the ITC US Surveys (2002–2011) | Tobacco Control
Trends in cigarette pricing and purchasing patterns in a sample of US smokers: findings from the ITC US Surveys (2002–2011) | Tobacco Control

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American Spirit Cigarette Cartons for Sale Near Me & Online – Sam’s Club

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Cigarette pack

Cigarette container

[1] On the left, a new Finnish Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive with warning photo; on the right, an obsolete pack as red. Some countries, such as France , the United Kingdom and Australia , go further in their warnings ( plain packaging

A pack or packet of cigarettes (also informally called fag packet in British slang; as in the idiom “back of a fag packet” or “fag-packet calculation”) is a rectangular container, mostly of paperboard, which contains cigarettes. The pack is designed with a flavor-protective foil, paper or plastic, and sealed through a transparent airtight plastic film. By pulling the “pull-tabs”, the pack is opened. Hard packs can be closed again after opening, whereas soft packs cannot.

Cigarette packs often contain warning messages depending on which country they are sold in.[2] In the European Union, most tobacco warnings are standardised.[1]

A patent has been granted for a cigarette package containing a container for disposal of cigarette butts. [3][4]

Package size [ edit ]

Pack [ edit ]

The size of a pack is often regulated. Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size.

In Australia, the most common quantity per pack is 25, but some brands have 26 or 20 (the legal minimum), with 30, 40 and even 50 packs also sold.

In Canada, most packs sold have 25 cigarettes, but packs of 20 are also popular.

In many European countries, increases of cigarette tax can cause the quantity of cigarettes in the pack to change to achieve the same end price.

In Malaysia, the sale of packs containing fewer than 20 cigarettes is prohibited.

In the United States, the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20, with certain brands, such as Export As, coming in packs of 25.

In the United Kingdom, brands are sold only in packs of 20; in May 2017, new laws restricting loose tobacco sales to multiples of 30g or 50g also outlawed the sale of 10-stick packs and branded packaging, introducing boxes which are a plain green color.[1]

A soft pack of Marlboro Gold.

The new packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface, with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings. While older vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes, the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet that contains 20.[5]

Carton [ edit ]

A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs, totaling 200 cigarettes.[5] Some cartons contain twenty packs, totaling 400 cigarettes.[5]

Hard pack and soft pack [ edit ]

A hard pack is the usual style of paperboard packaging for store bought cigarettes, which consists of a relatively stable box. The flip-top hard pack cigarette case was introduced in 1955 by Philip Morris.[6][7] This successfully prevents the crumpling of cigarettes when kept in a pocket or handbag. The hard pack is designed to make the smoker look at the brand name and logo on the top of the pack every time on opening, keeping the brand fresh in the consumer’s mind and potentially increasing brand loyalty.[8]

Flip-up top of a hard pack Soft pack

A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper, usually containing 20 cigarettes. Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and cannot be resealed. They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette. They require less physical ‘pocket space’ when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack. With American brands, cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard-boxed counterparts.[citation needed]

Collecting [ edit ]

Cigarette packs are popular items among collectors. They are fine examples of industrial design and a good source for studies of social, cultural and marketing history.[9] Collectors usually base their collections on various criteria like cigarette brand, country of producer, time period, warning message, etc. Also, it’s important for collectors whether the packages are empty or full. Empty packs are more common and cheaper than full ones. Full packs are considered to be rare and therefore are often more expensive, especially packs in original cellophane wrapping.

Collectible pack [ edit ]

Camel Collector’s Pack

To encourage cigarette pack collectors, some cigarette packs were made to present a particular interest for collectors. There are cigarette packs labeled “collectible”.

Some brands introduce promotional packs to bypass advertising laws. An example would be a limited time promotion where the pack is made from tin with the shape, purpose, and look of a cigarette case to entice potential buyers. They are distinguished by unique décor or are very old or they were removed from manufacturing for some reasons and consequently became rare.

Cigarette brands from 1920-1930 [ edit ]

Wild Woodbine cigarette pack.

The most popular cigarette brands of this period were Player’s Navy Cut, Woodbine, Capstan, Craven ‘A’, and Black Cat. Woodbines were cheap cigarettes aimed at working-class people while Craven ‘A’ was one of the earliest filter brands initially targeted at women.[9]

Cigarette brands from 1940s [ edit ]

The top-selling cigarette brands of the decade were Lucky Strike, Camel, Chesterfield, and Old Gold.[10] That was the time of growth for the whole tobacco industry: again cigarettes were included in the soldier rations during World War II.

Cigarette brands from 1950s [ edit ]

The top-selling cigarette brands of the decade were the same as in the previous one except that the no.1 was Camel. The other brands were Balto, Brunette, Encore, Gitanes, and Kent. Cigarettes were widely advertised on TV.[10]

Plain tobacco packaging [ edit ]

Tobacco packaging drives brand image to attract new consumers to their tobacco products and creates brand loyalty. To give stylish impact to tobacco packaging companies use different techniques like gold and silver foiling, embossing, perforating, debussing, raised ink printing, digital printing, and screen printing. In general, tobacco packaging plays a major role in advertising and promotion of Tobacco marketing.

Recent introduction of Plain packaging contributes to improving public health because young people told that plain packaging reduces the positive image of smoking and the possibility of stimulus related to the package design.

The introduction of plain packages was considered as the end of cigarette pack collecting by some collectors as it made the packs unattractive. The other collectors adapted to the new reality and included variations of warning messages as one of the criteria for basing their collections on.

Trends in cigarette pricing and purchasing patterns in a sample of US smokers: findings from the ITC US Surveys (2002–2011)

This paper extends the previous work by (1) examining trends in cigarette prices and typical quantity of cigarettes purchased (ie, single vs multiple packs or cartons), use of coupons and locations where cigarettes are typically purchased; (2) assessing characteristics related to bulk purchasing, coupon use and tax avoidance; and (3) observing how these activities coincide with changes in pricing and tax rates. Taken together, this information is used to evaluate the trends in, and the profile of smokers who use tactics to lower their cigarette costs in response to increased state and federal cigarette excise taxes over a 9-year period.

Previous studies from the ITC Project have examined price-minimising behaviours in relationship to smoking cessation and smoker socioeconomic status using data from the USA, the UK, Canada and Australia. 6 , 8 The present study examines trends in purchasing patterns in a group of US adult smokers surveyed annually between 2002 and 2011. During this time period, cigarette prices increased as a result of state and federal tax increases. In addition, cigarette manufacturers began to compete more directly on purchase price rather than imaged-based advertising due to restrictions in advertising. 9

However, there are many factors that can disrupt the simple relationship between the price of cigarettes and consumption. For example, consumers can offset higher prices by purchasing cigarettes in bulk such as in cartons or in multipacks rather than as single packs. In addition, smokers can switch to lower priced cigarette brands, switch to brands offering price discounts and shop for cigarettes in locations where cigarettes are less expensive. 5 , 6 Finally, smokers can respond to higher cigarette prices by reducing their daily intake of cigarettes or stop their cigarette consumption all together. While not all smokers will necessarily engage in price-minimising behaviours, the steady rise in cigarette prices coupled with increasing rates of unemployment, stagnant and/or declining wages, and higher household expenses for items like gasoline and food have combined over the past several years to make cigarettes less affordable. A recent article from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey reported an increase in the use of discount cigarettes by US smokers after the 2009 increase of $0.61 in the federal excise tax (FET) on cigarettes. 7

Many key tobacco control policies are implemented in order to (1) reduce cigarette consumption among current smokers and (2) discourage tobacco consumption among non-smokers, especially youth. 1 , 2 The most effective way to achieve these goals is to increase the price of cigarettes. 3 The higher the price of purchasing a pack of cigarettes, the less likely it is that people will buy and consume cigarettes. 4

Descriptive statistics were used to characterise trends in per pack cigarette prices and purchasing habits between 2002 and 2011. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to (1) test for trends in bulk purchasing, coupon/special discount usage and purchase locations; (2) estimate adjusted wave specific prevalence rates for each of the outcomes and (3) model the characteristics of participants associated with bulk purchasing and tax avoidance. 13 Because all of the outcomes of interest were dichotomous, a repeated measures binomial distribution with the logit link was used for the regression models. An unstructured correlation structure was used to account for correlation among repeated measures on subjects. In cases where the model did not converge or the software indicated that a simpler correlation structure was more appropriate, an exchangeable correlation structure was used. We tested for linear trends in outcomes from 2002 to 2011. We also tested for differences in outcomes between the survey waves conducted prior to (wave 7, 2008–2009) and after (wave 8, 2010–2011) the $0.61 increase in the FET on 1 April 2009. Variables examined as predictors of bulk purchasing and tax avoidance included the participant’s gender, age, race, household income (ie, defined as low: ≤$29 999; medium: $30 000–$59 999; or high: ≥$60 000), education (ie, defined as low: ≤ high school; moderate: some college/tech/trade school, no degree; high: university degree or higher), level of nicotine dependence (ie, measured by heaviness of smoking index [scored 0–6] and categorised as low: ≤4 or high: >4), intention to quit smoking, geographic region of the USA (ie, northeast, south, midwest or west) and brand value type (ie, premium vs discount). Brand value type was determined using representations from the manufacturers and has been described elsewhere. 7 Results were weighted to reflect the population composition of US adult smokers, and all analyses were performed using SAS V.9.3. 14

Participants were asked where they bought their cigarettes on their last purchase occasion. Purchase locations were selected from a predefined list that included the following categories: (1) convenience store/gas station; (2) grocery, discount or drug store; (3) tobacco outlets, smoke shops; (4) Indian reservation; (5) liquor store; (6) outside of the state; (7) duty-free; (8) outside of the country; (9) from a toll-free number; (10) from the internet and (11) other. Text responses entered under ‘other’ were either added to the appropriate existing category (where appropriate) or left as ‘other’. Among purchase locations, a purchase made at an Indian reservation, outside of one’s home state, duty-free, from a toll-free number, outside of the country or from the internet was designated as a location with the potential for tax avoidance (low tax location).

Participants who reported smoking factory-made cigarettes were asked whether they bought cigarettes by carton, pack or by individual cigarettes out of a pack on their last purchase occasion. A standard carton of cigarettes contains 10 individual packs of 20 cigarettes each. For the purposes of this study, multipack purchases were defined as purchases of >1 and <10 individual packs of cigarettes. Bulk purchases were indicated by purchases of more than a single package of cigarettes (ie, either multiple packs or cartons). Previous studies have described multipack sales in terms of manufacturers’ ‘buy one get one free’ promotions; 11 however, multipacks do not need to be part of a special price promotion offer. This paper uses data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 6669 adult current smokers who were recruited and surveyed between 2002 and 2011 for the ITC US Survey. Standardised telephone interviews were conducted annually. At initial enrolment, survey participants included adult smokers (18 years of age and older) who reported that they had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and had smoked at least 1 cigarette in the past 30 days. Probability sampling methods were used to recruit the sample using random-digit dialling. If multiple adult smokers were present in the home, the next-birthday method was used to select the respondent. Survey participants who were lost to follow-up in subsequent survey waves were replenished using the same procedures as the original recruitment. This process was used to maintain a sample size of 1500–2000 participants per wave. The average attrition rate was 35% for each survey wave. Further details of the survey methodology have been documented elsewhere. 10 Table 2 depicts factors associated with carton purchases, multipack purchases and tax avoidance. All outcomes were associated with female gender, older age (age ≥25 years), White race, greater nicotine addiction, use of discount cigarettes and intention to quit smoking. Additionally, carton purchasing was associated with high income and daily smoking. Carton purchasing was more likely in the southern region and less likely in the northeastern region when compared with the western region. Multipack purchases (compared with single-pack purchase) were additionally associated with moderate income (compared with high income), and living in the midwestern and southern regions of the USA and daily smoking. Tax avoidance was more likely in the northeastern region and less likely in the midwestern and southern regions when compared with the western region. Bulk purchasing and tax avoidance was less likely among smokers intending to quit. Controlling for age, sex, race, nicotine addiction, smoking status, intention to quit smoking, brand value, income, education, region, time-in-sample and wave we did not observe a statistically significant change in bulk purchasing and tax avoidance before and after the implementation of the FET in 2009. Cartons were purchased most often from convenience stores and gas stations; grocery, discount and drug stores; and tobacco outlets ( figure 3 B). Purchases of cartons decreased in grocery and discount stores (25.7% to 15.3%; p<0.01) and also in ‘other’ locations (7.2% to 5.8%; p=0.03) from 2002 to 2011. Carton purchases from Indian reservations rose from 5.3% to 10.2% (p<0.01) over the survey period. The majority of single and multipack purchases were made at convenience stores and gas stations ( figure 3 C). The prevalence of single and multiple pack purchases decreased in ‘other’ locations from 5.9% to 3.3% (p<0.01) over the study period. Figure 3 depicts the locations of cigarette purchases over the eight survey waves. (Data values for figure 3 are available in online supplementary appendix 1.) Convenience stores and gas stations were the most frequently reported locations for cigarette purchases in all survey waves, followed by grocery and discount stores, and tobacco outlets ( figure 3 A). Purchases from convenience stores/gas stations were fairly stable over the survey period from 2002 to 2011 (56.6% to 59.7%; p=0.08). Decreases in purchases in grocery, discount and drug stores (19.6% to 12%; p<0.01) and ‘other’ locations (6.9% to 4.0%; p<0.01) were detected from 2002 to 2011. The use of tobacco outlets for purchases increased over this time period from 12.3% to 17.1% (p<0.01). Purchases from low tax locations rose from 3.6% in 2002 to 5.9% in 2011, although this result was not statistically significant (p=0.15). This trend was likely due in part to purchasing on Indian reservations, which rose from 2.2% to 3.6% from 2002 to 2011 (p=0.04). Figure 1 illustrates the prevalence of carton, multipack and single-pack purchases along with the average price paid for cigarettes from each survey wave from 2002 to 2011. The sharpest increase in the price paid for a package of cigarettes was observed between 2009 and 2011, corresponding to the $0.61 increase in the FET on cigarettes. Over the entire study period, most smokers purchased by either single or multipack rather than by the carton, although the prevalence of carton purchases was the highest of the three categories. However, carton purchases began to decrease after 2007. Comparing the purchase price paid for cartons to single packs, the average savings per pack was $1.63 for carton purchases, although there were fluctuations in savings over the survey period. On average, purchasing cigarettes by multipacks saved $0.53 on average than purchasing a single pack. No statistically significant linear trends were detected in carton purchases (35.6% to 33.3%; p=0.36) or single-pack purchases (35.1% to 34.5%, p=0.40) while a slight increase was observed in multipack purchases (25.6% to 28.6%; p<0.05) from 2002 to 2011. Across the different survey waves, the prevalence of respondents switching from cartons to multipacks between successive waves ranged from 3.7 to 7.2%, while the prevalence of respondents switching from single packs to multipacks ranged from 4.3 to 6.5% from 2002 to 2011. No statistically significant linear trends over time were detected. The prevalence of switching from multipacks to single packs declined (5.1% to 1.9%, p<0.001). Switching from multipacks to cartons also declined (3.6% to 1.3%, p<0.01). Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the study sample. In general, the sample is representative of the adult smoking population in the USA, with a slight over-representation of women and smokers between 40 and 54 years of age. While 44.5% of participants completed only a single survey, 55.5% completed two or more surveys. Discussion The average price paid for a single package of cigarettes in the USA rose steadily from 2002 to 2011, with a large increase observed after the 2009 FET increase. On a per pack basis, the price was substantially lower for purchasing by the carton than by the pack. The price differential between carton and pack sales was fairly stable over the entire study period. Despite the relative per pack price advantage of purchasing cigarettes by the carton, smokers are increasingly choosing to purchase their cigarettes by the pack instead of by the carton. A number of factors may have contributed to this trend. Additional analyses of these data show that many smokers appear to be smoking fewer cigarettes per day, decreasing from 19 in 2002 to 17 in 2011. This is likely in response to higher cigarette prices, less disposable income and/or increasing restrictions on when and where they are permitted to smoke. Additionally, it is possible that some smokers may find the high entry cost of a carton of cigarettes too steep, whereas the perceived lower daily per pack price seems more affordable, especially if they are intending to reduce their smoking and/or stop smoking. Additional analyses of the data found that those who were intending to quit had a 20–54% reduced odds of bulk purchasing or purchasing from a low tax location. Results from this study found that most smokers purchased either by single or multipack rather than by the carton, and this is consistent with other studies.5 ,15 ,16 The reported use of coupons and price discounts was not all that common among the smokers we surveyed and peaked at about 18% in 2005. Coupon use began to decline in the later years of the survey, coinciding with a decline in manufacturer expenditures for coupon promotions.9 Multipack purchasing increased noticeably after 2005. Smokers who previously reduced the price of their cigarette purchases through coupons and price discounts now had the option of reducing costs through purchasing multipacks. These trends may be reflective of changes in price promotions offered by cigarette manufacturers in response to the slowing US economy that negatively impacted the affordability of cigarettes.6 ,17 Multipacks represent an affordable option, with pricing between that of cartons and single packs. Noting price fluctuations and regional variation over the survey period, those purchasing by cartons spent an average of $51.02 per purchase occasion compared with $13.48 for multipacks and $5.65 for single packs. Advertising and price promotions, particularly those at the point of sale (POS) in convenience stores and gas stations (ie, multipack discounts, coupons, etc), constituted a significant proportion of cigarette manufacturer expenditures during the time period of this study and are often implemented to strategically offset impending tax increases among current and potential smokers.4 ,18 ,19 Since pack purchases were overwhelmingly more likely to be made at these locations, advertising promotions at the POS for multipack purchases could help to explain why multipack purchases increased while carton purchases declined from 2006 to 2011. Examination of characteristics of smokers using bulk purchasing and tax avoidance yielded similar results in that choice of discount brand was associated with bulk purchasing and tax avoidance. This may indicate that addicted smokers who exhibit these tactics are also likely to use discount cigarette brands at some point. Previous studies have shown that older, heavier smokers were more likely to switch to discount brands,7 while this analysis has found that older smokers were more likely to use bulk purchasing and tax avoidance methods. Overall, white, female, older and more addicted smokers were more likely to purchase cigarettes in high quantities and try to avoid taxes. The fact that female smokers were more likely to purchase in high quantities and try to avoid taxes is consistent with the study by Licht et al,8 which uses ITC data from four countries. As well, studies using non-ITC data have found that female smokers were more likely to purchase in ‘less expensive venues’ or from Indian reservations, and also that female smokers were more likely to use promotional offers ‘every time they see one’.20–22 An article by Pesko et al16 reported that female smokers were more likely to purchase cartons, while a study by Mecredy et al23 found that a greater percentage of females purchased contraband tobacco regularly. A distinguishing characteristic of carton purchasers was higher income since greater income is needed for this method of cost-cutting; this result is consistent with those from studies by Licht et al.8 Tax avoidance was more likely in areas where cigarette taxes (in addition to the cost of living) were highest (ie, west and northeast regions). Additionally, the higher total cost of cigarettes, in addition to the close proximity of Indian reservations, may also explain this occurrence. Previous research has indicated that price promotions are highest where tobacco control policies are strongest (ie, west and northeast).18 Work by Harding et al24 has also indicated that the impact of increased tax burden experienced by consumers differs by state tax rate, which, in turn, influences the extent to which consumers seek out strategies to minimise cigarette costs. Results from this study indicate that income is not associated with tax avoidance, while moderate income was associated with multipack purchases (compared with high income). Previous studies have found that price-sensitive smokers were more likely to take advantage of price promotions offered at the time of purchase.4 ,5 Licht et al8 also reported that smokers from lower SES groups were less likely to travel to other, cheaper venues for purchases. This may be due in part to an inability to travel to other, cheaper venues for purchases. Although multipack purchasing was not associated with low income, multipack purchases may still represent a more affordable option to moderate-income smokers. Using our definition of low income, it may be that multipacks, like cartons, remain unaffordable to low-income smokers. Results do not indicate that the federal tax increase resulted in a statistically significant increase in bulk purchasing, tax avoidance or coupon use between waves 7 and 8 (when the FET increase occurred); however, the price differential between those who did and those who did not use at least one of the strategies for price minimisation was greatest after wave 7. As well, some participants in wave 7 were surveyed after April 2009 (323/1763 or ≈18.3%), indicating that this measure of differences from wave 7 to 8 may be an underestimate of the differences. In order to more accurately isolate the effects of the FET, calendar year and month was controlled for and differences in outcomes before and after the FET increase were assessed, controlling for time-in-sample, sex, age, wave and daily smoking. We found that the FET tax increase was associated with decreased odds of purchasing by the carton (OR=0.80; p<0.01) and increased odds of purchasing at low tax locations (OR=1.43; p=0.03). This should be interpreted carefully because other explanations could exist. First, consistent price promotions in the years leading up to the tax increase may have minimised the impact in such a way that a sudden, large increase in cost from the federal taxation was not experienced, thus maintaining prior purchase habits, particularly among those purchasing by multipacks. Price reduction by bulk purchasing appears to be a consistent occurrence, irrespective of changes in tax policies for cigarettes. Second, the weakened economy during this time period could have influenced purchase behaviour. Results from this study revealed that 4–7% of respondents switched from cartons to multipacks and also from single packs to multipacks between successive waves over the 2002 to 2011 period. This may indicate not only reduced smoking among previous carton purchasers, but also increased smoking among those who typically purchased by single packs, due to the increased volume of cigarettes on hand, effectively offsetting the benefits of cigarette price increases. This may indicate that multipack purchase discounts enable reductions in smoking frequency by heavy smokers to be offset by increases in smoking by moderate to light smokers. While these data report valuable information regarding behaviours surrounding price increases, there are limitations. Our analysis is limited to the last purchase of cigarettes, rather than the usual purchase quantity, which could result in some misclassification. As well, multipack purchases do not necessarily indicate a multipack discount. In this definition, multipack purchases may or may not always represent ‘buy one get one free’ price promotions that are reported to the Federal Trade Commission. However, those who purchased in this manner did save more than those who purchased single packs, on average. Because the questionnaire item asks about coupons and special discounts simultaneously, we were unable to determine whether some smokers may have interpreted ‘buy-one-get-one free’ as a ‘special discount.’ As a result, we were unable to isolate multipack discounts from coupon use, and therefore could not adjust per pack average price without the possibility of excluding multipack discounts. Nonetheless, a sensitivity analysis revealed that exclusion of all coupon/discount purchases did not affect estimates of price or prevalence among carton, multipack and single-pack purchases. Next, we only observed small magnitudes of differences in our outcomes of interest. Despite this, small per cent differences may often equate to large numbers of affected lives at the population level. As well, we did not assess purchases of single/loose cigarettes because too few participants indicated purchasing in this quantity. Additionally, small sample sizes of individual tax avoidance methods (except for Indian reservations) prevented us from being able to assess characteristics related to specific tax avoidance methods. It is possible that characteristics may differ by specific tax avoidance methods as found by Licht et al.8 Cigarette consumption is reduced by 2.5–5% when prices increase 10%; however, consumers’ uses of strategies to lessen the price they pay reduce this impact.3 ,25 ,26 We found that these price reduction strategies have remained high over the last 9 years in the USA, with differing strategies dominating at different times. Carton, multipack purchasing and coupons have long been an effective method for smokers to save money, with carton purchases more likely among those of higher SES. Multipack discounts and coupons serve as an effective method for all smokers (especially those of lower SES) to reduce their cigarette costs. Tax avoidance and coupon use were used less often for price reduction than bulk purchasing. Results from this study support the notion that price promotions can induce cost savings, which can, in turn, decrease motivation for quitting smoking. The fact that over two-thirds of participants at each of the eight survey waves over 9 years reported using bulk purchasing, coupons, or tax avoidance demonstrates the very widespread availability of cost saving measures offered by the cigarette manufacturers. Multipack purchasing, in particular, may especially lower motivation for quitting smoking. Tobacco manufacturers have used couponing and multipack discounts as a mechanism for offsetting the immediate impact of tax increases, resulting in a smaller reduction in cigarette consumption.4 Using these measures over time periods both prior to and after a tax increase circumvents the perception of a dramatic price increase that might prompt more smokers to think about quitting. Moreover, price promotions simply increase the affordability of smoking, thereby reducing smoking cessation. Standardising the quantity of cigarettes sold to packs and/or carton sizes only and establishing minimum pricing laws would help limit the manufacturers’ ability to manipulate cigarette affordability, which would help strengthen the impact of price increases on smoking cessation.

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