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How can soccer help us understand physics answers?
Sports provide a great way to understand physics. Physics, after all, is the study of matter and its motion through space and time. And since sports like soccer, swimming and cycling involve bodies moving through space, they can help us understand how the principles of physics work.
How is soccer related to physics?
Physics Behind Soccer Ball Curving or Spinning
The curving, spinning, or bending is caused by a force referred to as Magnus Effect which is generated as air waves move over the spinning ball. As the air flows over the surface of the ball, a thin boundary layer of air is created and clings the surface.
What forces are applied in soccer?
This slide shows the three forces that act on a soccer ball in flight. The forces are shown in blue and include the weight, drag, and lift or side force. Lift and drag are actually two components of a single aerodynamic force acting on the ball.
How is momentum used in soccer?
Momentum affects how far the soccer ball goes. If you have a lot of momentum when you kick the soccer ball, it will go faster. If you do not have enough momentum, the length the ball goes will still be less no matter how hard you kick the ball. The average momentum was calculated by doing 67 mph x 400 grams.
What is Sir Isaac Newton’s third law of motion?
His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.
How is friction described?
friction, force that resists the sliding or rolling of one solid object over another. Frictional forces, such as the traction needed to walk without slipping, may be beneficial, but they also present a great measure of opposition to motion.
How physics is used in football?
There are many forces involved in the game of football. These are: Force of Gravity, Normal Force, Force of Friction, and Applied Force. Force of Gravity applies to football when the football is thrown or kicked, when a player jumps in the air to avoid a tackle or catch a ball, and is constantly being applied.
How is physics used in sports?
Understanding the physics of motion can affect all areas of sports, from helping athletes move faster, to preventing injuries, planning more efficient trainings, and developing aerodynamic equipment and clothing. Physics and sports are intimately connected.
How does soccer use Newton’s laws?
According to Newton’s Second Law, the force behind the soccer ball equals its mass times acceleration, in the equation F =ma. A hard kick will move the soccer ball farther and faster than a soft kick. The acceleration of the ball depends upon how much force behind the kick.
How is velocity used in soccer?
Velocity and velocity vectors have a really big rule in the game of soccer. Velocity is really important when you are in need of crossing the ball over really fast, or even just changing the direction and speed you are running in. The cleats that soccer players have to wear, truly help them tremendously on the field.
How momentum and impulse is used in soccer?
When two players are running full speed at each other on a football field they build up their momentum. At the point of contact, a tackler must apply an impulse by hitting the ball carrier. Impulse is the product of the applied force and the time over which that force is applied.
How is energy related to soccer?
Kinetic energy is the energy of anything in motion. Your muscles move your leg, your foot kicks the ball, and the ball gains kinetic energy from the kick. So you can think of the action of kicking the ball as a story of energy changing forms.
What energy is kicking a soccer ball?
Kinetic energy
This is because kinetic energy is defined as the energy that an object or particle has because of its motion. A force must be applied in order to move a stationary soccer ball, because producing such a force relies on work being done to overcome the gravitational pull that is present.
How does science relate to football?
Passing, blocking, running, tackling, kicking–the main physical actions of American football illustrate several fundamental concepts in physics, biomechanics and math. Inertia, momentum, vectors and parabolas are as much a part of the game as helmets and huddles.
How is potential energy used in soccer?
After the kick, potential gravitational energy is present for the time the ball is kicked into the air. This is transformed to potential gravitational energy because the energy stored in the ball is based on its height and mass. As the ball’s height increases, the gravitational potential energy increases.
how soccer can help us understand physics answers key
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
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The Physics Behind Soccer
Weight and Mass
Friction
Gravitational Force
Momentum
Velocity
The Magnus Effect
Physics Behind Kicking the Ball
Physics Behind Soccer Ball Curving or Spinning
Final Thoughts
Forces on a Soccer Ball
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Forces In Soccer – Physics In Sports
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IELTS READING LEVEL 6.5 – How Soccer Can Help Us Understand Physics – Anh ngữ Etest
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
The Physics Behind Soccer
Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Singapore. Hundreds if not thousands of people enjoy this sport during their leisure time and have established successful careers in it. Physics plays an important role in this sport and the better you understand the forces that come into play, the higher your chances of becoming a professional soccer player.
Today, we will look at the physics behind soccer in detail. Hopefully, this information will help you to appreciate the sport more and increase your understanding of physics. First, we will look at the different forces that affect the ball when its kicked.
Weight and Mass
In the context of science and engineering, weight is defined as the force acting on an object, in this case the ball, due to gravitational force.
On the other hand, mass is the measure of the amount of matter in the ball or any other object. It measures the quantity of matter of the ball regardless of its location in the universe or the gravitational force that is applied on it. It is also important to note that the mass of a soccer ball is the same on moon and on earth.
If the soccer ball is heavy, it will be difficult to kick. In addition, the weight of the player also comes into play. The more the soccer player weights, the harder they can kick the ball. The only downside to such a player is that their ability to run and speed is lower compared to a lighter soccer player who weighs less and more physically fit.
Friction
Simply put, friction is the resistance force to relative motion of fluid layers, solid surfaces, and material elements sliding on each other. There are four different types of friction namely;
Static
Sliding
Rolling
Fluid
The first three, static, sliding, and rolling friction occurs between two or more solid surfaces. Fluid friction, as the name suggests, occurs in gases and fluids.
In soccer, friction force prevents the ball from moving the forward or backward direction forever when it is kicked by the player. This is based on the fact that the soccer ball rubs against the ground causing a resistance force (friction) which slows the ball down. This force can work for or against the team as it can prevent the ball from going through the goal post.
Gravitational Force
Gravity is a natural force that acts on all things that have mass or energy. This includes stars, planets, galaxies, and even light. This is the force that gives weight to all physical objects on our planet. Even the moon has gravitational force that is responsible for the ocean tides.
In the context of soccer, this force has a major impact on how the ball flies. If there was no gravity, the soccer ball would just continue flying in the air and never come back down to the football pitch. The players stay grounded because of the gravitational force that acts on them due to the weight. If gravity was altered, it would change how low or high the ball flies when kicked.
Momentum
Based on Newton’s mechanics, linear momentum refers to the product of velocity and mass of an object. Unlike other forces, it is a vector quantity that has a direction and magnitude. Momentum can also be defined as the impetus gained by a moving object (the soccer ball).
Momentum affects how far the soccer ball goes when kicked. If the player has a lot of momentum when they come into contact with the ball and kick it, it will move faster. On the other hand, if there is not enough momentum, the distance that the ball covers will be less irrespective of how hard the ball is kicked.
Momentum is calculated by multiplying the velocity and mass of the ball. For example; 67 mph (velocity) x 400 grams (mass) = 26,800
Velocity
Velocity is defined as the speed of an object (the soccer ball) in a particular direction. If you don’t know the velocity of the ball, you will not be able to get it. Also, if you know the velocity that it will move with when you kick it, you can accurately pass it to other team members accurately.
Knowing the direction that the soccer ball is most likely to go is very important in soccer especially indoor soccer as the field is smaller compared to the conventional soccer field. For example, if you do not want the ball to out of the set bounds, you have to be aware of its velocity when you kick it.
The Magnus Effect
Whenever the ball is kicked off centre, the force causes the ball to spin either in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. How the ball curves when in the air is dependent on the speed of the spin and the direction. The same principle applies to a curve ball in the popular baseball game. When the player throws the ball, the pitcher creates a fast spin that results in the ball curving during flight.
Magnus effect is defined as the curve of the ball during flight. As the soccer ball spins, the frictional force between the air and surface of the ball causes the air around it to reach in the direction of the spin. At top spin, the ball results in the velocity of the air at the top half/section of the ball to decreases compared to the air velocity at the bottom.
This effect is as a result of tangential velocity of the ball in the top half section that moves in the opposite direction of the airflow. On the other hand, the tangential velocity of the ball in the bottom half moves in the same direction with the airflow.
Because the resultant air speed that acts at the top half of the ball is less compared to one that is on the bottom half, the pressure exerted at the top of the ball increases. This results in a new downward force. As Bernoulli’s principle states, when the air velocity decreases, air pressure increases. The opposite is also true.
Concisely, when a soccer ball is kicked at the centre, it spins counter-clockwise and the magnus force acts on the left side resulting in the ball curving to the left. On the other hand, when its kicked left of the centre, it automatically spins in the clockwise direction and the Magnus force acts on its right side causing it to curve to the right. As a result, the ball can deviate by several feet from the original trajectory by the time it hits the goal post net. Understand how these forces impact the direction of the ball will come in handy when attempting to score as it makes it difficult for the goal keeper to know which direction the ball will take.
Physics Behind Kicking the Ball
Needless to say, soccer is an active sport that involves kicking the ball. In order to understand the forces that come into play when kicking a ball, consider this action as an inelastic collision between the foot of the player and the soccer ball.
The equation below is used to calculate the initial as well as the final velocities
e stands for the coefficient of restitution. In all collision, this value is usually between 0 and 1. If e = 0 the collision is plastic. The two colliding bodies stick together and move in the same direction and in the same velocity after the impact.
If e = 1 the collision is elastic and the kinetic energy is conserved.
V b1 refers to the velocity of the ball before its kicked
V f1 refers to the velocity of the foot of the soccer player before kicking the ball
V b2 refers to the velocity of the soccer ball after being kicked
V f2 refers to the velocity of the foot after the kick
Another formula that comes into play is conservation of linear momentum for a one-dimensional collision:
m b refers to the mass of the soccer ball
m f refers to the effective mass of the foot
Effective mass refers to the stand-alone mass that would be required to produce the same dynamic effect after colliding with the soccer ball. The player’s foot is subject to many external forces which are generated by the leg muscles when kicking the ball. An equivalent mass is in the other foot and is not acted upon by external forces and produces the same dynamic effect. This is referred to as the effective mass of the player’s foot and its usually larger than the actual mass of the foot.
Physics Behind Soccer Ball Curving or Spinning
Liverpool is one of the English Premier league teams that is best known for having players like Mane and Salah who have mastered the art of curving the ball. So, what is the physics behind a ball spinning? If the player kicks the ball directly in line with its centre of mass, it will not spin but an off the centre kick will cause it to spin.
The curving, spinning, or bending is caused by a force referred to as Magnus Effect which is generated as air waves move over the spinning ball. As the air flows over the surface of the ball, a thin boundary layer of air is created and clings the surface. As the air approaches the back section of the ball, the layer of air ends as its unable to remain clinging on the surface. It breaks away creating a series of eddies behind the ball.
Concisely, when the ball is spinning, the air on the side that is moving goes in the same direction but breaks away when the ball stops spinning. The air on the opposite side breaks away soon. Newton’s 3rd Law comes into play here, the reaction force of air on the ball, which in the picture below is labelled F, changes the path of the ball thereby forcing it to curve in the direction indicated.
Source: Physics Central
When the ball is not spinning, the flow of air around the soccer ball is symmetrical. The difference in pressure between the back and front section of the ball creates a drag force.
Final Thoughts
Understanding how physics impact soccer will greatly help you to become a better player and even qualify to play for renowned teams such as Manchester United and Liverpool. Be sure to apply the formulas above in different scenarios and carry out experiments to better understand how the forces impact the movement of the ball.
More importantly, consider registering for group physics tuition at Kung Fu Physics for tailor-made physics tuition lessons. Your comprehension and performance in physics will never be the same again.
Forces on a Soccer Ball
When a soccer ball is kicked the resulting motion of the ball is determined by Newton’s laws of motion. From Newton’s first law, we know that the moving ball will stay in motion in a straight line unless acted on by external forces. A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction; a force is a vector quantity. If the initial velocity and direction are known, and we can determine the magnitude and direction of all the forces on the ball, then we can predict the flight path using Newton’s laws.
This slide shows the three forces that act on a soccer ball in flight. The forces are shown in blue and include the weight, drag, and lift or side force. Lift and drag are actually two components of a single aerodynamic force acting on the ball. In the figure, the ball is moving from the upper right to the lower left (in perspective), as indicated by the red arrow. Drag acts in a direction opposite to the motion, while lift acts perpendicular to the motion. Let’s consider each of these forces separately.
Weight
Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth. In general, the magnitude of the weight depends on the mass of an object as determined by Newton’s law of gravitation. By rule, the weight of a major league soccer ball is one pound. A soccer ball is hollow and inflated with high pressure air, so the weight is distributed around the outside of the ball. But we can often think of the weight as collected and acting through a single point called the center of gravity. The center of gravity is the average location of the weight of an object. To first order, the center of gravity for a soccer ball is located at the exact center of the ball. In flight, the ball rotates about the center of gravity. Newton’s laws of motion describe the translation of the center of gravity.
Drag
As the ball moves through the air, the air resists the motion of the ball and the resistance force is called drag. Drag is directed along and opposed to the flight direction. In general, there are many factors that affect the magnitude of the drag force including the shape and size of the object, the square of the velocity of the object, and conditions of the air; particularly, the density and viscosity of the air. Determining the magnitude of the drag force is difficult because it depends on the details of how the flow interacts with the surface of the object. For a soccer ball, this is particularly difficult because stitches are used to hold the ball together. So the surface of the ball is not smooth. During the recent World Cup, 2010, grooves were added to the surface of the ball in an attempt to make the surface more uniform. To determine the magnitude of the drag, aerodynamicists normally use a wind tunnel to measure the drag on a model. For a soccer ball, the drag can be determined experimentally by throwing the ball at a measured speed and accurately measuring the change in velocity as the ball passes between two points of known distance.
Lift
Lift is the component of the aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the flight direction. Airplane wings generate lift to overcome the weight of the airplane and allow the airplane to fly. A rotating cylinder and a spinning ball also generate aerodynamic lift. Like the drag, the magnitude of the lift depends on several factors related to the conditions of the air and the object, and the velocity between the object and the air. For a spinning ball, the speed of rotation affects the magnitude of the aerodynamic force. The direction of the force is perpendicular to the axis of rotation as noted on the figure.
The orientation of the axis of rotation can be varied depending on how the ball is kicked. If the axis is vertical, the lift force is horizontal and the ball can be made to curve to one side. In soccer this is called “bending” the kick. If the axis is horizontal, the lift force is vertical and the ball can be made to dive or loft depending on the direction of rotation.
The surface roughness of a soccer ball introduce some additional complexity in the determination of lift and drag. For any object, the aerodynamic force acts through the center of pressure. The center of pressure is the average location of the aerodynamic forces on an object. For an ideal, smooth ball, symmetry considerations place the the center of pressure at the center of the ball along with the center of gravity. But a soccer ball in flight is neither smooth nor symmetric because of the stitches. So the center of pressure for a soccer ball moves slightly about the center of the ball with time, depending on the orientation of the stitches. The time-varying aerodynamic force causes the ball to move erratically. This motion is also the source of the “dancing” knuckleball in major league baseball that confuses both batters and catchers alike. To account for the complexities when making predictions of the lift, aerodynamicists make an ideal prediction using theory, and then correct the prediction using experimental data. The lift coefficient – Cl for the soccer ball was determined by high speed photography of the flight of a thrown ball.
The motion of the ball through the air depends on the relative strength and direction of the forces shown above. We have built a simulation program that models the physical problem of kicking a soccer ball.
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How Soccer Can Help Us Understand Physics
How Soccer Can Help Us Understand Physics
by ReadWorks
Sports provide a great way to understand some concepts in physics. Physics, after all, is the study of matter, motion, force, and energy. And since sports like soccer, swimming and cycling involve bodies moving through space, they can help us understand how the principles of physics work.
Imagine that you’re looking at a soccer ball on a grassy field. If you do nothing to the ball, it will stay motionless on the grass. If you kick the ball, it will roll along the grass before coming to rest again. Pretty simple, right?
For thousands of years, though, people thought that objects like this soccer ball come to rest because they have a natural tendency to stop. It took a famous physicist by the name of Sir Isaac Newton, who lived in the 1600s, to prove that this was not exactly correct.
Newton suggested that objects like the soccer ball have a natural tendency to keep moving. The only reason they stop, he believed, is because an unbalanced force acts on them. By an unbalanced force, Newton meant the force applied to the soccer ball by its environment. When kicked, the surface of the ball travels over the grass, creating friction. The taller the grass, and the rougher the surface of the ball, the more friction is created. And the more friction that exists between the ball and the grass, the less it will travel after being kicked.
Now, imagine that there is no grass. Instead, the ball is resting on a frozen lake. When you kick the ball on the ice, the ball will go much farther than it would have on the grass. This is because ice provides a lot less friction than the grass.
Even so, ice does cause some friction. The ball’s interaction with the frozen water crystals on the surface of the lake eventually causes it to come to rest again. But now imagine that instead of ice, the ball is in a place where there’s no friction at all. The ball is floating in a vacuum. If you remove friction entirely, kicking the soccer ball would cause it to keep going and going at the same speed, until some force caused it to slow down and stop.
To paraphrase Sir Isaac Newton, a soccer ball on the grass will stay where it is unless acted on by a force. Similarly, once you kick the ball, it will remain in motion unless acted on by force. This, in so many words, is known as Newton’s First Law of Motion.
The same principles apply for other sports. Take swimming. Olympic swimmers are in a constant battle with the force of water. Water slows them down. To increase their speed, swimmers often shave their entire bodies, reducing the amount of friction caused by hair. Since a swimming contest can be won or lost by a tenth of a second, anything they can do to remove friction will help-even if it means ridding their bodies of hair.
Recently, Olympic swimmers took to wearing full-body suits in the water, which made swimmers sleeker and reduced underwater friction. Swimmers wearing these suits began to break world records. They started winning all the races. Soon enough, Olympic officials, realizing that these suits posed an unfair advantage, banned the use of suits in Olympic competition. Swimmers had to fall back on their own, hairless skin.
The situation for professional cyclists is slightly different. Unlike the swimmer, who battles the water, the cyclist is confronted with forces from other sources that seek to slow him or her down: the force of the road and the force of the air. Like professional swimmers, pro cyclists are known to shave their body hair, to reduce the amount of friction caused by the wind. But the loss of body hair represents only a tiny reduction in surface friction compared to, say, wearing spandex shorts instead of baggy shorts with pockets that fill up with air as you ride.
To reduce friction and increase speed, cyclists adopt all kinds of techniques. They wear aerodynamic helmets. They crouch low over their bikes. They wear shirts and shorts that cling closely to their skin, preventing air from slipping inside and slowing them down. However, little can be done about the tires’ interaction with the pavement. As in the case of the soccer ball, a bicycle wheel will eventually stop spinning if no force acts upon it to keep it moving. The rougher the road, the sooner that bike wheels will come to a stop.
For this reason, cyclists tend to have large, bulging thigh muscles. These muscles allow the cyclist to continue exerting force on the bicycle pedals, which cause the wheels to keep spinning despite their constant interaction with the road. Of course, other factors come into play, too. The heavier you are, the more work you have to do to keep the bike moving-that is, unless you’re moving down a hill, in which case the gravitational force of your weight acts to your advantage.
Also, your ability to keep your legs pushing the pedals depends on how fit you are, not just how strong your legs are. Many people who are out of shape would run out of breath before they complete a mile-long bike ride, whereas a person who is fit and has a lot of stamina could travel two miles without much difficulty.
Whether you are in shape or not, what really matters when trying to kick a ball, swim a lap, or bicycle a 5 mile race are the forces of physics. Without them, every time you kicked a soccer ball, the ball would keep going, forever.
Vocabulary
force force
Definition
noun
power, energy, or physical strength.
The force of the wind knocked down the trees.
a group of people with a common goal or activity.
She is a member of the police force.
verb
to make or cause to do something by using strength or power.
Ivan forced her to tell the truth.
Advanced Definition
noun
active power, energy, or physical strength.
The force of the hurricane knocked down the trees.
the use of such power, energy, or strength.
The enemy took the castle by force.
someone or something with the capacity to influence or cause change.
The force of logic eventually convinced the committee.
A group of parents was the main force behind the change in the town’s speed limit.
She believed that, as a politician, she could be a force for good.
in law, illegal violence, as against a person.
Accidental death was ruled out, as use of force on the victim was apparent.
a group of people joined by a common goal or activity. the labor force
the police force
in physics, an influence on the shape, motion, or other characteristics of a body or system. (often pl.) military troops; army.
The enemy has overpowered our forces in the area.
effective intensity, as of the mind.
transitive verb
to use strength or coercion in order to compel.
The interrogators forced him to tell the truth.
to cause to do something despite resistance or hesitation.
The accident forced her to rely on her family for help.
Being turned down for promotion forced him to make a difficult decision.
to bring about (something) despite there being reluctance or unwillingness.
The scandal forced the congressman’s resignation from office.
Complaints from customers forced the removal of the product from the market.
to obtain through force.
His captors forced a confession from him.
to tax or strain.
Don’t force the situation.
Spanish cognate
fuerza: The Spanish word fuerza means force.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
However, he points out, there are differences. In an actual launch, astronauts feel about three times the force of gravity. Gravity is the force that pulls things toward Earth. One of the biggest challenges in space is coping with what’s missing: gravity. Gravity is aforce of attraction between two objects that have mass. On Earth, the planet’s massive gravity pulls
you toward it. In the zero gravity of space, tools float away and water droplets drift off, making it almost impossible to perform everyday tasks.
In the next room two boys are playing ping pong. One boy is new to the game and is losing. Every time he hits the ball, he swings the paddle with too much force. The tiny ball has very little mass, but the boy’s fast swing sends it off the table entirely. In this case, the boy is giving the ball too much momentum. Momentum, the quantity of motion in a moving object, is determined by an object’s mass and its velocity. Keep in mind that force and work are not the same things as energy. Energy comes in several forms. But the best way to understand it is as something that creates the ability to do work. When someone says, “I don’t have any energy,” what do they usually mean? Often, they mean they don’t have the strength or motivation to work. The central spine of a strandbeest is a plastic crankshaft (rotating rod) that’s linked to all its many legs. Each leg has 11 plastic “bones” that form a mechanical linkage-an assembly of rigid rods and joints that transmits mechanical forces and movement from one place to another. As the crankshaft rotates, it moves a leg joint, which transmits motion via the other joints to the foot.
friction fric ·tion
Definition
noun
the rubbing of one object or surface against another.
If you rub two sticks together, the friction will create heat and sparks.
disagreement between people or groups of people; conflict.
It upsets me that there is so much friction in our family.
Advanced Definition
noun
the rubbing of surfaces against each other.
Oil prevents friction from wearing down engine parts too quickly.
Friction creates heat.
the resistance of a surface to relative motion, as of an object sliding or rolling over it.
When the ice is rough and snowy, there is too much friction to skate well.
conflict between people or groups of people; contention.
Friction between the two countries centers on a dispute over the border.
At our last family gathering, I could sense friction between my mother and my aunt.
Spanish cognate
fricción : The Spanish word fricción means friction.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
Glaciers shape the landscape in a process called erosion. Erosion is the result of the friction of wind, water, or, in this case, ice against rocks and soil. Glaciers changed many landscapes, leaving behind waterfalls and moraines, which are very rocky landscapes created by glacial debris.
Few non-bowlers know that a thin layer of mineral oil is applied to the first two-thirds of a bowling lane. Oil reduces friction, the resistance of objects to sliding. The oil is applied mainly to protect the lanes from damage. But it also has a huge impact on the game because it affects the motion of the ball.
Different materials or where you’re sitting on the roller coaster do actually affect how you experience the potential energy and kinetic energy. Roller coaster tracks made of steel, as opposed to wood, can create less friction and therefore offer a smoother ride. This means that the potential and kinetic energies created are delivered more efficiently to the roller coaster and ultimately, to you. Turning the pin adjusts the tension on the string, which, in turn, adjusts the pitch. “The real skill is in making it stay there,” says Gordon. There’s a lot of tension andfriction in the strings and its surroundings. “The challenge is to leave the tuning pin in a position so that when someone hits the piano really hard, they’re not gonna knock it out of tune.” He kicked his legs out. He kicked them around, running in place. He tried to rub the cold sheets as much as possible to make them warm. This, he had learned in science class, is called friction. Friction makes heat, and he needed as much heat as he could get.
interaction in ·ter ·ac ·tion
Advanced Definition
noun
action each upon the other or others; reciprocal action, influence, or effect. the group’s social interaction
Spanish cognate
interacción : The Spanish word interacción means interaction.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
Like a multivitamin, laughter brings a range of health benefits into your daily life. Laughing boosts your immune system. Just look at the work of Dr. Lee Berk, of Loma Linda University in California. He is, by the way, a friend of Hunter “Patch” Adams’s. If that name sounds familiar, it’s because Adams is a funny doctor who became so famous that a movie was made about him. His interactions with his patients were like comedy routines. An ecosystem is a group of living organisms going through their life cycles in a particular environment alongside nonliving things. Ecosystems exist because of the interactions between these living and nonliving things. In other words, plants and animals all need each other so that they can continue living; they even need nonliving parts of ecosystems to survive. The crystal formations make the cavern’s floor look as if it were covered in ice, and the ceiling’s mix of rock and crystal makes it look like diamonds tossed into a chocolate cake.
These crystals grew-and grew so large-because of some very special interactions between water and heat. The Cave of Crystals sits on top of a large deposit of magma, or super-heated liquid rock.
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________
Comprehension Questions
1. Once it is in motion, what does an object like a soccer ball have a natural tendency to do?
A. It has a natural tendency to keep moving.
B. It has a natural tendency to stop.
C. It has a natural tendency to change direction.
D. It has a natural tendency to slow down.
2. What does the author explain in this passage?
A. The author explains the force of friction, using different kinds of music as examples.
B. The author explains the sport of soccer, using examples of current teams and players.
C. The author explains the idea of motion, using different sports as examples.
D. The author explains the importance of bike safety, using helmets as an example.
3. Swimmers wearing full-body suits that reduced underwater friction were able to swim faster than other swimmers.
What evidence from the passage supports this statement?
A. Some swimmers shaved their entire bodies to reduce friction caused by hair and increase their speed.
B. After losing contests by a tenth of a second, some swimmers started ridding their bodies of hair to reduce friction.
C. Swimmers wearing full-body suits swam at the same speed as swimmers wearing shirts and shorts that clung closely to their skin.
D. Swimmers wearing full-body suits began to break world records and started winning all the races.
4. Based on the information in the passage, how can friction be described? A. Friction can be described as a force that acts on an object in motion and can cause the object to stop. B. Friction can be described as a force that acts on an object in motion and can cause the object to speed up. C. Friction can be described as the path an object takes after a force acts on it and causes it to move. D. Friction can be described as the path an object takes when a force acts on it inside a vacuum. 5. What is the passage mainly about? A. why swimmers and cyclists move at different speeds B. the motion of bodies and objects C. the movement of an object inside a vacuum D. the scientific discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton 6. Read the following sentence: “Newton suggested that objects like the soccer ball have a natural tendency to keep moving. The only reason they stop, he believed, is because an unbalanced force acts on them.” What does the word tendency mean? A. a very small chance of something happening B. a fifty-fifty chance of something happening C. the fear of doing something or acting in a certain way D. the way something normally behaves or acts 7. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence below. Newton suggested that a ball has a natural tendency to keep moving _______ others believed that a ball has a natural tendency to stop. A. although B. because C. before D. later on 8. What are some things cyclists do to reduce friction? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
9. According to Newton’s First Law of Motion, what will happen to a soccer ball that is kicked? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. The end of the passage states that without the forces of physics, every time you kicked a soccer ball or jumped on a bike, the ball and the bike would keep going, forever. Explain why the ball and bike would keep going, using evidence from the passage. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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