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(computing) An interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language invented by Guido van Rossum.Full Form of Python – Python Course
Python is known as the most popular programming language that is used for both large and small-scale applications.The programming language’s name ‘Python’ came from a BBC Comedy series in the 1970’s named Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Guido van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique and slightly mysterious, And so, he decided to name the programming language ‘Python’.
Contents
Who created Python pronounce?
(computing) An interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language invented by Guido van Rossum.
What is Python full name?
Full Form of Python – Python Course
Python is known as the most popular programming language that is used for both large and small-scale applications.
What does Python stand for?
The programming language’s name ‘Python’ came from a BBC Comedy series in the 1970’s named Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Guido van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique and slightly mysterious, And so, he decided to name the programming language ‘Python’.
Why Python is called Python?
¶ When he began implementing Python, Guido van Rossum was also reading the published scripts from “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”, a BBC comedy series from the 1970s. Van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious, so he decided to call the language Python.
Who is father of Python?
What does BDFL mean in Python?
Python inventor Guido van Rossum shocked the Python world on July 12 when he stepped down as the language’s so-called BDFL (benevolent dictator for life).
Is Elon Musk good at coding?
Well, it is quite clear that Elon is a visionary, but is he good enough at coding? Well, yes, Musk is a self-taught programmer who started programming and coding at a very early age. Despite being so young, he learned the BASIC programming language from the workbook that he got with his computer.
What is the M flag in Python?
The -m flag in Python searches the sys. path for the named module and executes its contents as the __main__ module. When the -m flag is used with a command on the command-line interface, followed by a <module_name>, it allows the module to be executed as an executable file.
Is C++ better than Python?
Overall Python is better than C++ in terms of its simplicity and easy syntax. But C++ is better in terms of performance, speed, vast application areas, etc.
What is Python Techopedia?
Python is a multiparadigm, general-purpose, interpreted, high-level programming language. Python allows programmers to use different programming styles to create simple or complex programs, get quicker results and write code almost as if speaking in a human language.
What does Pip stand for Python?
The name pip is [an] acronym and declaration: pip installs packages. ( Source) Package management is so important that Python’s installers have included pip since versions 3.4 and 2.7. 9, for Python 3 and Python 2, respectively. Many Python projects use pip , which makes it an essential tool for every Pythonista.
How do you pronounce SQL?
The standard says that ‘Ess-cue-ell‘ is the appropriate way of speaking SQL. However, many English-speaking database professionals still use the nonstandard pronunciation “sequel.”
How to pronounce ‘Python’ (as a programming language) – Quora
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- Summary of article content: Articles about How to pronounce ‘Python’ (as a programming language) – Quora Python is named after Monty Python. Pronounce it just like the snake. …
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How to Pronounce Python – YouTube
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Python – Wiktionary
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Full form of PHP, HTML, SQL, Python, Laravel, CSS, C, C++, OOPs, JAVA and Asp.Net
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Python (programming language) – Wikipedia
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History[edit]
Design philosophy and features[edit]
Syntax and semantics[edit]
Programming examples[edit]
Libraries[edit]
Development environments[edit]
Implementations[edit]
Development[edit]
API documentation generators[edit]
Naming[edit]
Popularity[edit]
Uses[edit]
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How To Pronounce Python Programming Language: Python Programming Language pronunciation
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How to pronounce Python – painfulenglish.com
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How to pronounce Python – painfulenglish.com
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How to pronounce python | HowToPronounce.com
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python
Phonetic spelling of python
Meanings for python
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Python – Wiktionary
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How to pronounce Python’O’Path : denoting a practitioner of Python Programming Language
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Wiktionary
See also: python
Translingual [ edit ]
Etymology [ edit ]
From Ancient Greek Πύθων (Púthōn), from Πῡθώ (Pūthṓ), the early name of Delphi, from πυθώ (puthṓ, “to rot, to decay”).
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python m
A taxonomic genus within the family Pythonidae – the pythons, very large constricting snakes of the Old World tropics.
Hypernyms [ edit ]
( genus ) : Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Tetrapoda – superclass; Reptilia – class; Squamata – subclass; Serpentes – order; Henophidia – infraorder; Pythonidae – family; Pythoninae
Hyponyms [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
English [ edit ]
Etymology [ edit ]
From Ancient Greek Πύθων (Púthōn), from Πῡθώ (Pūthṓ), the early name of Delphi, from πυθώ (puthṓ, “to rot, to decay”).
The programming language is named after Monty Python.
Pronunciation [ edit ]
( UK ) IPA (key) : /ˈpaɪθən/ Audio (RP)
IPA : ( US ) IPA(key): /ˈpaɪθɑːn/
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python
( Greek mythology ) The earth-dragon of Delphi, represented as a serpent, killed by Apollo. 1995 , Gordon MacDonald Kirkwood, A Short Guide to Classical Mythology , page 11, Here Apollo killed a serpent called the Python , and established a great prophetic shrine. Sometimes it is said that the Titaness Themis had the shrine before him, and this, as well as the killing of the Python , suggests that Apollo took over a place already of religious significance, associated with chthonic (i.e., earth) powers.
, Gordon MacDonald Kirkwood, , page 11, 2000 , Otar Lordkipanidze, Phasis: The River and City in Colchis , page 70, It would seem, therefore, that what we have on the Phasian phiale is the Python coiled round the omphalos. [ … ] Paintings on Greek pottery and coins have preserved many an example of gods seated on an omphalos, including those of Apollo, Nike, Asclepius and others. 413 Python on the omphalos must have carried some symbolic meaning.
, Otar Lordkipanidze, , page 70, 2005, M. A. Dwight, Taylor Lewis, Grecian and Roman Mythology, page 183, Python, says Bailey, is derived from Putho to putrify, and the serpent Python being slain by Apollo, is thus interpreted: by Python is understood the ruin of the waters; Apollo slew this serpent with his arrows; that is, the beams of the sun dispersed the noxious vapours, which destroyed man like a devouring serpent. ( computing ) An interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language invented by Guido van Rossum.
Derived terms [ edit ]
Translations [ edit ]
Greek mythology French: Python (fr) m
German: Python (de) f
Inuktitut: ᐲᑐᓐ ( piitun )
Italian: Python m Marathi: पाय्थन ( pāythan )
Polish: Pyton m
Portuguese: Piton m
Spanish: Python m
A programming language French: Python (fr) m
Hindi: पाइथन ( pāithan )
Japanese: Python (ja) パイソン ( Paison )
Korean: 파이썬 ( paisseon ) Marathi: पाय्थन f ( pāythan )
Persian: پایتون ( pâyton )
Polish: Python (pl) m
Noun [ edit ]
Python (plural Pythons)
( informal ) Any member of the comedy troupe Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones or Michael Palin. John Cleese is perhaps the best-known of the Pythons.
See also [ edit ]
Further reading [ edit ]
Anagrams [ edit ]
French [ edit ]
Pronunciation [ edit ]
IPA (key) : /pi.tɔ̃/
: Audio
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python m
Anagrams [ edit ]
German [ edit ]
Pronunciation [ edit ]
IPA (key) : /ˈpyː.tɔn/
: Audio
Etymology 1 [ edit ]
Noun [ edit ]
Python m (strong, genitive Pythons, plural Pythons) or
Python f (genitive Python, plural Pythons)
python ( snake )
Usage notes [ edit ]
The masculine is more strictly standard, but the feminine is fairly common (after Schlange and most other words for snakes).
Declension [ edit ]
Declension of Python [ masculine, strong ] singular plural indef. def. noun def. noun nominative ein der Python die Pythons genitive eines des Pythons der Pythons dative einem dem Python den Pythons accusative einen den Python die Pythons
Declension of Python [ feminine ] singular plural indef. def. noun def. noun nominative eine die Python die Pythons genitive einer der Python der Pythons dative einer der Python den Pythons accusative eine die Python die Pythons
Etymology 2 [ edit ]
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python n (proper noun, strong, genitive Pythons)
Declension [ edit ]
Declension of Python [ sg-only, neuter, strong ] singular indef. def. noun nominative ein das Python genitive eines des Pythons dative einem dem Python accusative ein das Python
Further reading [ edit ]
“Python” in Duden online
Italian [ edit ]
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python m
Japanese [ edit ]
Pronunciation [ edit ]
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python ( パイソン ) • (Paison)
Portuguese [ edit ]
Proper noun [ edit ]
Python m
Spanish [ edit ]
Proper noun [ edit ]
Full form of PHP, HTML, SQL, Python, Laravel, CSS, C, C++, OOPs, JAVA and Asp.Net
Introduction about Programming Languages
The Programming Languages is also known as a formal language that comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. In computer programming, Programming Languages are mostly preferred to implement algorithms. Some time ago, only a few people were used to being considered computer programmers. But now, in the world of the digital era, many IT firms require people who have a stronghold in programming languages. So, if you want to work in a good and well-developed IT firm you need to be a master in Programming Languages.
In this article, we will discuss some of the Programming languages that are in great demand. The programming languages that we will discuss here include PHP, HTML, SQL, Python, Laravel, CSS, C, C++, OOPs, JAVA, Asp.Net .
This article not only will provide you with information about these programming languages but will also give information related to the eligibility criteria, age limit, syllabus, duration of the course, career after doing it, and many more. Every programming language described below is appropriate for a beginner as it gets more complex as you become more proficient and experienced in using it.
Full Form of PHP – PHP Course
PHP probably stands for Personal Home Page now known as Hypertext Preprocessor is known as a server-side scripting language that is used to develop Static websites or Web applications. It is a general-purpose programming language that was originally designed for web development. The PHP code may be executed with (CLI) Command Line Interface, which can be embedded into HTML code, or it can be used in a merger with various, web content management systems and web frameworks.
PHP Course Syllabus For Beginners
For beginners, the basic PHP Course is included HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, etc.
HTML CSS JAVASCRIPT
PHP Course Eligibility Criteria
To match the PHP Course Eligibility Criteria, a candidate:
Should hold a Graduate Degree or should be Intermediate passed from any recognized university/college.
Should be from a maths and science background.
PHP Course fee
A candidate can easily opt for the PHP Course as the fee requirement is very basic.
The PHP Course fee is from;-
Rs.4,000 goes up to Rs.14,000 INR.
PHP Course Duration
The PHP course can be completed in three different aspects as per your choice. Down below three different ways are given which you can opt to complete the PHP course. The three different PHP Course Duration is:-
Track Regular Track Weekend Track Fast Track Course Duration 45-60 Days 8 Weekends 5 Days
Job opportunities after PHP Course
After the completion of the PHP Course, a candidate can work as a-
Project Manager at a PHP company
Full Form of HTML – HTML Course
The HyperText Markup Language popularly known as HTML is the standard markup language that is used to create web pages. HTML is not only for web developers, who hold the knowledge of HTML it is also for them who know how it works is beneficial in most careers.
Eligibility Criteria For HTML Course
To match the Eligibility Criteria For HTML Course, a candidate:
Should be Matric passed.
HTML Course Duration
To complete the HTML Course duration is of 2 months.
HTML Course Fee
The HTML Course fee is Rs. 6000/-
Full Form of SQL – SQL Course
SQL stands for Structured Query Language, is a database computer language that is designed for the retrieval and management of data in a relational database. SQL comes with two main advantages-Firstly, With the help of one single command, it can introduce the concept of accessing many records. Secondly, it eradicates the need to define how to reach a record.
Eligibility Criteria For SQL Course
The Eligibility Criteria For SQL Course requires a candidate to be a-
Undergraduates or graduates or working professionals or engineers.
Age Limit
18 years
SQL Course Fees
The SQL Course Fees starts from:-
₹ 5,000 to ₹ 5,700 per month.
SQL Course Duration
The SQL Course Duration includes 1 month
Job opportunities after SQL Course
After completing the SQL course duration, you can build a successful career as:
Database developer
PHP programmer
Python developer
Drupal developer
Magento developer
Full Form of Python – Python Course
Python is known as the most popular programming language that is used for both large and small-scale applications. Python language constructs the object-oriented approach to help programmers to write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects
Eligibility Criteria For Python Course
To pursue the Python Course:
The candidate should have a working knowledge of computers.
Knowledge of C programming is preferred.
Python Course Fees
To pursue the Python course, the fees required is Rs. 18695/-
Python Course Duration
The duration of the Python course is of 2 weeks
Full Form of Laravel – Laravel Course
The Laravel Course uses a project-based approach for learning. It would also be filled with specific articles to read and clearly understand a concept better, and multiple explanations of all concepts taught.
Eligibility Criteria For Laravel Course
The Eligibility criteria for Laravel Course involves the following:
To pursue the Laravel Course, a candidate should hold a Degree of B.Tech or M.Tech,
A Ph.D. Researchers, Other Professional Researchers can also go for Laravel Course.
Laravel Course Duration
The Laravel Course Duration is of 2 months.
Fees for Laravel Course
The Fees for Laravel Course start From Rs. 9000/-
Full Form of CSS – CSS Course
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on the screen, and paper. CSS saves a lot of work. It helps to control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.
Eligibility Criteria for CSS Course
To pursue the CSS Course-
The candidate should hold a Bachelor Degree with at least 2nd Division from any recognized university
Candidate having 3rd Division in Bachelor Degree can only pursue this course if he/she has scored higher division in master degree
Age Limit
Minimum 21 years – Maximum 30 Years
CSS Course Duration
The CSS Course Duration is of 1 month
CSS Course fees
CSS Course fees start from 5000 to 6000 month
Full Form of C Programming Course:
The C programming language is such kind of a language that was developed to do system programming. It is also known as procedural language, which means that people can write their programs in a series of step-by-step instructions. The C Programming Language is a language that can interact with hardware. Most of the languages either provide the power to curb hardware or are flexible but the C language provides you with both the features.
C Programming Course Duration
The C Programming Course Duration is for 1 month.
Fees Required For C Programming Course
The C programming Course Fees start from Rs 2,000-Rs.10,000
Eligibility Criteria For C Programming Course
No such eligibility is required For C Programming Course.
Full Form of C++ | C++ Course
Certificate Course in C++ is a course that helps students in mastering the art of solving difficulties occurring during using the C++ language. This course requires patience, persistence, attention to detail and analytical ability as these qualities are required to become a great programmer.
Eligibility Criteria for C++ Course
To pursue the C++ Course:
The candidate should be passed Intermediate from any recognized college.
C++ Course Duration
The course duration of C++ is of 2 months.
Fees For C++ Course
The Fees For C++ Course start from 2,000 to 5,000 in various institutes offering this course across the world.
Full Form of OOPs – OOPs, Course
Object-Oriented Programming (OOPS) is a programming language that emphasizes current techniques in object-oriented design, analysis, and programming. OOPS, works on the fundamentals of structured design with classes, including development, testing, implementation, and documentation.
Eligibility Criteria For OOPs Course
The candidate should have worked in a window environment
Should know how to make the flow chart
OOPs, Course Fees
The OOPs, Course Fees is of Rs.4200/-
Duration for OOPs, Course
Duration for OOPs, The course is for 2 weeks.
Full Form of Java – Java Course
The language which is widely used in the world of IT development is a java Programming language. Java has emerged to be one of the most preferred languages for programmers. Java is quite easy to learn, thus making it highly benign in the programming community. It enables programmers to write code with fewer bugs, in lesser time.
Eligibility Criteria For Java Course
To pursue the Java Course:
Candidate must have passed Class 12 or equivalent from a recognized board.
Java Course Duration
Java Course Duration is from 4months
Full Form of ASP.Net – ASP.Net Course
ASP.NET is a structure for developing dynamic web applications. The ASP.NET supports languages like VB.Net, C#, Jscript.Net, etc. This course covers some important aspects of ASP.NET like reusable code, deploying the .net application on the server, testing web applications, debugging, and so on.
Eligibility Criteria For ASP.Net Course
To pursue the ASP.Net Course:
The candidate should be Undergoing Graduation with knowledge of any programming Language
ASP.Net Course Fees
The ASP.Net Course fees vary as per your choice for an institute.
ASP.Net Course Duration
Python (programming language)
General-purpose programming language
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.[31]
Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a “batteries included” language due to its comprehensive standard library.[32][33]
Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming language and first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.[34] Python 2.0 was released in 2000 and introduced new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision that is not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2 was discontinued with version 2.7.18 in 2020.[35]
Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages.[36][37][38][39]
History [ edit ]
Python was conceived in the late 1980s[40] by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC programming language, which was inspired by SETL,[41] capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.[12] Its implementation began in December 1989.[42] Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his “permanent vacation” from his responsibilities as Python’s “benevolent dictator for life”, a title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the project’s chief decision-maker.[43] In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.[44][45]
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features.[46] Python 3.0, released on 3 December 2008, with many of its major features backported to Python 2.6.x[47] and 2.7.x. Releases of Python 3 include the 2to3 utility, which automates the translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.[48]
Python 2.7’s end-of-life was initially set for 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.[49][50] No further security patches or other improvements will be released for it.[51][52] With Python 2’s end-of-life, only Python 3.6.x[53] and later were supported. Later, support for 3.6 was also discontinued. In 2021, Python 3.9.2 and 3.8.8 were expedited[54] as all versions of Python (including 2.7[55]) had security issues leading to possible remote code execution[56] and web cache poisoning.[57]
In 2022, Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were expedited[58] and so were older releases including 3.8.13, and 3.7.13 because of many security issues.[59] Python 3.9.13 is the latest 3.9 version, and from now on 3.9 (and older; 3.8 and 3.7) will only get security updates.[60]
Design philosophy and features [ edit ]
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of its features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (including metaprogramming[61] and metaobjects [magic methods] ).[62] Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract[63][64] and logic programming.[65]
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management.[66] It uses dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable names during program execution.
Its design offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. It has filter , map and reduce functions; list comprehensions, dictionaries, sets, and generator expressions.[67] The standard library has two modules ( itertools and functools ) that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.[68]
Its core philosophy is summarized in the document The Zen of Python (PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as:[69]
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Readability counts.
Rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly extensible via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum’s vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which espoused the opposite approach.[40]
Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl’s “there is more than one way to do it” motto, Python embraces a “there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it” philosophy.[69] Alex Martelli, a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and Python book author, wrote: “To describe something as ‘clever’ is not considered a compliment in the Python culture.”[70]
Python’s developers strive to avoid premature optimization and reject patches to non-critical parts of the CPython reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.[71] When speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C; or use PyPy, a just-in-time compiler. Cython is also available, which translates a Python script into C and makes direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
Python’s developers aim for it to be fun to use. This is reflected in its name—a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python[72]—and in occasionally playful approaches to tutorials and reference materials, such as examples that refer to spam and eggs (a reference to a Monty Python sketch) instead of the standard foo and bar.[73][74]
The programming language’s name ‘Python’ came from a BBC Comedy series in the 1970’s named Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Guido van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique and slightly mysterious, And so, he decided to name the programming language ‘Python’.[72]
A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. “Pythonic” code may use Python idioms well, be natural or show fluency in the language, or conform with Python’s minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability. Code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another programming language is called unpythonic.[75][76]
Python users and admirers, especially those considered knowledgeable or experienced, are often referred to as Pythonistas.[77][78]
Syntax and semantics [ edit ]
Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use curly brackets to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than C or Pascal.[79]
Indentation [ edit ]
Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit blocks. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.[80] Thus, the program’s visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.[81] This feature is sometimes termed the off-side rule. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.[82]
Statements and control flow [ edit ]
Python’s statements include:
The assignment statement, using a single equals sign =
The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with else and elif (a contraction of else-if)
statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with and (a contraction of else-if) The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block
statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true
statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by except clauses (or new syntax except* in Python 3.11 for exception groups [83] ); it also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block is always run regardless of how the block exits
statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by clauses (or new syntax in Python 3.11 for exception groups ); it also ensures that clean-up code in a block is always run regardless of how the block exits The raise statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception
statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception The class statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-oriented programming
statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-oriented programming The def statement, which defines a function or method
statement, which defines a function or method The with statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before it is run, then releasing the lock; or opening and closing a file), allowing resource-acquisition-is-initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom [84]
statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before it is run, then releasing the lock; or opening and closing a file), allowing resource-acquisition-is-initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom The break statement, which exits a loop
statement, which exits a loop The continue statement, which skips the current iteration and continues with the next
statement, which skips the current iteration and continues with the next The del statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined
statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined The pass statement, serving as a NOP, syntactically needed to create an empty code block
statement, serving as a NOP, syntactically needed to create an empty code block The assert statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply
statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator function (and also an operator); used to implement coroutines
statement, which returns a value from a generator function (and also an operator); used to implement coroutines The return statement, used to return a value from a function
statement, used to return a value from a function The import statement, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program
The assignment statement ( = ) binds a name as a reference to a separate, dynamically-allocated object. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed data type; however, it always refers to some object with a type. This is called dynamic typing—in contrast to statically-typed languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.
Python does not support tail call optimization or first-class continuations, and, according to van Rossum, it never will.[85][86] However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided by extending Python’s generators.[87] Before 2.5, generators were lazy iterators; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, it can be passed through multiple stack levels.[88]
Expressions [ edit ]
Some Python expressions are similar to those in languages such as C and Java, while some are not:
In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This leads to duplicating some functionality. For example:
List comprehensions vs. for -loops
-loops Conditional expressions vs. if blocks
blocks The eval() vs. exec() built-in functions (in Python 2, exec is a statement); the former is for expressions, the latter is for statements
Statements cannot be a part of an expression—so list and other comprehensions or lambda expressions, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A particular case is that an assignment statement such as a = 1 cannot form part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement. This has the advantage of avoiding a classic C error of mistaking an assignment operator = for an equality operator == in conditions: if (c = 1) { … } is syntactically valid (but probably unintended) C code, but if c = 1: … causes a syntax error in Python.
Methods [ edit ]
Methods on objects are functions attached to the object’s class; the syntax instance.method(argument) is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for Class.method(instance, argument) . Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self (or this ) in some other object-oriented programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, Objective-C, Ruby).[99] Python also provides methods, often called dunder methods (due to their names beginning and ending with double-underscores), to allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, in arithmetic operations and type conversion.[100]
Typing [ edit ]
The standard type hierarchy in Python 3
Python uses duck typing and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at compile time; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that it is not of a suitable type. Despite being dynamically-typed, Python is strongly-typed, forbidding operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make sense of them.
Python allows programmers to define their own types using classes, most often used for object-oriented programming. New instances of classes are constructed by calling the class (for example, SpamClass() or EggsClass() ), and the classes are instances of the metaclass type (itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and reflection.
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): old-style and new-style,[101] current Python versions only support the semantics new style.
The long-term plan is to support gradual typing.[102] Python’s syntax allows specifying static types, but they are not checked in the default implementation, CPython. An experimental optional static type-checker, mypy, supports compile-time type checking.[103]
Summary of Python 3’s built-in types Type Mutability Description Syntax examples bool immutable Boolean value True
False bytearray mutable Sequence of bytes bytearray ( b ‘Some ASCII’ )
bytearray ( b “Some ASCII” )
bytearray ([ 119 , 105 , 107 , 105 ]) bytes immutable Sequence of bytes b ‘Some ASCII’
b “Some ASCII”
bytes ([ 119 , 105 , 107 , 105 ]) complex immutable Complex number with real and imaginary parts 3 + 2.7 j
3 + 2.7 j dict mutable Associative array (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values), keys must be a hashable type { ‘key1’ : 1.0 , 3 : False }
{} types.EllipsisType immutable An ellipsis placeholder to be used as an index in NumPy arrays …
Ellipsis float immutable Double-precision floating-point number. The precision is machine-dependent but in practice is generally implemented as a 64-bit IEEE 754 number with 53 bits of precision.[104] 1.33333 frozenset immutable Unordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable frozenset ([ 4.0 , ‘string’ , True ]) int immutable Integer of unlimited magnitude[105] 42 list mutable List, can contain mixed types [ 4.0 , ‘string’ , True ] [] types.NoneType immutable An object representing the absence of a value, often called null in other languages None types.NotImplementedType immutable A placeholder that can be returned from overloaded operators to indicate unsupported operand types. NotImplemented range immutable A Sequence of numbers commonly used for looping specific number of times in for loops[106] range ( – 1 , 10 )
range ( 10 , – 5 , – 2 ) set mutable Unordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable { 4.0 , ‘string’ , True }
set () str immutable A character string: sequence of Unicode codepoints ‘Wikipedia’
“Wikipedia” “””Spanning multiple lines””” ”’Spanning multiple lines”’ tuple immutable Can contain mixed types ( 4.0 , ‘string’ , True )
( ‘single element’ ,)
()
Arithmetic operations [ edit ]
Python has the usual symbols for arithmetic operators ( + , – , * , / ), the floor division operator // and the modulo operation % (where the remainder can be negative, e.g. 4 % -3 == -2 ). It also has ** for exponentiation, e.g. 5**3 == 125 and 9**0.5 == 3.0 , and a matrix‑multiplication operator @ .[107] These operators work like in traditional math; with the same precedence rules, the operators infix ( + and – can also be unary to represent positive and negative numbers respectively).
The division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:[108]
Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed / to always be floating-point division, e.g. 5 / 2 == 2.5 .
to always be floating-point division, e.g. . The floor division // operator was introduced. So 7//3 == 2 , -7//3 == -3 , 7.5//3 == 2.0 and -7.5//3 == -3.0 . Adding from __future__ import division causes a module used in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division (see above).
In Python terms, / is true division (or simply division), and // is floor division. / before version 3.0 is classic division.[108]
Rounding towards negative infinity, though different from most languages, adds consistency. For instance, it means that the equation (a + b)//b == a//b + 1 is always true. It also means that the equation b*(a//b) + a%b == a is valid for both positive and negative values of a . However, maintaining the validity of this equation means that while the result of a%b is, as expected, in the half-open interval [0, b), where b is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval (b, 0] when b is negative.[109]
Python provides a round function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For tie-breaking, Python 3 uses round to even: round(1.5) and round(2.5) both produce 2 .[110] Versions before 3 used round-away-from-zero: round(0.5) is 1.0 , round(-0.5) is −1.0 .[111]
Python allows boolean expressions with multiple equality relations in a manner that is consistent with general use in mathematics. For example, the expression a < b < c tests whether a is less than b and b is less than c .[112] C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate a < b , resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with c .[113] Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic for all integer operations. The Decimal type/class in the decimal module provides decimal floating-point numbers to a pre-defined arbitrary precision and several rounding modes.[114] The Fraction class in the fractions module provides arbitrary precision for rational numbers.[115] Due to Python's extensive mathematics library, and the third-party library NumPy that further extends the native capabilities, it is frequently used as a scientific scripting language to aid in problems such as numerical data processing and manipulation.[116][117] Programming examples [ edit ] Hello world program: print ( 'Hello, world!' ) Program to calculate the factorial of a positive integer: n = int ( input ( 'Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: ' )) if n < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'You must enter a non-negative integer' ) factorial = 1 for i in range ( 2 , n + 1 ): factorial *= i print ( factorial ) Libraries [ edit ] Python's large standard library [118] provides tools suited to many tasks, and is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as MIME and HTTP are supported. It includes modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational databases, generating pseudorandom numbers, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,[119] manipulating regular expressions, and unit testing. Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) implementation wsgiref follows PEP 333[120]—but most are specified by their code, internal documentation, and test suites. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or rewriting for variant implementations. As of June 2022, the Python Package Index (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 380,000[121] packages with a wide range of functionality, including: Development environments [ edit ] Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a read–eval–print loop (REPL), permitting them to function as a command line interpreter for which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately. Python also comes with an Integrated development environment (IDE) called IDLE, which is more beginner-oriented. Other shells, including IDLE and IPython, add further abilities such as improved auto-completion, session state retention and syntax highlighting. As well as standard desktop integrated development environments, there are Web browser-based IDEs, including SageMath, for developing science- and math-related programs; PythonAnywhere, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE emphasizing scientific computing.[122] Implementations [ edit ] Reference implementation [ edit ] CPython is the reference implementation of Python. It is written in C, meeting the C89 standard (Python 3.11 uses C11[123]) with several select C99 features (With later C versions out, it is considered outdated.[124][125] CPython includes its own C extensions, but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g. they can be implemented with C11 or C++.[126][127]) It compiles Python programs into an intermediate bytecode[128] which is then executed by its virtual machine.[129] CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and native Python, and is available for many platforms, including Windows (starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer deliberately fails to install on Windows 7 and 8;[130][131] Windows XP was supported until Python 3.5) and most modern Unix-like systems, including macOS (and Apple M1 Macs, since Python 3.9.1, with experimental installer) and unofficial support for e.g. VMS.[132] Platform portability was one of its earliest priorities.[133] (During Python 1 and 2 development, even OS/2 and Solaris were supported,[134] but support has since been dropped for many platforms.) Other implementations [ edit ] PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.8. [135] [136] Its just-in-time compiler brings a significant speed improvement over CPython but some libraries written in C cannot be used with it. [137] Its just-in-time compiler brings a significant speed improvement over CPython but some libraries written in C cannot be used with it. Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads; it does not use the call stack in the same way, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also has a stackless version. [138] MicroPython and CircuitPython are Python 3 variants optimized for microcontrollers, including Lego Mindstorms EV3. [139] Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up the execution of Python programs. [140] Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that contains a number of optimizations including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time JIT and an experimental bytecode compiler.[141] Unsupported implementations [ edit ] Other just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported: Google began a project named Unladen Swallow in 2009, with the aim of speeding up the Python interpreter fivefold by using the LLVM, and of improving its multithreading ability to scale to thousands of cores, [142] while ordinary implementations suffer from the global interpreter lock. while ordinary implementations suffer from the global interpreter lock. Psyco is a discontinued just-in-time specializing compiler that integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain data types and is faster than the standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later. PyS60 was a Python 2 interpreter for Series 60 mobile phones released by Nokia in 2005. It implemented many of the modules from the standard library and some additional modules for integrating with the Symbian operating system. The Nokia N900 also supports Python with GTK widget libraries, enabling programs to be written and run on the target device.[143] Cross-compilers to other languages [ edit ] There are several compilers to high-level object languages, with either unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language: Brython, [144] Transcrypt [145] [146] and Pyjs (latest release in 2012) compile Python to JavaScript. Transcrypt and Pyjs (latest release in 2012) compile Python to JavaScript. Cython compiles (a superset of) Python 2.7 to C (while the resulting code is also usable with Python 3 and also e.g. C++). Nuitka compiles Python into C. [147] Numba uses LLVM to compile a subset of Python to machine code. Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++11). [148] [149] [150] RPython can be compiled to C, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python. The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler[151] compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++17). Specialized: MyHDL is a Python-based hardware description language (HDL), that converts MyHDL code to Verilog or VHDL code. Older projects (or not to be used with Python 3.x and latest syntax): Google's Grumpy (latest release in 2017) transpiles Python 2 to Go. [152] [153] [154] IronPython allows running Python 2.7 programs (and an alpha, released in 2021, is also available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included" [155] ) on the .NET Common Language Runtime. [156] ) on the .NET Common Language Runtime. Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of the Java libraries from a Python program. [157] Pyrex (latest release in 2010) and Shed Skin (latest release in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively. Performance [ edit ] Performance comparison of various Python implementations on a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload was presented at EuroSciPy '13.[158] Python's performance compared to other programming languages is also benchmarked by The Computer Language Benchmarks Game.[159] Development [ edit ] Python's development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.[160] Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.[161] Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.[160] Enhancement of the language corresponds with the development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues are discussed in the Roundup bug tracker hosted at bugs.python.org.[162] Development originally took place on a self-hosted source-code repository running Mercurial, until Python moved to GitHub in January 2017.[163] CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented: Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and needs to be manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 is very unlikely to ever happen. [164] Major or "feature" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to happen annually. [165] [166] Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release. [167] Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release. Bugfix releases,[168] which introduce no new features, occur about every 3 months and are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.[168] Many alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, they are often delayed if the code is not ready. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running the large unit test suite during development.[169] The major academic conference on Python is PyCon. There are also special Python mentoring programmes, such as Pyladies. Python 3.10 deprecated wstr (to be removed in Python 3.12; meaning Python extensions[170] need to be modified by then),[171] and added pattern matching to the language.[172] API documentation generators [ edit ] Tools that can generate documentation for Python API include pydoc (available as part of the standard library), Sphinx, Pdoc and its forks, Doxygen and Graphviz, among others.[173] Naming [ edit ] Python's name is derived from the British comedy group Monty Python, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;[174] for example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs instead of the traditional foo and bar.[174][175] The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.[176][177] The prefix Py- is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include Pygame, a binding of SDL to Python (commonly used to create games); PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK to Python respectively; and PyPy, a Python implementation originally written in Python. Popularity [ edit ] Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten most popular programming languages in the TIOBE Programming Community Index where, as of October 2021 , it is the most popular language (ahead of Java, and C).[178] It was selected Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020 (the only language to do so four times[179]).[180] An empirical study found that scripting languages, such as Python, are more productive than conventional languages, such as C and Java, for programming problems involving string manipulation and search in a dictionary, and determined that memory consumption was often "better than Java and not much worse than C or C++".[181] Large organizations that use Python include Wikipedia, Google,[182] Yahoo!,[183] CERN,[184] NASA,[185] Facebook,[186] Amazon, Instagram,[187] Spotify,[188] and some smaller entities like ILM[189] and ITA.[190] The social news networking site Reddit was written mostly in Python.[191] Uses [ edit ] Python Powered Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via mod_wsgi for the Apache webserver.[192] With Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. Web frameworks like Django, Pylons, Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado, Flask, Bottle, and Zope support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and IronPython can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. SQLAlchemy can be used as a data mapper to a relational database. Twisted is a framework to program communications between computers, and is used (for example) by Dropbox. Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,[193][194] with specialized libraries such as Biopython and Astropy providing domain-specific functionality. SageMath is a computer algebra system with a notebook interface programmable in Python: its library covers many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus.[195] OpenCV has Python bindings with a rich set of features for computer vision and image processing.[196] Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, and Scikit-learn.[197][198][199][200] As a scripting language with a modular architecture, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing.[201] Python can also be used to create games, with libraries such as Pygame, which can make 2D games. Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language, including in finite element method software such as Abaqus, 3D parametric modeler like FreeCAD, 3D animation packages such as 3ds Max, Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini, Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage, the visual effects compositor Nuke, 2D imaging programs like GIMP,[202] Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro,[203] and musical notation programs like scorewriter and capella. GNU Debugger uses Python as a pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++ containers. Esri promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in ArcGIS.[204] It has also been used in several video games,[205][206] and has been adopted as first of the three available programming languages in Google App Engine, the other two being Java and Go.[207] Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most Linux distributions,[208] AmigaOS 4 (using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD (as a package) and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and Fedora Linux use the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system, Portage. Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.[209][210] Most of the Sugar software for the One Laptop per Child XO, now[when?] developed at Sugar Labs, is written in Python.[211] The Raspberry Pi single-board computer project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language. LibreOffice includes Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature[212] since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013. Languages influenced by Python [ edit ] Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages: Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model. [213] Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax, and its Acknowledgements document lists Python first among languages that influenced it. [214] document lists Python first among languages that influenced it. CoffeeScript, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has Python-inspired syntax. ECMAScript/JavaScript borrowed iterators and generators from Python. [215] GDScript, a scripting language very similar to Python, built-in to the Godot game engine. [216] Go is designed for the "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python" [217] and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays. and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays. Groovy was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to Java. [218] Julia was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python". [27] Nim uses indentation and similar syntax. [219] Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, has said: "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language." [220] Swift, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.[221] Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, the practice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change to the language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in Tcl,[222] Erlang,[223] and Swift.[224] See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] Sources [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] .
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