Top 10 How To Reduce Foam In Aeration Tank The 99 Latest Answer

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– Use of water sprays – The use of water sprays do help in the fight with foam if properly positioned in the right spots. A sprinkler on the aeration basin can also help. – Submerged and surface overflows – Submerged aeration basin gates can contain foam from exiting to the secondary clarifier.Foaming is the distribution of gas bubbles in the liquid. The gas bubbles are necessary to establish the foam. Air in the aeration unit, nitrogen gas that is produced during denitrification in anaerobic conditions, methane and carbon dioxide that is produced in anaerobic digesters may cause foaming in units (Hug 2006).Common strategies for foaming control include: Reduction of SRT (Sludge Retention Time, similar to mean cell retention time, often used in wastewater treatment operation) to wash out filamentous bacteria; removal of hydrophobic substances and substrate that could enhance foaming or favor the growth of filamentous …

Contents

What causes foaming in aeration tanks?

Foaming is the distribution of gas bubbles in the liquid. The gas bubbles are necessary to establish the foam. Air in the aeration unit, nitrogen gas that is produced during denitrification in anaerobic conditions, methane and carbon dioxide that is produced in anaerobic digesters may cause foaming in units (Hug 2006).

How do I stop foaming in wastewater treatment?

Common strategies for foaming control include: Reduction of SRT (Sludge Retention Time, similar to mean cell retention time, often used in wastewater treatment operation) to wash out filamentous bacteria; removal of hydrophobic substances and substrate that could enhance foaming or favor the growth of filamentous …

How do I lower the sludge in my aeration tank?

Floating-sludge clumping due to septicity may be remedied by maintaining dissolved oxygen at a minimum level of 1.0 Mg/L, along with making sure adequate mixing is occurring in the aeration tank.

What causes foaming in activated sludge treatment plant?

Biological foam is due to operating conditions in the wastewater treatment plant. It accumulates on the surface of the aeration basin and may carry over into the final clarifier and effluent discharge.

How do you reduce foam in water?

This can be done by simply adding an oil-absorbing sponge to the water. This sponge will slowly absorb any oils, soaps, and lotions on the surface of the water. Over the course of a few days, you should notice the foam recede and finally stop.

How do you reduce foam?

To restrict or reduce bubbles and foams many chemical facilities add chemical additives called defoamers, such as alcohols or glycols, to their mixtures. However, these can affect chemical product purity, and often need to be filtered out in a later process, taking more time and added costs.

What is foam control?

What Is Foam Control? Foam control employs unique blends of molecules that reduce the ability of foam bubbles to form in industrial wastewater processes. Wastewater systems need to be well maintained to be effective and operate at maximum efficiency. To ensure this, the right antifoams and defoamers must be chosen.

How can I improve my aeration tank?

Increase aeration efficiency by converting from course bubble diffusers to full floor fine bubble aeration diffusers. Add fixed-film media to the aeration tank environment to increase the biomass concentration. Place additional aeration tanks into service to adequately process organic loadings.

How do I increase Biomas in my aeration tank?

The biofilm is retained in the aeration tank and thus one can achieve higher biomass density. MLSS can be increased by adding part of cow dung slurry. Macro nutrients ,Micronutrients which supports the microbial growth may be added. By providing micronutrients.

How do I stop sludge bulking?

To avoid sludge bulking some of the flow that enters the reactor can be bypassed, recycle ratio can be increased, lime or soda can be added to the reactor or the re-aeration rate increased.

What causes foam in clarifier?

Foaming from Septicity – Foam can be caused from septic condition throughout the municipality. Improper distribution of flows or solids loadings to multiple clarifiers. Plants with filamentous organisms Nocardia will have a strong greasy dark tan foam that will carry over onto the clarifier surface.

What is FM ratio wastewater?

The F/M ratio is a process control number that helps you to determine the proper number of microorganisms for your system. To do this calculation, you will need the following information: Influent Flow into your activated sludge system (Flow MGD) Influent CBOD (mg/l) concentration into your aeration tank.

How do you get rid of filamentous bacteria?

Ingenuity To The Rescue Chlorine and hydrogen peroxide have been used success- fully to selectively kill filamentous bacteria. 3 Chlorine is the most widely used toxicant, as it is relatively inexpensive and readily available. A highly concentrated chlorine solution (0.5 to 1.0 percent) has been shown to be successful.

What causes foam in clarifier?

What causes rising sludge?

Rising sludge occurs in the secondary clarifiers of activated sludge plants when the sludge settles to the bottom of the clarifier, is compacted, and then starts to rise to the surface, usually as a result of denitrification, or anaerobic biological activity that produces carbon dioxide or methane.

What is MLSS in aeration tank?

Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the concentration of suspended solids, in an aeration tank during the activated sludge process, which occurs during the treatment of waste water.

Why does aeration tank increase pH?

There is a continual exchange of carbon dioxide in air and water. Aeration helps to maintain that equilibrium. If your aquarium has sources of CO2 then aeration will raise the pH by reducing the concentration CO2. If your aquarium has CO2 sinks, then aeration will add CO2 and lower the pH.

Why Excess foaming in the aeration tank | Trouble shooting | @ETP Knowledge Junction

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Introduction

Physical and chemical environment

Key Microorganisms

Microbial Processes

Foaming Control Strategy

Current Research

References

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Physical and chemical environment

Key Microorganisms

Microbial Processes

Foaming Control Strategy

Current Research

References

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Why is there foam on my aeration basin

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Removal of foaming from industrial wastewater treatment plants

Proper operation of activated sludge systems is very important and depends on physical, chemical, and biological parameters of wastewater. In this study, some problems were studied in an existing wastewater treatment plant of a fish-canning factory located in Tehran where thick, brown, stable foam was observed in aeration and clarifier tanks. The effluent of this plant was higher than the standards of the Department of the Environment of Iran, and the pH in aeration tanks was lower than 5. As opposed to other researchers in solving the foaming problem, in this wastewater treatment plant, lime was used instead of organic polymers and other inorganic coagulants. The pH of aeration tanks was adjusted to between 6.5 and 8.5 with an injection of 500 mg/L (47.5 kg/day) lime in the chemical sedimentation tank. It appeared that the solid retention time in this plant was high. Therefore, the rate of return sludge in the aeration tank of the second stage was reduced by about 20%. Foaming was removed in 18 days. During this time, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluent went from 500 to 65 mg/L, which indicated 87% reduction. The estimated costs of using lime for removal of foaming were about 0.0029 Euros/day (0.004 dollars/day), which is very low.

Foaming in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

Introduction

Foaming in activated sludge process is a common operational problem in many wastewater treatment plants. The foam can occur in aeration tank, secondary clarifier, as well as in anaerobic digester. Foam in WWTP is normally sticky, viscous and brown in color. It floats and accumulates on top of the tanks, and can take up a large fraction of solids inventory and reactor volume, thus decreasing the effluent quality and control of sludge retention time (SRT). The foam can also overflow onto walkways and surrounding areas, posting severe difficulties and risk to operation and environment.

Activated sludge foaming in aeration tank. http://web.deu.edu.tr/atiksu/toprak/ani4094.html

Many reasons are associated with foaming: presence of slowly biodegradable surfactants (eg. household detergents) from industrial or municipal wastewater, excess production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) by activated sludge microorganisms under nutrient-limited condition, proliferation of filamentous organisms and gas provided in aeration tank or produced in anoxic zone of aeration tanks, secondary clarifiers and anaerobic digesters.

Stable foaming in WWTP is the product from interaction among gas bubble, surfactant and hydrophobic particles. The hydrophobic particles congregate at the air-water interface and strengthen the water film between air bubbles. Meanwhile, the particles also serve as collector for surfactant which stabilizes the foam. Gas bubbles in WWTP are generated by aeration, mechanic mixing and biological process like denitrification and anaerobic digestion; Surfactants in WWTP come from the wastewater streams that contain slowly biodegradable surfactants; hydrophobic particles are normally referred to the filamentous bacteria with a long-chain structure and hydrophobic surface [1].

Physical and chemical environment

Gas bubbles

From the mechanism for foaming mentioned above, we know gas bubbles are essential in foam generation. Gas bubbles are involved in many steps of activated sludge process. In aeration tank, aeration and mechanic mixing is employed to ensure enough dissolved oxygen for aerobic degradation of organic pollutants or nitrification. This thus creates abundance of gas bubbles. Other than external introduction by aeration or mixing, gas bubbles can also be produced from biological processes themselves. Both denitrification in secondary clarifier and anaerobic digestion in digester produce gas like N 2 or CH 4 , CO 2 . These gases favor the generation of foam.

Surfactants

Most surfactants in WWTP originate from the detergents, oil and grease that used in households or industry. The EPS produced by bacteria is also believed to contribute part of the surfactants. Surfactant could stabilize the foaming and allow foam to accumulate. Ho and Jenkins demonstrated the conducive effect of a slowly biodegradable nonionic surfactant in foaming [1,2].

pH and Temperature

Filamentous bacteria are important in forming stable foam. The growth rate of filamentous bacteria was found not affected significantly for range of pH from 6.7 to 8.0, only slightly decreased at pH 8.4. Optimum temperature of Microthrix parvicella , a filamentous bacterium associated with foam production, was reported around 25 oC, some growth was observed at 8 oC, and poor or no growth at above 35 oC [3].

Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Filamentous bacterium M. parvicella prefer low oxygen concentration, and were found proliferate in WWTP with spatial or temporal low DO. In Ekama’s study,M. parvicella was eliminated by increasing DO to 2-3 mg/L[4]. As an effective control for sludge bulking and foaming, aerobic selectors with high DO (>2mg/L) are often placed before aeration tank to inhibit the growth of filamentous bacteria[3].

Mean Cell Retention Time (MCRT)

More filamentous bacteria were observed in WWTP and studies when increasing MCRT (1.5 to 20 d), while MCRT at around 1 d was effective in limit growth of filamentous bacteria. Controlling MCRT sometimes could be difficult to achieve by increasing flow rate of water since biomass could be retained in foam without moving with water[1,3].

Key Microorganisms

Filamentous bacteria serve as hydrophilic particles which play important role in stabilizing foaming in WWTP. There are two main groups of filamentous bacteria: the most commonly observed group: Candidatus Microthix parvicella , and members of the Mycolata.

Microthix parvicella

Microthrix parvicella from foam in an activated sludge plan. from foam in an activated sludge plan. http://www.flickr.com/photos/45132912@N02/4185582040/

M. parvicella are gram-positive nonbranched filamentous bacteria. They are aerobic, non-fermentative and can reduce nitrate. Although M. parvicella can grow over a wide range of oxygen concentration, they prefer microaerophilic conditions for good growth. The filaments they produced at low DO (~ 0.4 mg/L) are long and regular without empty or deformed cells that observed under high DO conditions[3,5].

Mycolata

Mycolata with right-angled branching pattern. with right-angled branching pattern. http://www.environmentalleverage.com/what_is_in_a_name.htm

Mycolata with acute-angled branching pattern. with acute-angled branching pattern. http://www.environmentalleverage.com/what_is_in_a_name.htm

Mycolata, often referred to as “nocardia”, are a group of filamentous bacteria that contain mycolic acids in their cell walls. They are under the order Actinomycetales in phylum Actinobacteria, isolates were identified as member in families Corynebacteriaceae, Dieziaceae, Gordoniaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Nocardiaceae, Tsukamurellaceae and Williamsiaceae. They have two major morphotypes: one with right-angled branching pattern and the other acute-angled branching pattern. Mycolata were found to uptake a wide range of organic compounds, and can use nitrate or nitrite as electron acceptor. Many mycolata can store polyhydroxyalkanoate in cell and present high cell surface hydrophobicity[6].

Gordonia amarae

Gordonia amarae belongs to right-angled branching mycolata , is one of the most common filamentous bacterium found in foaming process. Gordonia amarae can utilize large number of organic substrates, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and it was found capable in taking up some substrates under aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic conditions[7]. Gordonia amarae cell has very hydrophobic surface, and they can produce biosurfactants from a wide range of substrates. Production of biosurfactants were believed beneficial for Gordonia amarae to solubilize insoluble substrates which help Gordonia amarae survive in foam. It is generally accepted that the high cell surface hydrophobicity and ability of biosurfactants production are the two main reasons for Gordonia amarae to cause foaming[8].

Microbial Processes

Substrate Storage

M. parvicella and Mycolata were reported to be able to utilize various organic compounds as carbon and energy source. The compounds contain organic acids, complex substrates and fatty acids under aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions. The substrates can then be storaged intracellularlly in filamentous bacterium. Intracellular storage of poly β-hydroxyalkanoates(PHA) like inclusions were observed in aerobically-grown M. parvicella under anoxic or anaerobic conditions[3]. Lipid storage granules were also observed in some M. parvicella from activated sludge in nutrient removal WWTP [5]. Mycolata also can form intracellular PHA inclusions for substrates storage[6]. The storage capability of filamentous bacteria allows them survive in harsh conditions during operation(e.g. substrates-limiting in foam, alternating anaerobic-aerobic environment), and out-compete floc-forming and other bacteria in activated sludge, most of which can not uptake and storage substrates anaerobically.

Cell Surface Hydrophobicity and Exoenzyme Activities

Higher cell surface hydrophobicity were found in cells of M. parvicella and Mycolata than other bacteria in activated sludge. The more hydrophobic cell surface enable filamentous bacteria better attraction to hydrophobic substrates like lipids, long-chain fatty acid (LCFA). Additionally, filametnous bacteria produce many exoenzymes such as lipases, which enhance the degradation and utilization of substrates [3,6].

Foaming Control Strategy

There are no universal strategies effective for foaming control in WWTP. Specific measures need to be taken according to the reason of foaming, organisms involved and operational condition. Common strategies for foaming control include: Reduction of SRT (Sludge Retention Time, similar to mean cell retention time, often used in wastewater treatment operation) to wash out filamentous bacteria; removal of hydrophobic substances and substrate that could enhance foaming or favor the growth of filamentous bacteria; introduction of selectors before aeration tanks to suppress the growth of filamentous bacteria; addition of oxidizing agents like chlorine to kill filamentous bacteria (chlorine also kills other bacteria)[1,2,3].

Current Research

Identification of Filamentous Bacteria

Traditional identification of filamentous bacteria relies on their morphology under microscopy. However, many filamentous bacteria may not have distinguishable morphology, therefore, identification based on 16S or 23S rRNA genes are preferred. Nielsen group from Denmark developed more effective permeabilization protocol for fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) that could enhance the hybridization and produce stronger signal. They performed a various ecophysiology studies on different filamentous bacteria from foam and activated sludge sample using MAR-FISH[6]. Other 16S-based techniques like PCR-DGGE were also employed in detection of filamentous bacteria[9].

Development of Effective Foaming-Control Chemicals

Conventional oxidizing chemicals like chlorine that used to destroy filamentous bacteria also affect the growth of other bacteria in activated sludge. More selective chemicals for controlling filamentous bacteria are desired. Polyaluminium chloride (PAX-14) was found effective in controlling the foaming caused by M. parvicella. Addition of PAX-14 did not affect the nitrification and COD removal performance. However, the mechanism PAX-14 in controlling M. parvicella is still not clear[10].

Mechanism of Foaming

Petrovski et. al closely examined the role of surfactant in foaming based on the data from 65 foaming Mycolata. They found the floatation theory can be applied in explaining the role of surfactant in activated sludge foaming. Mycolata without surfactant could produce scum, while presence of surfactant without hydrophobic particle created unstable foam. They also found Bacillus subtilis, commonly culturable from foam could play important role in foaming with its production of surface surfactant[11].

References
[1]Jenkins, D, Richard, MG, Daigger, GT. 2004. “Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems”, 3rd edition.. Lewis Publishers, New York. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1843390469
[2]Hug T. 2006. “ Characterization and controlling of foam and scum in activated sludge systems”. ETH Ph.D. Dissertation. http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005180592
[3] Rossetti S, Tomei MC, Nielsen PH, Tandoi T. 2005. “ ‘Microthrix parvicella’, a filamentous bacterium causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge systems: a review of current knowledge”. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(1): 49–64. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016864450400066X
[4]Ekama, GA Marais, GVR. 1984. “Theory, Design and Operation of Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Processes”, Water Research Commission. 5.1–5.18, Pretoria.
[5] Nielsen, PH, Roslev, P, Dueholm, T, Nielsen, JL. 2002. “Microthrix parvicella, a specialized lipid consumer in anaerobic –aerobic activated sludge plants”. Water Sci. Technol. 46: 73–80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12216691
[6] Kragelund C, Remesova Z, Nielsen JL, Thomsen TR, Eales K, Seviour R, Wanner J, Nielsen PH. 2007. “Ecophysiology of mycolic acid-containing Actinobacteria (Mycolata) in activated sludge foams”. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 61(1):174-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466023
[7]Carr EL, Eales KL, Seviour RJ. 2006. “Substrate uptake by Gordonia amarae in activated sludge foams by FISH-MAR”.Water Sci. Technol. 54(1): 39–45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16898135
[8]Pagilla KR, Sood A, Kim H.2002. “Gordonia (nocardia) amarae foaming due to biosurfactant production”. Water Sci Technol. 46(1-2):519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12216680
[9] Shen FT, Huang HR, Arun AB, Lu HL, Lin TC, Rekha PD, Young CC. 2007. “Detection of filamentous genus Gordonia in foam samples using genus-specific primers combined with PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis”. Can J Microbiol. 53(6):768-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17668037
[10]Roels, T, Dauwe, F, Van Damme, S, De Wilde, K,Roelandt, F. 2002. “ The influence of PAX-14 on activated sludge systems and in particular on Microthrix parvicella”. Water Sci.Technol. 46(1-2), 487–490. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12216672
[11]Petrovski S, Dyson ZA, Quill ES, McIlroy SJ, Tillett D, Seviour RJ. 2011. “An examination of the mechanisms for stable foam formation in activatedsludge systems”. Water Research. 45 (5): 2146–2154. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313541000881X

Edited by Weiwei Wu, a student of Angela Kent at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Wastewater: Activated Sludge

Wastewater: Activated Sludge – Biological Foaming

Biological foam is due to operating conditions in the wastewater treatment plant.

It accumulates on the surface of the aeration basin and may carry over into the final clarifier and effluent discharge.

The use of detergents also generates foam but the comments below relate solely to biological (bacterial) foams.

Three types of biological foaming may be observed:

Foam type 1: white, frothy, not particularly stable foam

Foam type 2: white/brown foam, stable and containing fine particles of mixed liquor solids

Foam type 3: dark, stable, heavy, ‘chocolate mousse’, foam

Characterisation:

Foam type 1: few or no filaments (microscopic examination); high F/M loading or plant start-up situation

filaments Foam type 2: significant â€“ but not necessarily predominant â€“ presence of filaments (microscopic examination)

filaments Foam type 3: likely significant presence of higher life forms such as rotifers (microscopic examination); low F/M, long sludge age

Principal causes:

Foam type 1: protein materials not biodegraded due to excessively high F/M or, in a plant start-up situation, the optimum MLSS concentration not yet having been reached

Foam type 2: certain filamentous bacteria produce extracellular polymer (ECP) substances which are surface active and cause foaming

Foam type 3: long sludge age systems operating on high nitrogen raw wastewaters generate high mixed liquor nitrate concentrations due to biological nitrification. In the absence of a dedicated denitrification facility the nitrate may denitrify in the aeration basin and final clarifier. The resulting nitrogen gas causes the MLSS to float in the final clarifier and aeration basin, forming the characteristic dark brown foam or floating sludge

Correction strategy:

Foam type 1: Reduce the F/M (e.g. by increasing the MLSS). Check that detergent use is not excessive as detergent foam is similar to this type of protein foam.

Foam type 2: Use the same strategy as for sludge bulking.

Foam type 3: Install a dedicated anoxic tank for denitrification. This is a specialised item and expert assistance should be obtained for its design.

ECOS Environmental Consultants Limited

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Top 10 How To Reduce Foam In Aeration Tank The 99 Latest Answer

What causes foaming in aeration tanks?

How do I stop foaming in wastewater treatment?

How do I lower the sludge in my aeration tank?

What causes foaming in activated sludge treatment plant?

How do you reduce foam in water?

How do you reduce foam?

What is foam control?

How can I improve my aeration tank?

How do I increase Biomas in my aeration tank?

How do I stop sludge bulking?

What causes foam in clarifier?

What is FM ratio wastewater?

How do you get rid of filamentous bacteria?

What causes foam in clarifier?

What causes rising sludge?

What is MLSS in aeration tank?

Why does aeration tank increase pH?

how to reduce foam in aeration tank

how to reduce foam in aeration tank

Foaming in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) – microbewiki

StackPath

Wastewater: Activated Sludge – Biological Foaming – ECOS

Foaming in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) – microbewiki

how to reduce foam in aeration tank

Why is there foam on my aeration basin? – BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT EXPERT

Control of foaming in effluent treatment

Causes and Cures for 6 Common Types of Foaming in Water Resource Recovery

Removal of foaming from industrial wastewater treatment plants

Foaming in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

Wastewater: Activated Sludge

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