How To Make Baobab Oil From Powder? The 127 Detailed Answer

When medical professionals attempted to present a descriptive analysis on the safety of consuming baobab oil, potential potential consumers also struggled to learn the truth of the story from the newspapers.

Dar es Salaam. A controversial debate erupted last week over the consumption of baobab oil, prompting health experts to step in to clarify scientific questions about the safety of baobab, which is increasingly being used as a dietary supplement in many parts of Tanzania.

When medical professionals attempted to present a descriptive analysis on the safety of consuming baobab oil, potential potential consumers also struggled to learn the truth of the story from the newspapers.

The main question is whether or not baobab oil has negative side effects on human health, especially when used as a dietary supplement. Many consumers of baobab oil are reluctant to accept the scientifically proven fact that baobab oil contains ingredients that are harmful to human health.

But before we tackle the safety part of the baobab story, it’s imperative to digest some of the important elements associated with baobab products.

Baobab, scientifically known as Adansonia digitata, is a species of tree found in many parts of Africa and used by humans for many purposes including enjoyment, making juice and more recently as a “cure-all oil medicine”. In fact, baobab products can be used as food, medicine, and cosmetics.

According to a recent study by researcher Aberl Deule from the Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA), the majority of Tanzanians use baobab products as food. Its dry flesh, for example, was eaten as food.

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Its market covers 51.5 percent of baobab products and is now exported to the European Union as a novel food.

Rich in vitamin C, baobab dried pulp is also used to make juice, tea and ice cream, and mixed with other ingredients to make baby food.

Baobab products are finding increasingly lucrative markets outside of Tanzania, including Europe and other parts of the world, bringing in foreign exchange.

“But the acceptance of baobab dried pulp by the European Union is an indication of marketability and a call for standardization,” says Deule in his research paper, titled “Regulating Food Drugs and Cosmetics from a Single Source-Baobab Plant.” According to the study, baobab seed oil residue is used to make soap, while baobab bark and roots have been used as medicine.

Some studies indicate that baobab products have medicinal properties including antioxidant, prebiotic-like activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic activity, antidiarrheal, antidysentery activity, and excipients. These properties make baobab products widely used in both traditional and modern medicine.

It is also reported that baobab leaves have multiple uses – as a medicine, vegetable and sometimes as a cosmetic, and sometimes they are used to treat stomach ulcers, as a medicine for typhoid fever and to strengthen the body.

Although the use of baobab oil is growing in popularity, Deule says, “These claims have yet to be proven scientifically,” suggesting more extensive research studies to justify the proper use of baobab products like baobab oil.

In his research, the TFDA expert states that the use of baobab oil as a food is limited by the presence of cyclopropene fatty acids, one of the anti-nutrients that are toxic to people who consume unrefined baobab oil.

TFDA released a clarification statement on the controversy last week. In the sharply worded statement, TFDA warns the public against consuming baobab oil as it contains substances with carcinogenic effects.

The Food and Drug Watchdog says baobab oil contains high levels of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA), which are dangerous to human health.

Baobab oil contains CPFA ranging between 10 and 12.8 percent depending on the nature of a baobab product. The level of CPFA that cannot harm consumers of baobab oil (tolerance limit) is 0.4 percent.

According to TFDA, people who consume/drink baobab oil are at risk of developing cancer. “According to laboratory tests, mixing baobab oil with animal feed has many negative health effects. In animals, this includes delayed growth, decreased egg production in chickens, and disruption to the proper functioning of enzymes. Similar side effects could also occur in people consuming/drinking baobab oil,” TFDA Director-General Hiiti Sillo said in a statement.

Small and medium-sized entrepreneurs (SMEs) and vendors involved in the baobab oil business claim that a dose of baobab oil, usually taken with a teaspoon, is highly effective in treating various conditions including high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and abdominal discomfort.

However, Mr Sillo said after the baobab oil was tested it was found to contain harmful chemicals that people should not take orally until the chemical has been extracted.

According to the TFDA, there are two ways to reduce the cyclopropenoic acid (CPFA) content of baobab oil — one is to cook the baobab oil at a temperature of 180 degrees Celsius for eight hours, and the other is to use an extraction technology known as hydrogenation is.

Currently, the technology to extract harmful chemicals is not available in the country, according to the TFDA, urging the public to stop drinking baobab oil.

So far, according to the TFDA statement, there are no national and international standards that prove the safety and quality of baobab oil.

“We’re seeing an influx of vendors selling baobab oil and flaunting it as a ‘cure-all’ concoction. We urge the public to know that they drink it at their own risk…it contains some fatty acids that have carcinogenic effects,” a TFDA official was quoted as saying.

As this controversy rages, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has pledged to conduct a full public education campaign to mobilize Tanzanians to use harmful drugs (including those made from baobab oil) without a doctor’s prescription by competent medical professionals.

It is public awareness that allows citizens to take precautions before buying and using medicines, Deputy Health Minister Seif Rashid was recently quoted as saying.

But the TFDA insisted that doors are open for those who claim boabab could be used as a medicine to submit their applications to the TFDA for rectification of quality, safety, standard and potency before it is approved for public consumption will.

“However, humans could still use boabab oil as raw materials to make cosmetics, soap and other uses, but should not be used as food,” the TFDA said in an official statement.

Are you one of the many people who long for healthy and glowing skin but want it the natural way? Your wish is our command! We believe in the goodness of baobab oil and all the wonders it can do for your skin. Applying baobab oil is all you can have for your skin and we’ll tell you how.

It is well known that the skin needs moisture to stay healthy. Baobab Oil instantly hydrates skin, leaving it soft and supple by strengthening its natural lipid barrier. Because of this, you must consider using the oil to ensure your skin’s overall well-being.

Before we write down the other amazing benefits of baobab oil, let us know exactly what it is and where it comes from.

What is baobab oil?

As the name suggests, baobab oil is extracted from the seeds of certain species of the baobab tree. These are unique trees that grow in some parts of the African continent, Madagascar and Australia. Extracted from the trees, the oil is fortified with vitamins and minerals, including vitamin B, vitamin C and omega 3. It also contains antioxidants that are good for your skin.

Baobab oil has been used as an active ingredient in beauty products for hundreds of years for its ability to revitalize your skin cells. The effectiveness of this oil lies in the strength of the product. Always choose a skin care product with a high percentage concentration of baobab oil.

Properties of baobab oil

Baobab Oil is enriched with essential nutrients and minerals that offer you various biological skin care benefits. It has amazing properties that make it applicable in a variety of skin care products:

Antioxidant: It protects the skin from free radical damage that can cause aging

Anti-inflammatory: A high amount of omega fatty acids can help get rid of dry and itchy skin

Excellent moisturizing properties

Promotes active wound healing

5 benefits of baobab oil for your skin

Here are five amazing baobab oil benefits that will blow your mind.

Promotes a healthy skin barrier

The outermost layer of your skin acts as a skin barrier that comes into contact with the rigors of the environment. It plays an important role in keeping your skin hydrated and hydrated. Taking care of your skin barrier can go a long way in keeping your skin free from signs of aging and wrinkles. Some skin products may be harsh on your skin, but baobab oil does the opposite. It contains vitamin E, which moisturizes the skin.

Promotes healthy hair and scalp

Just like our skin, our hair needs moisture to stay healthy. The moisturizing properties of baobab oil also make it a great hair oil. In addition to moisturizing your hair, it also moisturizes your scalp and helps keep dry and flaky scalp at bay.

Boosts collagen production

Collagen is the protein in your body that gives skin elasticity and strength. Over time, collagen production slows and wrinkles and fine lines appear. It is important to take care of your skin with the right diet and routine. Baobab oil is rich in antioxidants that help prevent collagen breakdown and boost collagen production in your skin to fight the visible signs of aging.

A great skin cleanser

Baobab oil can be an excellent choice for a skin cleanser. One of the most popular oil cleansers, it helps soothe dry and irritated skin. Use as the first step in your skincare ritual to unclog pores and remove excess dirt. You won’t be disappointed with the results.

Reduces sun damage

Harmful UV rays from the sun can do a lot of damage to your skin. Baobab oil contains vitamin E, which absorbs UV rays and reduces UV-induced free radical damage to your skin. You can add a few drops of baobab oil to your sunscreen to increase protection.

How to use baobab oil

There is more than one way you can use baobab oil on your skin:

Due to its skin lightening properties, baobab oil is best used during the day. However, you can also use it at night.

For healthy hair, apply baobab oil directly to the scalp and along the lengths of the hair. You can even mix it with your shampoo for effective results.

Apply baobab oil to your face for healthy skin. You can replace your serum with baobab oil for better and healthier results.

For chapped lips, apply a thin layer of baobab oil and leave on overnight. In the morning you wake up with plump and smooth lips.

For acne and pimples, apply a small amount of baobab oil to the affected area. This helps reduce inflammation and prevent discoloration of the skin.

LAMAV brings you the best Baobab Oil for your skin

Enriched with Baobab Seed Oil, the Vitamin A Repair Oil works to increase collagen production and cell turnover. This nourishing oil absorbs too quickly into your skin and:

Moisturizes and improves the suppleness of the skin

Corrects visible signs of skin aging

Promotes elasticity and firmness of the skin structure

Fights against photoaging

Conclusion

Baobab oil comes from the seeds of the baobab tree, also known as the tree of life. It is an incredible oil packed with health benefits. Including baobab oil in your skincare routine can help you get rid of fine lines, acne, chapped lips and brittle nails. Thus, it is one of the ideal solutions for all your skin care concerns.

frequently asked Questions

Is baobab oil good for the skin?

Yes, baobab oil contains antioxidants that are good for your skin. Baobab oil is high in omega fatty acids, which help reduce inflammation, making it a good choice for sensitive or inflamed skin. Also, baobab oil contains vitamin E, which is a great moisturizer.

Does Baobab Oil Lighten Skin?

Baobab oil is perfect for skin lightening. Baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, which brightens skin and promotes a healthier, more even complexion.

Is Baobab Oil Good for Wrinkles?

Enriched with antioxidants, baobab oil preserves collagen. Baobab Oil keeps fine lines and wrinkles at bay by preventing collagen breakdown and locking in moisture for soft skin.

Can I use baobab oil on my face?

For healthier skin, you can apply baobab oil to your face. It can even improve acne breakouts and also help with redness, skin irritation and even skin inflammation.

What does baobab oil smell like?

The flowers of the baobab tree have a distinctive smell. They’re said to smell like carrion in some regions, so they’re far from sweet and pleasant. However, the aroma of the seed oil is mild, nutty and almost floral.

Is Baobab Oil Good for Wrinkles?

Baobab oil is rich in vitamins B, C and omega-3 fatty acids, which can help with dry, aged and dull skin.

Baobab is a tree that grows in Africa, Australia and the Middle East. Each part of the tree has traditionally been used as food, as medicine, or as the basis for clothing or household items. Baobab fruit is edible, and baobab seed powder is used in food for its nutrients, potential health benefits, and as a natural preservative. It is a good source of vitamin C, potassium, carbohydrates and phosphorus. The fruit is in hard pods hanging upside down from the tree. It has a citrus flavor. Baobab is “wild harvested”. It is taken from its natural environment and dried naturally. The seeds are removed and ground into a powder that can be added to foods. This article looks at the nutritional content of baobab, potential health benefits, including baobab in your diet, and potential health risks. Fast facts on baobab The baobab tree grows in Australia, the Middle East and parts of Africa.

The baobab fruit and baobab powder are rich in vitamin C and are said to have antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Baobab powder and other products can be incorporated into smoothies and salads.

More research is needed to confirm the health benefits of baobab.

Nutrition The pulp of the baobab fruit contains: vitamin C

calcium

phosphorus

carbohydrates

fiber

potassium

protein

Lipids The pulp can be used to flavor dishes and juices. The seeds contain: phosphorus

magnesium

zinc

sodium

iron

manganese

lysine

thiamine

Calcium A teaspoon of baobab powder weighing about 4.4 grams contains: 10 calories

3 g carbohydrates, of which 1 g sugar

2 grams of dietary fiber

136.4 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C

0.352 mg thiamine

0.227 mg vitamin B6

10mg Calcium According to a study published in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, baobab pulp is rich in vitamin C, with 40g providing between 84 percent and more than 100 percent of the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI). The vitamin C content is said to be 10 times higher than that of oranges. Baobab leaves are also rich in calcium. The seeds and pips of the baobab fruit are high in fat, while the pulp and leaves have antioxidant properties. One advocate of baobab products claims it has 10 times the fiber of apples, 6 times the vitamin C of oranges, 2 times the antioxidants of acai berries, 2 times the calcium of milk, 4 times the potassium of bananas, and 5 times the potassium lots of magnesium from avocados. Researchers have suggested that while baobab foods contain valuable nutrients, more information is needed about their bioavailability and digestibility.

Nutrition tips In the growing areas, baobab is a staple food. In Central Africa, the leaves are harvested and dried. They can be used in a similar way to spinach, or used as the base of a sauce to add to gruel, rice, and porridge. Share on Pinterest Baobab fruit and powder can be used for various culinary purposes. The pulp can be dissolved in water or milk and used as a drink, as a sauce for food, as a leavening agent in brewing or baking, similar to cream of tartar. Baobab is most commonly available as a powder in regions where the fruit is not grown. It is difficult to find fresh baobab fruit outside of the cultivation areas. Baobab powder can be used in bodybuilding and fitness supplements, as well as vitamin and mineral formulas. It can also be incorporated into smoothies, fruit juices, muesli, granola bars, yogurt and dairy products. Baobab fruit powder typically has a shelf life of 24 months, but researchers have called for more research into how storage and processing affects the nutrients. Try this healthy and delicious recipe developed by a Registered Dietitian: Tropical Superfood Smoothie Bowl.

Updated July 30, 2022

What is baobab powder?

Baobab powder comes from the fruit of the baobab tree, which has been revered throughout Africa as the “tree of life” for centuries. Baobabs grow wild throughout Africa and despite this harsh environment can become massive – one of the largest known baobab trees stands 98 feet tall and 36 feet in diameter! Baobab trees are resilient and live magnificently for up to 3,000 years. They survive in some of the world’s harshest climates by storing water in their trunks during the rainy season and concentrating essential nutrients for longevity in their leaves, bark, fruits and seeds.

Baobab trees produce fruit pods that contain an incredibly nutrient-dense powder and seeds. Baobab powder dries in the pod, is peachy, neutral in color and requires minimal processing. Once the pulp is separated from the seeds, it is ground and sieved. Baobab powder is considered a raw material, it’s as pure as it gets! Baobab powder has a mildly tart taste and is packed with vitamins and minerals. It is particularly rich in vitamin C, B vitamins, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium and fiber.

Baobab seeds are pressed and produce a rich golden oil used in skin care. Baobab oil provides a balance of omega-3, 6, and 9 fatty acids that deliver benefits from head to toe. It is a good moisturizer for the whole body, especially good for damaged hair and the driest skin.

The baobab tree is clearly remarkable, but what are the health benefits of baobab powder and why are they so powerful? Read on for 15 amazing baobab powder benefits you’ll love.

Benefits of Baobab Powder

1. Baobab powder is rich in vitamin C

We all know how important vitamin C is! It is a powerful antioxidant that supports immune function, collagen production and improves iron absorption. Vitamin C is important for maintaining healthy bones, skin, blood vessels and more. Baobab powder has 6 times the weight of vitamin C in an orange and provides 33% of the recommended daily amount in just one tablespoon.

2. Baobab powder is rich in prebiotic fiber

You’ve probably heard of probiotics and taken them after a course of antibiotics. Probiotics are live microbiota found in the gut that support digestion and immune health. Baobab is a prebiotic food, meaning it contains soluble fiber that is indigestible and benefits the gut microbiome to produce beneficial microflora (probiotics) such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

Rich in pectin, baobab is a great source of prebiotic fiber for people who have digestive issues with inulin, a prebiotic found in chicory root. Baobab powder is 50% fiber, 30% of the fiber is prebiotic!

The benefits of prebiotic fiber go beyond the gut to increase stress resistance, reduce anxiety and even improve sleep, according to research at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Research published in the journal Microorganism showed that baobab fruit powder boosts the production of the health-promoting short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate. Low levels of short-chain fatty acids have been linked to digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. Supplementing with foods that produce short-chain fatty acids also reduces the risk of diabetes and heart disease. 1

3. Baobab powder is a vegan source of calcium

Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in our body and together with vitamin D it ensures strong bones and healthy skin. Baobab powder has possibly the highest calcium content of any plant-based food — it provides twice the calcium of milk, making it an ideal calcium boost for those who don’t eat dairy (or anyone, really!). Sufficient calcium intake reduces the risk of high blood pressure for the cardiovascular system. Calcium also improves the skin’s barrier function, which helps retain moisture for plump, youthful skin. People with dry, sensitive skin in particular benefit from calcium-rich foods.

4. Baobab powder has 4 times the potassium of a banana

Baobab powder provides 4 times the potassium of a banana, making it an excellent source of this important nutrient. Along with sodium, potassium plays a role in maintaining the body’s fluid balance, muscle and kidney function. Every cell in the body needs potassium. It regulates the heartbeat for the cardiovascular system, relaxes the blood vessels and promotes normal blood pressure. Potassium prevents cramps and constipation and calms the mind.

5. Baobab powder is a source of magnesium

Fun fact: Magnesium is used in more than 600 reactions in the body! Magnesium regulates blood sugar and is essential for heart health and brain function. For athletes, magnesium improves leg strength and improves performance. Magnesium deficiency affects mood and has been linked to increased depression, anxiety and sleep problems.

6. Baobab powder provides powerful polyphenolic antioxidants

Nutrient-rich baobab powder is an excellent source of polyphenol antioxidants. We’ve all heard about how great antioxidants are for your health, but what do they do? do? Polyphenol antioxidants protect body tissues from oxidative stress associated with cancer and coronary artery disease. It’s a good idea to consume antioxidants every day to reduce inflammation. puts us at risk of chronic disease. Studies show that baobab’s polyphenolic antioxidants improve sugar handling and support a balanced gut microbiome. A single serving of nutrient-dense baobab powder contains 6 times the amount of polyphenolic antioxidants found in berries — so throw in a tablespoon or two in your smoothie and keep those free radicals at bay!

7. Baobab powder supports healthy weight management

Baobab, rich in prebiotic fiber and polyphenols, supports good gut health and helps with weight management. Baobab has been proven to promote the feeling of satiety. Using prebiotic fiber has been shown to help absorb gut fat. Additionally, studies suggest that dysbiosis, a condition of gut imbalance caused by overpopulation with harmful bacteria (like Firmicutes), may contribute to obesity. Prebiotics have been shown to support good gut health to prevent dysbiosis.

Gut imbalance has also been linked to mental health issues like depression and anxiety, which can affect your appetite, energy levels, and efficiency. All in all, this shows that prebiotics can help you lose weight by regulating your appetite, improving mood and mental health, and increasing energy and efficiency.

8. Baobab powder is low glycemic

It’s a good idea to watch your blood sugar even if you’re not diabetic. Maintaining stable blood sugar levels throughout the day helps keep your energy levels up, your brain healthy and your mood balanced. Eating low glycemic index foods that take longer to digest (like high-fiber baobab powder) is a great way to help balance blood sugar levels. Research shows that baobab powder is a low glycemic index food!

9. Baobab powder supports intestinal health

Your digestive system is home to trillions of microorganisms that, when in balance, work to properly digest food and support other body systems. Prebiotic fiber acts as food for the good bacteria in your gut, which helps keep the entire microbiome in balance. Because baobab powder is an excellent source of prebiotic fiber, adding it to your daily routine is an easy way to improve your gut health.

10. Baobab Powder Promotes Glowing Skin

A balanced gut microbiome is not only good for your digestion, but also good for your skin thanks to the gut-skin axis. Baobab powder’s high vitamin C content also helps boost collagen and elastin production, the proteins that keep your skin supple and youthful. Add in the incredible antioxidants of baobab powder that help fight oxidative damage and you have one of the best foods for glowing skin!

11. Baobab powder is an immune-boosting powerhouse

Did you know that 70% of your immune system is housed in your gut? This means that the balance of the gut microbiome is extremely important in maintaining a healthy immune system. With its arsenal of powerful nutrients, baobab powder is an excellent immune booster; Its prebiotic fiber helps balance the gut microbiome, while its high vitamin C content ensures your immune system can do its job.

12. Baobab powder for athletic performance

Nutrition is important for athletes and studies show that optimizing the balance of the gut microbiome with probiotics and prebiotic fiber can play a key role in improving performance. Baobab powder is high in prebiotic fiber and minerals, including magnesium, potassium and calcium. Baobab Powder provides a unique array of nutrients that support muscle strength, performance and recovery.7

Using baobab powder is an easy way to add more nutrients to your diet. Consume it every day for good health, weight management, and to increase athletic performance and recovery.

13. Baobab powder is versatile and tastes delicious!

Baobab powder has a delicious, mild citrus flavor. Taking your baobab powder can be as simple as mixing it with water or blending it into a smoothie, or it can be included in recipes for pancakes, breads, sauces, desserts and more. Experiment in the kitchen and increase your nutrient intake at the same time!

Baobab is naturally sweet and tangy. KAIBAE co-founder Barbara Maes says it tastes like “a cute cake meets a pixie stick” or “a healthy fun dip”! Thanks to its delicious taste, it’s easy to reap the health benefits of baobab powder by adding it to any recipe. In fact, mixing baobab powder with honey is a great healthy immune treatment for kids (and adults too). The KAIBAE Baobab + Honey Magic Immunity Elixir is a favorite recipe!

14. Baobab powder is wild farmed and sustainable

The baobab tree is considered the Lost Crop™, a wild plant with powerful health and beauty benefits that was undervalued until recently. By including baobab powder in your diet, you are helping to economically enhance this magnificent tree and protect biodiversity. Since baobab powder is harvested from the wild, no pesticides, chemicals or harmful farming methods are ever used. You may be wondering why KAIBAE Baobab is certified organic? Certification of an organic wild crop ensures that these wild crops are collected in a way that protects the trees and the environment, and sustains growth and regenerative practices around these wild crops.

15. KAIBAE Baobab Powder is single-origin, directly supporting communities and preserving biodiversity

KAIBAE Organic Baobab Powder is wild harvested in the northern region of Ghana where opportunities for economic development are few and poverty is widespread. We’ve partnered with local communities to regeneratively and ethically harvest wild baobab fruit. The income from these crops provides them with a stable, year-round income and greatly improves their access to health care and education. Read our 2020 Impact Report to learn more.

How to use baobab powder

How much baobab powder a day? Our recommended serving is 1 to 2 heaping tablespoons daily, morning or evening (or both).

For a quick boost, mix superfood baobab powder in a glass of water or juice. It can also be stirred into yogurt and oatmeal, sprinkled over fruit or salads, and added to baked goods, soups and desserts. For delicious baobab powder recipes visit our recipe blog and download our recipe e-book here.

Where can you buy baobab powder?

Now you know why baobab is considered a “superfruit” and has been revered for centuries. Baobab powder is an incredibly nutrient-dense, prebiotic food for glowing skin, immunity and optimal wellness inside and out. To good health!

references

1. Foltz M, Zahradnik AC, Van den Abbeele P, Ghyselinck J, Marzorati M. A pectin-rich baobab pulp powder exerts prebiotic potential on the human gut microbiome in vitro. microorganisms. 2021-09-17;9(9):1981. doi: 10.3390/Microorganisms9091981. PMID: 34576876; PMC ID: PMC8467054.

2. Thompson, R.S., Vargas, F., Dorrestein, P.C. et al. Dietary prebiotics alter novel microbial-dependent metabolites in stool that improve sleep. Sci Rep. 10, 3848 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60679-y

3. Lee SE, Lee SH. skin barrier and calcium. Anna Dermatol. 2018 Jun;30(3):265-275. doi: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.3.265. Epub April 23, 2018. PMID: 29853739; PMC ID: PMC5929942.

4.Wang R, Chen C, Liu W, Zhou T, Xun P, He K, Chen P. The effect of magnesium supplementation on muscle fitness: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Magnes Res. 2017 Nov 1;30(4):120-132. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2018.0430. PMID: 29637897.

5 Coe SA, Clegg M, Armengol M, Ryan L. The polyphenol-rich baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) reduces starch digestion and glycemic response in humans. nutr. Res. 2013 Nov;33(11):888-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.002. Epub September 9, 2013. PMID: 24176228.

6. Rita K, Bernardo MA, Silva ML, Brito J, Mesquita MF, Pintão AM, Moncada M. Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab Fruit) Effect on Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrient. 2022-01-17;14(2):398. doi: 10.3390/nu14020398. PMID: 35057579; PMC ID: PMC8778021.

7. Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling gut microbes: A review of the interaction between diet, exercise and the gut microbiota in athletes. adult nutr. 1 Dec 2021;12(6):2190-2215. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab077. PMID: 34229348; PMC ID: PMC8634498.

The African superfruit baobab is one of the most nutrient dense foods on earth. A single serving (two teaspoons) provides 33% of your daily requirement of vitamin C and supports a wide range of health benefits ranging from energy release to immunity and healthy, glowing skin. It’s also 50% fiber, so it slowly releases its natural sugars into your bloodstream, and has the highest antioxidant content of any fruit.

Baobab is the only fruit in the world that dries on the branch, so we harvest and sift it into a 100% natural, organic powder with no preservatives or additives. It’s completely raw and packed with feel-good benefits.

How to use baobab

For best results, we recommend taking two to four teaspoons of Aduna Baobab Superfruit Powder per day.

It’s easy to incorporate baobab into your daily diet – just use your imagination!

Here are some of our favorite ways you can feel the #baobablove:

SPRINKLE… on fruit, granola, yogurt & pancakes

BAKING… into bread, brownies, cakes & cookies

STIR… in oatmeal, desserts, soups, hot water & lemon

SHAKE… in water, fruit juice, coconut water & salad dressings

MIX… into sauces, milkshakes, smoothies and ice cream

You can find many delicious baobab recipes here and by following us on Instagram.

Our favorite way to use baobab every day is with hot water and a slice of lemon.*

How does it taste?

Unlike many other superfoods and supplements, baobab is absolutely delicious! It has a sweet, lemony taste – and is often described as a tangy sorbet.

Aduna gets its baobab from West Africa. Aduna’s Baobab Superfruit Powder and Baobab Raw Energy Bar were both winners at the 2015 Great Taste Awards.

*When adding baobab to drinks, first make a paste with a few drops of water to avoid lumps

Whoever said “you can’t have everything” clearly knew nothing about baobab oil.

Pressed from the seeds of the baobab tree, baobab oil is a luxurious, nutrient-dense oil with many health benefits. It is a herbal moisturizer with a wealth of antioxidants, vitamin A, vitamin E and omega fatty acids. Baobab oil is ideal for use on the skin and hair due to its light, smooth texture that is quickly absorbed and non-greasy.

The powerful benefits of baobab oil have been known to communities in Africa for centuries, but went undiscovered by the rest of the world until recently. So what makes baobab oil so special? Here are 15 ways baobab oil can benefit your hair and skin.

1. Baobab Oil supports a healthy skin moisture barrier

Your skin barrier is the outermost layer of the epidermis, which plays a key role in keeping the skin hydrated. A healthy skin barrier locks in moisture, prevents skin from drying out and keeps skin soft and smooth. Over time, taking care of your skin barrier will help prevent aging and maintain resilient, healthy skin. While some skin care products actually damage the skin barrier, baobab oil nourishes it. Baobab oil contains vitamin E, which is excellent at moisturizing the skin and supporting a healthy skin moisture barrier.

2. Baobab oil preserves collagen

Collagen makes up a third of the protein in your body and is what gives skin its strength and elasticity. Collagen production slows down as we get older, so it’s important to support your skin with a healthy diet and the right skincare routine. Baobab oil is rich in antioxidants that when applied to the skin help maintain collagen and keep skin strong and glowing.

3. Baobab Oil fights fine lines and wrinkles

Fine lines and wrinkles are, you guessed it, caused by the breakdown of collagen. UV rays, poor diet, lack of sleep and more can cause collagen breakdown (and eventually wrinkles). Luckily, baobab oil’s rich antioxidants help maintain collagen. Baobab oil not only locks in moisture for soft skin, but also keeps fine lines and wrinkles at bay by protecting against collagen breakdown.

4. Baobab Oil gently cleanses

Did you know that baobab oil can be used as an oil purifier? As the first step in your skincare ritual, massage a few drops of baobab oil into your skin to loosen pore-clogging dirt, then rinse with water. Oil dissolves oil, so this is a great way to gently remove makeup and impurities at the end of the day.

5. Baobab Oil is Skin Microbiome Friendly

The term “skin microbiome” refers to the community of bacteria that live in the layers of your skin. Before you get disgusted with the idea of ​​bacteria living on you, recent studies have shown that the skin microbiome is actually very important for healthy skin. Unlike traditional skin care products that disrupt the microbes on your skin, baobab oil is pure, wildly sourced and doesn’t interfere with the skin’s microbiome. Because of this, baobab oil is great for all skin types, including oily skin, dry skin, and sensitive skin.

6. Baobab oil fights acne

When you have oily, acne-prone skin, the last thing you want to do is apply more oil to your face. However, baobab oil is actually good for oily skin. It’s lightweight, won’t clog pores, and moisturizes your skin to prevent the production of excess oil that leads to acne. In addition, baobab oil is gentle enough for sensitive skin and does not cause irritation.

7. Baobab oil nourishes hair

Hair needs moisture to keep it strong and healthy, and baobab oil’s powerful moisturizing properties make it a great hair oil. Depending on your hair texture, baobab oil can be massaged in from root to tip and left on overnight, or used to smooth frizz and protect hair during the day. Alternatively, you can add a few drops of baobab oil to your daily conditioner to enhance its nourishing power.

8. Baobab oil moisturizes the scalp

Healthy hair starts with a healthy scalp! In addition to nourishing your luscious locks, baobab oil can be gently massaged into the scalp to keep dryness and dandruff at bay. Maintaining a hydrated scalp is a great way to boost the health of your hair, and who doesn’t love a nice scalp massage?

9. Baobab oil strengthens nails

Did you know that applying cuticle oil can stimulate nail growth? Strong nails start with healthy cuticles, so keep them moisturized with a good cuticle oil. Baobab oil absorbs quickly and isn’t too heavy, making it a great moisturizer for your fingertips. Simply dab a drop on each cuticle, massage in and enjoy your beautiful nails!

10. Baobab oil heals chapped lips

We all hate the feeling of dry, chapped lips with peeling skin. Ouch! Luckily, you can use baobab oil as a rich lip balm. Apply a few drops to your lips to hydrate, aid healing and protect against environmental aggressors.

11. Baobab oil soothes irritation and eczema

Baobab oil is a rich source of omega fatty acids that fight inflammation, making it a great choice for sensitive or inflamed skin. The anti-inflammatory properties of baobab oil soothe irritation and may even help with skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.

12. Baobab oil fights free radicals

Free radicals are unstable atoms in the body that can damage cells and cause aging by breaking down collagen. However, this damage can be prevented by molecules that neutralize free radicals: antioxidants! Baobab Oil is packed with naturally occurring antioxidants that protect your skin from oxidative damage and help prevent skin aging.

13. Baobab Oil Reduces Damage From UV Rays

Baobab oil contains vitamin E, which has been shown to be beneficial in reducing skin damage from ultraviolet (UV) rays. Vitamin E can absorb the energy of UV light and prevent UV-induced skin damage caused by free radicals. Baobab oil won’t replace your sunscreen, but it will definitely moisturize and protect your skin at the same time.

14. Baobab oil protects against air pollution

It’s clear that air pollution isn’t good for breathing, but did you know that it’s also bad for your skin? Pollutants can penetrate the skin barrier and lead to the formation of free radicals. There’s no way to completely escape air pollution, but you can protect your skin by applying baobab oil to exposed areas and letting its antioxidants work their magic to fight free radicals.

15. Baobab oil is clean, sustainable, and wild

The baobab tree is considered the Lost Crop™ – an underrated wild plant with powerful health benefits. By including baobab oil in your skincare ritual, you are helping to valorize the tree and protect biodiversity. Baobab oil is a one-ingredient powerhouse, so you can rest assured that you’re not putting any unnecessary chemicals, fillers, or mysterious ingredients on your skin.

It’s incredible that one plant can have so many benefits – such is the power of the baobab tree! However, not all baobab oil is the same. It should be wild made, stored in a dark bottle to ensure the oil is preserved, and come from a reputable ethical company.

KAIBAE Head-To-Toe Baobab Oil is sustainably wild-harvested by community partners in Ghana, and every bottle sold helps give them better access to health care and education. Good for her, good for the planet and good for your skin!

The baobab fruit has been linked to the following six health benefits, including improving skin and hair health, weight loss and endurance.

Also known as the tree of life, the baobab tree is native to tropical regions in Australia, Africa, South Africa, Botswana and Mozambique. These trees can tolerate hot and dry conditions. The baobab fruit contains a powdery pulp and seeds that are highly nutritious and rich in vitamin C. The baobab powder made from the fruit is consumed as food, added to beverages, and even used for medicinal purposes. Considered a superfood, baobab is consumed for its nutritional benefits.

the us The Food and Drug Administration has recognized baobab’s status as generally recognized as safe. Therefore, it can be consumed in foods and beverages. However, for use as a medicine, people should consult their doctor.

This winter’s favorite drink is one of our favorite and easiest ways to get our dose of #baobablove. It is packed with vitamins that boost the immune system. The super easy recipe is easy to make and will have you kicking your caffeine habit in no time.

power 1

INGREDIENTS:

2-3 teaspoons of Aduna Baobab powder

hot water

slice of lemon

slice of ginger

METHOD:

Mix the baobab powder with some cold water to form a smooth paste. Boil the kettle, then allow the water to cool for a minute or two (if the water is boiling hot, the baobab’s nutritional content will be reduced). Add the hot water and stir well to break up any lumps caused by the high fiber content of baobab. Squeeze in the lemon’s juice – leave the piece in the cup if you want a more lemony flavor – and finish with a slice of ginger.

Enjoy!

Recipe from Aduna

What is baobab powder?

The bark, fruit and leaves of the baobab tree have been used for centuries to treat various ailments such as fever and digestive problems. The fruit of this tree has a hard outer shell filled with pulp that dries out as the fruit ripens. When ground into a powder, the pulp is known as baobab powder and contains a variety of nutrients, including vitamin C, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and antioxidants.

Baobab powder for weight loss

Among other benefits of baobab powder, the tangy-sweet fruit flavor of baobab extract supports your immune system, improves digestion, and may aid in weight loss. Certain types of gut bacteria break down food and store it as fat, while other gut bacteria convert food into energy. When these bacteria aren’t well balanced, it can lead to excess fat storage, which can contribute to weight gain. The prebiotic fiber in baobab powder feeds energy-burning bacteria, making it easier to lose weight.

Baobab powder for a high fiber content

Fiber is essential for a healthy lifestyle and weight management, but getting it every day can be difficult. The recommended daily fiber intake is 25g for women and 38g for men. With 4g of fiber per tablespoon, baobab powder is a simple and effective way to get your daily fiber intake.

Baobab vitamins and minerals

Baobab powder is packed with essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C. 100g of baobab pulp contains 500mg of vitamin C.

It also contains 50% fiber and has more antioxidants compared to most other fruits.

The mineral content of baobab powder is known to lower blood pressure and improve circulation, which helps prevent heart disease, another benefit of baobab powder. The antioxidants found in baobab powder can protect your cells from free radical damage.

How to use the baobab fruit and powder

nutrient profile

Our depectinized baobab powder retains all the key nutrients of organic baobab fruit powder. It’s rich in vitamin C, packed with calcium, iron, magnesium and potassium, and retains the prebiotic soluble fiber (or pectin) that is so beneficial to gut health. The production process does not remove the pectin, but breaks down the gelling effect and cloudiness of the pectin by breaking it down into smaller units. The only component that is actually removed is the insoluble plant fibers. This means that all important nutritional information for baobab fruit powder can also be made for depectinized baobab powder.

Put simply, pure baobab fruit powder has been converted into an ingredient that is 100% soluble and forms a clear liquid when dissolved in water.

Share on Pinterest Even if you’ve never heard of baobab oil, you might recognize the tree it comes from. The baobab tree has a tall, thick trunk and looks like it is standing on its head with its roots in the air. This fruit tree grows in the southern countries of Africa such as Malawi, Kenya and Madagascar. The scientific name for the baobab tree is Adansonia digitata. In Africa, people call it “the tree of life” and “pharmacy tree” because of its many uses, including baobab oil. Is baobab oil comedogenic? no Baobab oil has a comedogenic rating of 2, which means it won’t clog most people’s pores. But if you have sensitive or oily skin, using oils like baobab can lead to clogged pores and other skin irritations.

Benefits of Baobab Seed Oil Baobab oil is cold-pressed from seeds and used for a variety of purposes from cooking to hair care to skin care. Baobab oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and other fats, including: palmitic acid

oleic acid

linolenic acid

Linoleic Acid Clinical research shows that the omega-3 fatty acids in baobab oil have multiple skin health benefits. You can: Moisturize

help prevent water loss from the skin

Soft skin

improve skin texture

improve skin elasticity

help repair the skin barrier

help the skin heal faster

Reduce Inflammation In fact, linoleic acids and linolenic acids are among the most commonly used fatty acids in skin care, cosmetics and hair care around the world. Baobab oil can also help treat eczema. The omega-3 fatty acids in this oil can help heal the skin barrier and lock in moisture when used as a topical skin treatment. This can help heal or relieve an eczema rash. Nutritional Benefits of Baobab Fruit and Seeds Baobab pulp contains 7 to 10 times more vitamin C than an orange. Both the fruit and seeds also contain several other essential minerals and vitamins, such as: Calcium

iron

vitamin B

potassium

magnesium

phosphorus

manganese

Use of the Baobab Tree In areas where the baobab tree grows, local people use every part of the tree. The fruit, leaves, seeds, and the oil processed from the seeds are used in dietary supplements, food, and skin care.

For Acne A clinical study found that baobab oil may help improve acne in some people. That’s because it’s high in linoleic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid that has anti-inflammatory properties. Because of this, baobab oil can help reduce skin redness, irritation, and swelling to treat acne.

For Scalp and Hair Other medical research reports that using baobab oil as a scalp treatment can help prevent or treat dandruff and dander. The high content of omega-3 fatty acids in baobab oil is also good for your hair. When used as a hair mask or leave-in conditioner, baobab oil can help moisturize dry hair and strengthen weak, brittle hair. Baobab fruit and oil are not high in protein. The oil cannot repair damaged hair like other protein-rich hair products can.

Baobab Oil Side Effects It is not known how much of the nutrients from baobab fruit and seeds remain in the oil after it has been cold pressed or stored. However, there are still many benefits of using baobab oil as a food and as a natural skin and hair care product. If you have very oily, acne-prone, or sensitive skin, use baobab oil sparingly. It can clog some people’s pores, which can cause or worsen acne. It can also cause skin irritation or rashes in some people.

Application tips Know the name of the ingredients. Check hair and skin care products for baobab oil. It can be listed as follows: Baobab Seed Oil Adansonia Foxglove Oil Adansonia Oil

Check hair and skin care products for baobab oil. It can be listed as: Look for cold pressed. When buying pure baobab oil, look for cold-pressed and unrefined varieties.

When buying pure baobab oil, look for cold-pressed and unrefined varieties. Read the label. Most baobab oil products are for cosmetic use only and not intended for cooking. Check the label carefully.

Most baobab oil products are for cosmetic use only and not intended for cooking. Check the label carefully. Test on a patch of skin. If this is your first time using baobab oil on your skin, hair or scalp, do a patch test. Apply a small amount of oil to your inner elbow and wait 24 hours. If you don’t feel any redness or itching, you should be safe to use the baobab oil. Where to buy baobab oil mountain rose herbs

Eden Botanicals

Other Baobab Benefits Research has found that baobab fruit also contains several chemicals that have health benefits. One of them is called hydroxycinnamic acid glycoside. This chemical can give medicinal properties to baobab fruit. These properties are: antibacterial

antiviral

antifungal

antioxidant

anti-inflammatory Each part of the baobab tree has been studied and tested for its many nutritional benefits. Baobab fruits are included in many health supplements because they are rich in several essential vitamins and minerals. The European Commission approved dried baobab pulp as a novel food in 2008 due to its nutritional value. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration approved the baobab fruit as a food product in 2009. Locals often use baobab fruit in dried form. It is mixed with water or milk and made into drinks, sauces and soups. Baobab fruit powder is used as a food thickener and as a substitute for cream in cooking and baking. Baobab fruit, leaves and bark have traditionally been used as medicines in the body and on the skin to treat excessive appetite

Fever

Pains

Cough

Muscle cramp

skin wounds

weak immune system

Diarrhea

dysentery

tuberculosis

Worms More clinical research is needed on the many benefits of the baobab tree, including baobab oil.

Few skin and hair care products have garnered more attention online than baobab oil. However, what really sets it apart is how sustained that enthusiasm has been.

In our trend-led haircare market, it’s not uncommon for a quirky new product to rise to the top for a few weeks (or months) before sinking back down into some obscure corner of the internet.

So far, however, baobab oil has maintained a staying power that others have lacked.

This is in no small part due to the fact that it offers a wider range of potential skin and hair care benefits than many leading alternatives.

So what is baobab oil all about and how can it help breathe new life into your skin and hair?

This article explains how to use baobab oil for hair growth, scalp care, and many other benefits.

Where does baobab oil come from?

The huge majestic Adansonia digitata trees from which Baobab oil is extracted come from Africa. The trees are often referred to as the African baobab tree.

Baobab oil is an integral part of many traditional forms of medicine for various African groups across the continent.

It has historically been used to treat everything from diarrhea and malaria to fever and smallpox. More importantly for our purposes, it can be used to reduce inflammation.

In recent years there has been an explosion of baobab goods, from drinks to creams to hair care products, hitting the market.

What Are the Benefits of Baobab Oil for Hair?

1. Amazingly rich in nutrients

First of all, it’s worth noting how nutrient-dense baobab oil is, containing significant amounts of vitamins A, C, and E, as well as omega fatty acids, all of which play a huge role in proper hair care.

Vitamin A stimulates growth, making it an essential nutrient for anyone looking to boost hair growth.

Equally important is the fact that it helps your skin glands produce sebum, which in turn is essential for maintaining a healthy skin moisture balance and skin barrier, as discussed below.

On the other hand, a vitamin A-deficient diet has been shown to lead to health problems in rats, including hair loss.

Vitamin C is also a powerful nutrient when it comes to blocking free radicals which, as discussed below, can cause your skin and hair to age quickly.

It can fight oxidative stress, which in turn can help fight hair loss.

A woman with natural curls after applying baobab oil for its essential fatty acids and anti-inflammatory properties.

Vitamin E, on the other hand, contains antioxidants which, as discussed below, help fight free radicals and can serve as an anti-aging agent.

Like vitamin C, it is particularly adept at fighting oxidative stress. A 2010 study found that people suffering from hair loss who took vitamin E experienced a 34.5% increase in overall hair growth.

Omega-3 fatty acids have now established themselves as a favorite substance for those looking to boost hair growth.

A 2018 study seems to support this idea, which found that omega-3 fatty acids have been linked to hair growth via anagen-stimulating pathways.

A 2015 study in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology that focused on a group of 120 participants found that omega-3 increased the hair growth phase in those given it compared to those given a placebo. improved.

Among those reporting hair growth, 90% also reported improved hair thickness. The results were promising enough for the American Academy of Dermatology to report on hair loss in women.

With all of these nutrients found in baobab oil, you can potentially reap all of these benefits in a single hair oil.

2. Maintaining the skin’s moisture barrier

The top of your scalp is an intricate balancing act of natural oils. Too much, and your hair and scalp can start to resemble a grease stain. Too little, however, and your scalp can dry out, which in turn can cause major problems.

You therefore need to maintain a delicate balance between these extremes, which means you need the right amount of sebum.

This regulates the amount of oil and moisture on your scalp, locking in moisture and ensuring your scalp doesn’t dry out.

The significant amount of vitamin E in baobab oil helps regulate sebum and thus maintain skin moisture.

3. Moisturizes and smoothes your skin

In addition to regulating sebum, baobab oil also helps to moisturize and smooth your scalp.

It helps your scalp utilize amino acids and proteins to strengthen the connection point between your scalp and hair roots. This can also help prevent follicle damage.

Softening and regenerating your scalp is another step that can aid in moisture retention and the hydration process.

4. Combats dandruff and dry scalp

One of the by-products of all these moisturizing and scalp-soothing properties is added protection against dandruff.

Few everyday hair problems are as potentially embarrassing as dry flakes that flutter off your hair every time something brushes against your hair or scalp.

Dandruff is caused by dry skin, among other things, so it is not surprising that baobab oil with its moisturizing and skin-smoothing properties is an ideal anti-dandruff agent.

5. Gently cleanses your scalp

Another cause of dandruff? A dirty scalp.

This can cause bacteria to build up on your scalp, which in turn can cause infections of the kind that can cause dandruff and other hair problems. This can also happen when your pores are clogged with dirt.

Of course, you probably already know the importance of properly washing your scalp and keeping it dirt-free.

What is too often less well understood is that there is such a thing as an exaggeration when it comes to cleaning intensity. If you choose too strong a cleanser, it can irritate the skin and cause many other problems.

Of course you don’t want that, which is why baobab oil is a natural hair conditioner that cleanses your scalp gently enough not to irritate it.

6. Fights eczema

One of the most problematic conditions that can result from dry skin and scalp is eczema.

It can cause your skin to become red, dry, flaky and irritated, which can lead to some of the many dry scalp-related hair problems discussed above.

As mentioned above, baobab oil is high in omega acids, which can fight inflammation, including eczema and psoriasis.

7. Fights free radicals and UV radiation

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can rapidly age skin and hair. Getting rid of it is important if you want your hair to look younger and fresher.

Luckily, antioxidants and vitamin C pack a powerful one-two punch to fight free radicals, and baobab oil has both in abundance. Vitamin C is also enriched with collagen, which can do wonders for your skin and scalp.

A big part of this is how the vitamin E in baobab oil helps maintain collagen, which makes up up to a third of the protein present in your body and which helps give your skin its elasticity and firmness.

For this reason, collagen also plays a prominent role in some cosmetic surgeries – with increasing age, collagen production decreases, which in turn can lead to the skin beginning to sag.

The vitamin E and antioxidants in baobab oil can help maintain your skin’s collagen and keep your skin looking and feeling younger and stronger over time, benefiting your scalp and hair.

UV exposure can also help speed up the aging process. Luckily, vitamin E can absorb this energy and prevent more free radicals from forming.

Baobab oil is not a full substitute for sunscreen in this regard, but it is an excellent addition to it.

Add to that the fact that baobab oil can also help repair damaged cells and it’s no wonder why this is one of the most popular anti-aging oils for skin and hair care lovers around the world.

8. Baobab oil promotes hair growth

As mentioned above, baobab oil contains vitamin A, which can boost your hair growth hopes tremendously.

Its vitamin C content can also help tremendously in this regard as it has been linked to improving both hair elasticity (thus preventing it from simply going limp) and strength.

Baobab oil can also help you absorb iron better, which can help further strengthen your scalp and hair follicles.

All these factors create a scenario where hair growth is much more possible.

Vitamin A helps stimulate growth, while vitamins C and E help soothe your scalp and ensure it stays in good enough condition to be primed for positive growth.

9. Adds shine

As much as you care about the healthy side of hair care, you probably care as much, if not more, about the aesthetic aspect.

If you’re looking to improve your hair’s shine, baobab oil could be the answer to your hair care prayers. It helps make hair softer and shinier giving it a more vibrant look and feel.

10. Perfect for curly hair

If you have naturally curly hair, baobab oil may be the perfect hair care product for you. Of the many essential oil-based hair care products on the market today, baobab oil is one of the best for people with curly hair. It can help maintain the integrity of your curls by counteracting split ends and frizzy hair.

How to use baobab oil for hair

Scientific studies like this one in Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia have found that baobab oil is very effective when applied topically the way you intend to use it.

Now, if you spend a lot of time Googling for various baobab oil hair care recommendations, you’re bound to come across the term “pre-poo” and get quite confused (and maybe worried).

Thankfully, you can “flush” those concerns because in this case, “poo” simply refers to “shampoo,” and that process refers to the pre-shampoo phase of your hair care regimen.

The purpose of the pre-poo phase is to strengthen your hair and protect it from the stripping effects that shampooing can cause. This helps to make your hair softer and easier to comb, giving it an extra shine.

To get the most out of baobab oil in your pre-poo routine, warm it up, apply it to your scalp, and then massage it in.

For best results, leave it on overnight. You can rinse out the residue when you shower and shampoo your hair in the morning.

You can also consider blending it with other oils. Shea butter, tea tree oil, honey, jojoba, and eucalyptus make excellent partners.

Again, you should let it soak overnight to get the most out of its nutrients. Finally, you can use it as a conditioner to soften your hair.

A Quick Warning: Benefits of Baobab Oil for Hair

There are no widespread reports of serious medical problems in people taking baobab. However, long-term knowledge of its future impact is severely limited.

While there is no reason to expect any serious negative effects, you should always keep this in mind when using any new hair care or medicinal product.

Related Articles

There is a lot to love about baobab oil as a skin and hair care product. It can help your skin and hair in many ways, both aesthetically and health-wise.

All this makes it a very comprehensive product. If you’re looking for a single hair care product that will nourish your hair from root to tip and breathe life into it at every point in between, baobab oil is definitely one to consider.

Current inventory: 0

Organic Baobab Oil contains vitamins A and E, our Organic Baobab Oil absorbs quickly and is a wonderful oil to use on rough skin and products designed to moisturize the hair.

The normal lifespan of a baobab tree is 500 years, with the oldest trees reaching 5000 years and 20 meters in height. Also used is the bark, leaves and pulp of the baobab tree, known to locals as the “tree of life” in its natural environment. Seed oil itself has a light, nutty, almost floral fragrance.

Organic baobab oil is extremely stable against rancidity. Store tightly capped in a cool place (below 77 degrees F) and away from sunlight for maximum shelf life.

Extraction Method: Cold Pressed

Refining Techniques: Unrefined

Intended Use: For cosmetic use only

Packaging:

The 4 ounce, 8 ounce and 16 ounce. assorted oils are packed in brown glass bottles. The 64 ounce, 1 gallon. and 5 gallons. Size comes packed in plastic bottles.

abstract

The baobab seed oil has been consumed by people for many years due to its medicinal and nutritional values. However, consumption of baobab seed oil has been considered by various communities as a health risk caused by cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFAs), which are carcinogenic ingredients in the oil. This study examined the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of raw baobab seed oil collected from semi-arid areas in Tanzania and determined the effects of heating on reducing CPFAs. The baobab seed crude was extracted by Soxhlet using n-hexane and the fatty acid composition of the baobab seed crude was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Since CPFAs are resistant to lower temperatures, the effect of heating on the CPFA content of baobab crude seed oil at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C was investigated. A. digitata crude seed oil was found to contain mainly twelve essential fatty acids and two different CPFAs. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid in all baobab population hotspots in Tanzania. There was no significant difference in most physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition between the different semiarid areas in Tanzania. The main degradation of CPFAs occurs at 200°C and that would be the optimal temperature recommended for the baobab crude oil refining process. The study recommended refining the baobab oil at higher temperatures, in the range of 200-250°C, as the best way to reduce CPFAs.

1 Introduction

The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is a species of tree native to the semiarid regions of Africa, Australia and Madagascar [1]. The tree is one of the world’s eight baobab species of the genus Adansonia from the family Malvaceae and the subfamily Bombacaceae [2]. A. digitata is one of the most important tree species of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which contribute significantly to the food and nutrition security of rural communities [3]. For example, the pulp, leaves and seeds of the tree are rich in nutrients such as minerals, fatty acids and vitamins [4-6]. The baobab leaves are rich in calcium ranging from 307 to 2640 mg/100 g dry weight (dw) and proteins with a chemical score of 0.81 [7]. The baobab pulp is rich in vitamin C; Consuming 40 g of baobab pulp contains more than 80 percent of the recommended daily allowance (RDI) of vitamin C [7], which is suitable for pregnant women. The baobab seeds and their kernels contain a high lipid content of 11.6 to 33.3 g/100 g dw and 18.9 to 34.7 g/100 g dw [8]. The pulp and leaves exhibit antioxidant properties with higher activity in the pulp than in the leaves [7].

The Malvaceae family has seed oil that contains essential fatty acids including palmitic, oleic, linolenic, and cyclic (cyclopropene) fatty acids [9]. It has been reported that cyclopropene fatty acids are often accompanied by a lower proportion of cyclopropane fatty acids such as dihydrosterculic acid and dihydromalvalic acid, which are the dihydro analogues of cyclopropene fatty acids [10]. Studies have shown that CPFAs are present in lipids of plant species including the seeds of baobab of the order Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae families [11-13]. CPFAs reported to be common and dominant in baobab seed oil include sterculic acid [8-(2-octyl-1-cyclopropenyl)octanoic acid] and malvalic acid [7-(2-octyl-1-cyclopropenyl) heptanoic acid ] [14–21].

It has been reported that the consumption of baobab seed oil causes potential health risks caused by the presence of these carcinogenic ingredients [22–25] with medicinal and mutagenic effects on animals [26, 27] and carcinogenic effects [28, 29]. Despite the increasing consumption and popularity of baobab oil for its medicinal values, the FDA [30] issued an alarming statement condemning the consumption of baobab oil for health reasons. Furthermore, according to [30], the health effects of baobab are caused by the presence of carcinogenic components known as CPFAs. Although consumption of baobab oil is discouraged in Tanzania, evidence shows that most people still use it to treat various diseases.

In sub-Saharan Africa, baobab seed oil has been used by local people for medicinal, beauty and food purposes for many years [31]. In Tanzania, local people use baobab seed oil for medicinal purposes. Several ethnopharmacological studies have reported that baobab seed oil possesses multiple biological activities such as: B. antioxidant, prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, antirheumatic and excipients [32]. In addition, baobab seed oil is effective against various conditions including high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and abdominal discomfort [7]. These properties have led to baobab products being widely used in both traditional and modern medicine. However, the CPFAs in baobab oil ranged from 10 to 12.8 percent, which is well above the recommended level of 0.4 percent fit for human consumption [30]. Experiments on rats have shown a slowed growth rate, an increase in liver size, a delay in sexual development in females, an alteration in fatty acid metabolism [29] and an increase in the incidence of liver cancer when fed aflatoxin B1 or M1 in conjunction with rainbow trout [25, 29].

In addition, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), baobab oil is neither recommended as cooking oil nor classified in the group of vegetable oils. Although the government of Tanzania has banned the consumption of baobab oil, evidence shows that most people still use baobab oil, which is known to contain CPFAs, to treat various diseases. The baobab oil requires post-extraction treatments, such as heat treatments, to reduce or remove these cyclopropenoid fatty acids from the baobab seed oils before they are suitable for human consumption. Accordingly, there is a need to characterize and quantify the levels of CPFAs in baobab seed oil and to determine the efficient method to remove/reduce their levels without affecting the quality of other fatty acids and oil quality. Therefore, this study characterized the essential fatty acids and cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFAs) present and determined the effect of heat on cyclopropenoid fatty acids in baobab seed crude oil in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the field of study

The study was conducted in the semiarid region of Tanzania located between Latitude: 2°39 5.225 S, Longitude: 34°8 29.364″E and Latitude: 8°2 53.048 S, Longitude: 35°3 18.731 E (Figure 1 ). The altitude of the area ranges from 490 m to 1400 m. The semi-arid areas in Tanzania receive annual precipitation of less than 800 mm and are characterized by low rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates and an irregular temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation [33]. The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are 26°C and 30°C, respectively. In this regard, these areas inherently have low and unreliable crop and livestock production [34]. The human population density of the semi-arid areas is approximately 62 people per square kilometer [35]. The main human activities in the semi-arid areas are mainly agriculture and grazing.

2.2. Collection of baobab fruits

The baobab fruits were collected during an ecological survey in the regions of Dodoma, Iringa and Kilimanjaro (Figure 1). The selection criteria for the regions were the presence, accessibility and use of baobab trees and their products. Nine A. digitata trees (three baobab trees in each region) were randomly selected for ripe fruit collection. About 20 ripe and intact baobab fruits were harvested from each tree. These fruits were collected during the dry season (August 2018–February 2019). Geographical and environmental data were recorded in each sampled tree (Table 1).

Region Soil type (FAO/UNESCO classification) Tree code Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) Temperature (°C) Mean annual precipitation (mm) Dodoma Luvic Xerosol DOM1 -5,124 35,771 708 28,600 DOM2 -5,599 35,434 710 28,600 DOM3 -5,941 36,260 1260 29 RINGA,900 EUTIRC CAMBISOL IR1 -7,557 35,213 793 29 600 IR2 -7,416 35,573 512 29 900 IR3 -7,434 35,754 583 29 900 KILIMANJAR 2900 KL29 MOHROS.

2.3. Crude Oil Extraction and Heat Treatment

Hard, woody skins were removed manually from the baobab fruit from each area, and these were carefully crushed to separate the seeds from the pulp using a pulp seed separator. The seeds obtained were further subjected to cold pressing for oil extraction while ensuring that the initial crude oil for analysis was not contaminated. The extracted raw baobab seed oil was stored in an amber bottle with a glass lid and immediately taken to the laboratory for analysis.

2.4. Analysis of Baobab Crude Oil

2.4.1. Determination of physico-chemical properties

The physico-chemical properties of baobab crude oil were determined according to the methods of [36]. The baobab crude oil was obtained from 20 ripe and intact baobab fruits (harvested from 3 trees per region) in which the physicochemical property parameters were analyzed in 3 replicates per region. These parameters include free fatty acids (mEq/100g oil), specific gravity (25°C/25°C), refractive index (27°C), unsaponification number, saponification substance, peroxide number and iodine number. A total of twenty-one (21) samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties of Baobab Crude Oil, including three replicates per region.

(1) Free Fatty Acids (FFA). Five (5) grams of a homogenized and screened crude oil sample was weighed into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. About 50-100 mL of freshly neutralized hot ethyl alcohol was added to the oil sample followed by the addition of about 1 mL of phenolphthalein indicator. The mixture was boiled for about five minutes and hot titrated against 0.1N standard potassium hydroxide with vigorous shaking until the mixture developed a pink color which persisted for about 15 minutes. Free fatty acid was obtained by Equation (1).

(2) Specific Gravity (SG). Five (5) grams of a Baobab Crude Oil sample was heated to 45°C to melt the oil molecules. The samples were then allowed to cool until they reached a temperature of about 30°C. The dry pycnometer was filled with the prepared sample in a manner to prevent entrapment of air bubbles after removing the side arm cap. The stopper was inserted, immersed in a water bath at 30°C and held for 30 minutes. The bottle was removed from the water bath, cleaned, dried thoroughly and weighed, ensuring that the temperature did not fall below 30°C. Specific gravity was calculated using Equation (2).

(3) Index of Refraction (RI). The refractive index was measured at 25°C with a Pen refractometer (Atago, Japan) with resolution and accuracy values ​​of 0.1 and ±0.2 percent at 10-60°C. The refractometer was set at 583.9 nm and allowed to warm for 30 minutes. The oil was poured onto the double prism with the help of a screw head. The prisms were locked by tightening the screw heads. Then the refractometer readings were taken and converted using a conversion table.

(4) Saponification number (SV). About 2.0 g of the crude oil sample was placed in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and then 25 mL of the alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution was added. A blank was then prepared by introducing 2.0 grams of distilled water. The sample and blank flasks were boiled in a boiling water bath under a reflux condenser for 1 hour. After boiling, the flask and condenser were cooled with about 10 mL of hot ethyl alcohol neutral to phenolphthalein. The excess potassium hydroxide was titrated with 0.5N hydrochloric acid using approximately 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator. The saponified material was obtained using equation (3).

(5) Unsaponified matter. Five (5) grams of a well-mixed Baobab crude oil sample was weighed into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask; then 50 ml of alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution was added and the contents gently boiled under an air reflux condenser for one hour. After boiling, the condenser was washed with 10 ml of ethyl alcohol; the mixture was cooled and transferred to the separatory funnel. About 50 mL of petroleum ether was added to the mixture in the separatory funnel, shaken vigorously and the layers allowed to separate. The lower soap layer was transferred to another separatory funnel. The combined ether extract was washed three times with 25 mL portions of aqueous alcohol and then with 25 mL portions of distilled water to ensure that the ether extract is free of alkali (the wash is no longer alkaline to phenolphthalein). The ether solution was transferred to a 250 mL beaker, concentrated to approximately 5 mL and quantitatively transferred to a previously dried and weighed 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask using several portions of ether. The residues were dissolved in 50 mL of warm ethanol that was neutralized to a phenolphthalein endpoint and titrated with 0.02 N NaOH. Unsaponified was calculated using Equation (4).

(6) Peroxide Value (PV). Five (5) grams of a Baobab Crude Oil sample was weighed into a 250 mL stoppered Erlenmeyer flask. Then 30 ml of an acetic acid-chloroform mixed solvent was added and swirled to dissolve. About 0.5 mL of saturated potassium iodide solution was added and allowed to stand in the dark for 1 min with occasional shaking, and then about 30 mL of water was added. The resulting mixture was slowly titrated against the liberated iodine of a 0.1N sodium thiosulfate solution and shaken vigorously until the yellow color had almost disappeared. About 0.5 mL of starch solution was added as an indicator and the titration continued with vigorous shaking to liberate all I 2 from the CHCl 3 layer until the blue color disappeared. If less than 0.5 ml of 0.1 N Na 2 S 2 O 3 is used, the process is repeated with 0.01 N Na 2 S 2 O 3 . The peroxide value, expressed as milliequivalents of peroxygen per kg sample (mEq/kg) was obtained using equation (5).

(7) Iodine Value (IV). About 5 g of a baobab crude oil sample was weighed into a 250 ml conical flask with a glass stopper, and then 25 ml of carbon tetrachloride was added thereto. The contents were thoroughly mixed, followed by the addition of 25 mL of Wij’s solution and a glass stopper was placed on top. The mixture was left for 30 minutes with occasional stirring. At the same time, a blank was prepared by adding 5 g of distilled water instead of a sample. After standing for 30 minutes, 15 mL of saturated potassium iodide solution was added and then 100 mL of freshly boiled and cooled water was added, washing in the stopper. The released iodine was titrated with 0.1N sodium thiosulfate solution using starch as an indicator until the blue color formed disappeared after thorough shaking with the stopper in place. The iodine value was calculated using equation (6).

2.4.2. Quantification and Characterization of Fatty Acids and CPFA in Baobab Crude Oil

Triplicate baobab crude oil samples from each region were subjected to quantification and characterization of fatty acids and CPFAs. Nine (9) baobab crude oil samples were analyzed from the three regions. Fatty acid quantification was carried out using gas chromatography of methyl esters [37].

(1) Preparation of a baobab crude oil sample for FA profiling analysis. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of the crude oils were determined as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas chromatography by a method that combines alkaline hydrolysis with boron trifluoride (BF 3 )-catalyzed esterification [38]. The baobab crude was methylated by placing 2 mg of the sample in a flask and refluxing with 5 mL of 95% methanol-HCl for 1 hour. The methyl esters were extracted with three portions of hexane (5 mL) and then washed with distilled water (5 mL). The hexane layer was dried in a vacuum rotary evaporator and the residue was redissolved in 1 mL of hexane. Then 1 µl was injected into the GC in split mode of 60°C (Shimadzu GC-2010 equipped with an autosampler) with a capillary column, Supelco Carbowax size, injection temperature of 240°C and detection temperature of 260°C underneath a flame ionization detector. Fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison of retention to standard times and expressed as percentages of total methyl esters.

(2) Preparation of the methyl esters for cyclopropenoid. Methyl esters were prepared from oils by refluxing approximately 100 mg of the crude oils with 5 mL of a solution of 1% sodium methoxide (0.5N) in methanol. After 20 minutes the solution was cooled, flooded with 15 mL distilled water and the methyl esters extracted twice with 10 mL petroleum ether (bp 30-60°C). The esters were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to just dryness in a gentle stream of nitrogen.

(3) Derivation. The methyl esters were reacted with 15 mL of anhydrous methanol saturated with silver nitrate. The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 20 hours. The normal methyl esters and the reaction products of cyclopropenes were recovered from the reaction mixture by adding 30 mL of distilled water and extracting twice with 10 mL of petroleum ether. The combined ether fractions were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to a small volume in a stream of nitrogen. For the oils containing a large amount of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (>5.0%), for example the petroleum ether solution of methyl esters, the reaction products were injected directly into the gas-liquid chromatograph. In this experiment, Baobab Crude Oil was assumed to be low in CPFA. Then 1 µl was injected into the GC in split mode of 60°C (Shimadzu GC-2010 equipped with an autosampler) with a capillary column, Supelco Carbowax size, injection temperature of 240°C and detection temperature of 260°C underneath a flame ionization detector. The fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison of retention to standard times and expressed as a percentage of the total methyl esters.

2.4.3. Effect of heating on fatty acid composition

The baobab crude oil from the three regions was exposed to three different high temperatures (150°C, 200°C and 250°C) and cooking times of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes in the microwave (800 watts). . The unheated crude oil sample served as a control (corresponds to 0 min). In these factorial experiments, temperature and time were the treatments. After the heating experiment, the quantification of the fatty acid and CPFA composition was performed as shown in section 2.4.2. A total of 36 treatments and 9 control experiments were performed.

2.5. Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were performed to quantify the amount of fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) and cyclic fatty acids (CPFAs) in crude oil from baobab seeds using the MS Excel spreadsheet. Samples were analyzed in triplicate and data presented as (SD). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test for significant differences between the composition of fatty acids and CPFAs in three different regions and treatments. ANOVA with Tukey’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used in SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) to assess differences between and within fatty acids and CPFAs. The differences were considered statistically significant. A general linear model (GLM) ANCOVA in SPSS version 17.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago IL) was run using time as a fixed/random factor and temperature as a covariate to determine the effects of heat and boiling time on fatty acid concentrations and CPFA composition.

3. Results

3.1. Physico-chemical properties of baobab seed oil

The quality of the raw baobab seed oil samples was determined by evaluating the physicochemical properties. The parameters analyzed were free fatty acids (FFA), specific gravity, saponification number, unsaponifiables, peroxide number and iodine number. Except for refractive index and unsaponifiable material, no significant differences ( ) were observed in the physicochemical properties of baobab crude oil samples from the three selected semi-arid regions of Tanzania (Table 2).

Physico-chemical properties Region Iringa Dodoma Kilimanjaro values ​​FFA (mEq/100g oil) 0.752 Specific gravity (g/ml oil) 0.47 Refractive index (at 26°C) 0.03 Saponified components (mEq NaOH/g sample) 0.114 Unsaponifiables (g/ 100 g) 0.001 Peroxide value (mEq/kg) 0.742 Iodine value (mEq iodine/g) 0.407

3.1.1. Free fatty acids

The free fatty acid results obtained showed that the average free fatty acids for the baobab oil samples were , , and for Iringa, Dodoma and Kilimanjaro, respectively (Table 2).

3.1.2. refractive index

The results showed that the average refractive indices at 26°C for baobab crude were , , and for Iringa, Dodoma and Kilimanjaro, respectively (Table 2).

3.1.3. Specific Gravity of Baobab Crude Oil

Specific gravity is a good measure of the purity of oils. Fatty acids in the oil affect the specific gravity of the oil; Therefore, the higher the chain length value of the fatty acid present in the oil, the higher the specific gravity increase of the oils. The average specific gravity of baobab crude oil samples at 25°C was the same in all three regions sampled (Table 2).

3.1.4. saponification value

Baobab crude oil samples showed higher saponification values ​​of , , and for the Iringa, Dodoma and Kilimanjaro regions respectively (Table 2). The highest average value was obtained in the Iringa region, and the lowest value was obtained in the Kilimanjaro region.

3.1.5. unsaponifiable matter

Our study found that the average unsaponifiables values ​​for baobab crude oil samples were , , and for the Iringa, Dodoma, and Kilimanjaro regions, respectively (Table 2). The highest and lowest values ​​for baobab crude oil samples were obtained from the Dodoma and Kilimanjaro regions, respectively.

3.1.6. peroxide and iodine levels

The results showed that the average peroxide values ​​of the baobab crude oil samples were , , and for the Iringa, Dodoma and Kilimanjaro regions, respectively. The highest values ​​for baobab crude oil samples were obtained from Kilimanjaro and the lowest values ​​from the Dodoma region. In this study, the average iodine values ​​for baobab oil were , , and for Iringa, Dodoma and Kilimanjaro (Table 2).

3.2. Fatty Acid Composition in Baobab Seed Crude Oil

In this study, twelve fatty acids were identified and quantified from baobab seed oil collected from three different regions in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania (Table 3). In our study, we found that the total fatty acid composition in baobab crude oil was 98.09% by weight. The composition percentages of fatty acids in baobab crude oil were 68.59, 28.39 and 3.02 percent for unsaturated, saturated and cyclic fatty acids, respectively. There were no significant differences ( ) in the composition of saturated, unsaturated and cyclic fatty acids between the three regions in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania. However, there were significant differences ( , ) in the composition of the twelve fatty acids identified in baobab seed oil in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania. In addition, there were significant differences ( , ) in the composition of saturated, unsaturated, and cyclic acids within the region. The number of fatty acids identified included five saturated fatty acids, five unsaturated and two cyclic fatty acids.

Group Name of fatty acid Chemical name (systematic name) Abbreviation (bonds) Average composition (%) Dodoma Iringa Kilimanjaro Saturated fatty acids Myristic C 14 H 28 O 2 C14:0 Palmitic C 16 H 32 O 2 C16:0 Palmitoleic C 16 H 30 O 2 C16:1n-7 stearic acid C17 H35 CO2 H C18:0 arachidic acid C20H40O2 C20:0 total 21.961 18.34 24.26 Unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid C18 H34 O2 18:1 cis-9 vaccenic acid C18 H34 O2 18:1 trans-11 Linoleic acid C18 H32 O2 C18:2 Linolenic acid C18 H30 O2 C18:3 Arachidonic acid C20 H32 O2 C20:4 0.733 0.53 Total 59.47 40.133 56.36 Cyclic fatty acids sterculic acid C19 H34 O2 1.45 1.17 dehydrosterculicum C19 H34 O2 0.80 1.29 total 2.16 2.25 2.46

The saturated fatty acids identified in the crude oil were myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and arachidic. There were no significant differences ( ) in the composition of saturated fatty acids in baobab seed oil. The highest and lowest compositional amount values ​​of saturated fatty acids were found for baobab oil samples collected in the Iringa and Dodoma regions, respectively. The average amount of saturated fat was myristic 0.28-0.34%, palmitic 14.99-20.48%, palmitolein 0.78-0.99%, stearic 1.15-2.16% and arachin 0. 26-0.733%. The highest amount of palmitic acid compared to other saturated fatty acids has been detected in baobab seed oil. Furthermore, myristic acids were present in all samples, albeit in low concentrations (<0.5%). The identified unsaturated fatty acids were oleic, vaccinic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid. Baobab seed oil has been found to contain both mono (oleic and vaccinic acid) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids). In addition, there were no significant differences ( ) in unsaturated fatty acids in baobab seed oil. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic (Table 3). The range of amount of unsaturated fatty acid found in baobab oil was vaccinic acid 3.64-5.48%, oleic acid 24.4-29.52%, linoleic acid 21.20-24.86%, linolenic acid 12.14- 26.69% and arachidonic acid 0.54-1.30%. In addition, the study identified two cyclic fatty acids, namely sterculic acid (0.97-1.45%) and dehydrosterculic acid (0.80-1.29%). There were significant differences ( , ) in the composition of cyclic fatty acids in baobab seed oil. 3.3. Effect of heating on fatty acid compositions The results for fatty acids (saturated, unsaturated and cyclic fatty acids) from the three regions were pooled and considered as one sample as no significant differences in fatty acid composition were observed. There was no significant main effect on the fatty acid compositions ( ) when the samples were heated to a temperature of 150°C within 20 minutes. However, there was a significant main effect of temperature at 200°C on fatty acid compositions ( ). In addition, there was a significant main effect of temperature at 250°C on fatty acid compositions ( ) within 20 minutes. 3.3.1. Effect of heating on saturated fatty acid composition The results showed that the heating temperature (range of heating temperatures) had an impact on the fatty acid composition. There was a slight temperature rise up to 200 °C for most of the saturated fatty acids, independent of the heating duration (Figure 2). It was interesting to observe that different compositions of saturated fatty acids responded differently to changing temperatures. For example, during the first ten minutes of heating (at 150, 200 and 250°C) for palmitic acid, a sharp increase in percent composition was observed, and a slight increase was observed after 10 minutes of heating at different temperatures. However, the percentage compositions of myristic, stearic, and palmitoleic acids decreased with increasing temperature (>250°C). All saturated fatty acid compositions decreased at a temperature of 250°C. There was a significant difference ( ) in palmitic acid composition at all three temperatures. No significant difference (□) in the heating temperature and composition of myristic, palmitoleic, stearic and arachidic acid was observed (Figure 2).

In this study, heating temperatures had a marked effect on fatty acid compositions. The saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid showed an increase in composition at 150°C, while palmitoleic acid and myristic acid remained nearly constant with changing heating temperatures. For the saturated fatty acids, the compositions increased with increasing temperatures. Interestingly, myristic, palmitic, palmitolein, and arachin increased with increasing temperature (Figure 2).

3.3.2. Effect of heating on the composition of unsaturated fatty acids

Bei allen drei Temperaturen (150 °C, 200 °C und 250 °C) nahm die Menge an ungesättigten Fettsäuren mit zunehmender Temperatur ab, wahrscheinlich aufgrund des Abbaus mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren. Bemerkenswerterweise nahm die Menge an Ölsäure mit steigender Temperatur zu. Zu den ungesättigten Fettsäuren, die mit steigender Temperatur abnahmen, gehörten Vaccin-, Linol-, Linolen- und Arachidonsäure (Abbildung 3). Es gab signifikante Unterschiede ( ) in der Linolensäurezusammensetzung bei den drei Temperaturen. Außerdem gab es signifikante Unterschiede ( ) in der Ölfettsäurezusammensetzung bei den drei Temperaturen (150°C, 200°C und 250°C). Es wurden jedoch keine signifikanten Unterschiede ( ) bei der Erwärmungstemperatur und der Zusammensetzung von Vaccinsäure, Linolensäure und Arachidonsäure beobachtet.

3.3.3. Wirkung von Erwärmung und Zeit auf die CPFA-Zusammensetzung

Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die CPFA-Zusammensetzungen mit steigender Temperatur (> 150°C) abnahmen. Die Zersetzung aller zyklischen Säuren war bei einer Temperatur von 200°C in 20 Minuten relativ höher (Abbildung 4). Die Zersetzung nahm um etwa 2–8 Prozent bzw. 5–15 Prozent der ursprünglichen Konzentration an sterculischen und dehydrosterculischen Fettsäuren ab. Bei den drei Temperaturen gibt es einen signifikanten Unterschied ( ) in den sterculischen und dehydrosterculischen Zusammensetzungen.

3.3.4. Retention essentieller Fettsäuren während der CPFA-Entfernung

Bei 250°C zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass die CPFA-Zusammensetzungen mit der Zeit abnahmen. Bei den essentiellen Fettsäuren nahmen Öl- und Palmitinsäure zu, während Linolensäure mit der Erhitzungsdauer abnahm. Ebenso nahmen Dehydrosterculinsäure und Sterculinsäure mit der Erhitzungszeit ab. Nach 15 Minuten zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass alle CPFAs die von TFDA empfohlene Zusammensetzung von unter 0,4 Prozent erreicht hatten, während die essentiellen Fettsäuren erhalten blieben (Abbildung 4).

4. Discussion

4.1. Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften von Baobab-Rohöl

Die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften der drei verschiedenen Regionen zeigten außer Brechungsindex und Unverseifbares keine signifikanten Unterschiede ( ). Dies könnte daran liegen, dass es in den Regionen, in denen Baobab-Früchte gesammelt wurden, keine Unterschiede in den Umweltbedingungen gab (Tabelle 2). Die beobachteten Unterschiede könnten durch den Genotyp einzelner Baobabs und die Wachstumsumgebungen verursacht werden, die das Protein beeinflussten und anschließend den Brechungsindex und die unverseifbaren Bestandteile des Rohöls veränderten.

4.1.1. Freie Fettsäuren

Die höchsten Werte an freien Fettsäuren wurden aus der Kilimanjaro-Region erhalten (Tabelle 2). Allerdings waren die Werte aus allen drei Regionen niedriger als die von Passera berichteten Werte von 2,6 für Baobab-Öl [39]. The low free fatty acids of baobab oil indicated that the oil may have a long shelf life and can be stored for a long time [39]. Baobab oil is extremely stable, and with proper storage conditions, it can have a highly variable shelf life of up to 5 years [39, 40]. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile could significantly change due to the storage and climatic conditions; the profile could increase with period of storage, air, heat, traces of metal, peroxides, light, or double bonds present in the oil and thus leading to the deterioration of the quality [41].

4.1.2. Refractive Index

Our results for the baobab crude oil refractive index from the three regions were lower than the results reported by [41] which indicated baobab oil refractive index values of between 1.436 and 1.459 (Table 2). Our findings indicated slightly lower values than the values reported by [41] possibly because the oil solidified after exposure to air [42].

4.1.3. Specific Gravity (SG)

The obtained average SG for baobab crude oil values (Table 2) from our study are within the WHO limit of between 0.91 and 0.93 [43]. The values are approximately similar to the values reported by Idris et al. [41] for the baobab oil. These values are within the range for vegetable oil such as the specific gravity ranges recommended by WHO/FAO for niger seed, sunflower, and palm oils of 0.917-0.92, 0.919-0.923, and 0.891-0.899, respectively [43]. The specific gravity indicates the purity of the oil. The lower the SG value the purer the oil and vice versa.

4.1.4. Saponification Value

Saponification value determines the average chain length of the molecule and hence the estimated molecular weight of the fatty acid in the oil. Saponification equivalent is directly proportional to the average chain length of fatty acid present [44]. For example, the higher the saponification value, the lower the average molecular weight [45, 46]. The findings from our study (Table 2) are approximately similar to the findings in a study by Nkafamiya et al. [47] who recorded the saponification value of for the baobab oil. The observed values are within the range of the other edible oils (187-196 mgKOH/g) and are used in soap making [48]. Ikhuoria and Maliki [49] observed that the saponification value of pepper fruit (Dennettia tripetala) oil was 159.33 mgKOH/g. Furthermore, a study by Nwinuka and Nwiloh [50] reported that the saponification value of the African pear oil was 143.76 mgKOH/g. Higher unsaponifiable matter results in restively lower saponification value which implies that the oil is suitable for soap making [49]. Baobab oil has been used in soap industries for many years in the world [49, 50].

4.1.5. Unsaponifiable Matter

Unsaponifiable matter is that fraction of oils and fats which is not saponified by caustic alkali but is soluble in ordinary fat solvents. Unsaponifiable matters such as hydrocarbon, pigments, waxes, higher molecular weight alcohols, and sterols do not react with bases during the formation of soap. The average values obtained for the unsaponifiable matter from the three regions are similar to the value (1.7) reported by [41]. Also, Abubakar et al. [51] reported unsaponifiable matter value for baobab oil of 1.46. The low unsaponifiable matter indicates that the oil can be used for biodiesel production [41]. Baobab seed oil has been reported as one of the most suitable feedstock for biodiesel production, according to the fatty acid methyl ester profile that becomes one of the key factors [52]. Furthermore, low unsaponifiable matter of the baobab oil suggests that the oil could be edible because the observed value of unsaponifiable mater (Table 2) was within the recommended range of edible oils [51].

4.1.6. Peroxide and Iodine Values

Peroxide value of oil measures the deterioration of oil over time. The higher the peroxide values, the lower the storage period of oil over time. The obtained average ranges for the baobab crude oil (Table 2) are within the ranges of 0-10 mEq/kg stipulated for freshly prepared vegetable oil [53]. Adebisi and Olagunju [54] demonstrated that peroxide values greater than 10 mEq/kg were highly susceptible to autooxidation when exposed to moisture or trace elements. The obtained values in our study were close to the value obtained by Babiker et al. [55] who reported the peroxide value for baobab oil of 4.08 mEq/kg. This suggests that the baobab oil has higher resistance to lipolytic hydrolysis and oxidation, and with proper storage conditions, it can be stored between 2 and 5 years without undergoing rancidity.

The iodine value has been used as a measure of the susceptibility of the oil to oxidation [56]. The iodine value shows the amount of double bonds present and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in the specific oil. The obtained average iodine value implies a low percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the baobab seed oil (Table 2). Our results are similar to the results in a study by Nkafamiya et al. [47] who reported the baobab oil iodine value (IV) of , groundnut oil (84-99 g/100 g), olive (79-90 g/100 g), and castor oil (81-91 g/100 g). These ranges of iodine values suggest that the oil contains a low degree of unsaturation and can, therefore, be classified as nondrying edible oil because a range of 80-100 g/100 g iodine has been suggested for most edible oils [57].

4.2. Fatty Acid Composition in Baobab Crude Oil

The compositions of the fatty acids did not vary in the three different regions (Table 3). This implies that there were no variations in the environmental and soil conditions in the three regions. Conceivably, in the evolution of baobab populations into ecotypes with the possibility of genetic drift, the seed oil FA content pattern remained highly conserved. The results for the total fatty acid composition in baobab crude oil obtained in this study were similar to those reported by Idris et al. [41] who obtained 98.76 wt percent for the fatty acid composition. The compositions of palmitic, oleic, and linolenic fatty acids were higher compared to the compositions of other fatty acids. The higher fatty acid compositions of the baobab crude oil in this study were in the ranges of previous studies [9, 41]. It has been reported that as healthy fats, linoleic and oleic acids maintain cell membranes which provide energy and offer vitamin E which is a powerful antioxidant [32, 55]. Moreover, the oil contains CPFAs mainly sterculic and dehydrosterculic which is the characteristic property of Malvaceae family. Surprisingly, malvalic acid was below the detection limit in the baobab crude oil; hence, it deviates from the results reported in literature by [37]. The absence of malvalic acid could be attributed to the sample preparation method which involved oil extraction from baobab seeds using a pressing machine, leaving out the seed coat during fatty acid quantification [37]. The composition of the CPFAs found in the baobab crude oil sterculic (0.97-1.45%) and dehydrosterculic (0.80-1.29%) was higher than the recommended quantity for human consumptions [30].

4.3. Effect of Heating on Fatty Acid Composition

The variation in the heating temperatures influenced the compositions of saturated, unsaturated, and cyclic fatty acids. The observed effects of heating on fatty acid compositions were the same as those observed by Alil et al. [58]. The compositions of saturated fatty acids responded differently to the changing temperatures. During heating of the baobab oil, chemical reactions occurred. One among the reactions was that oxygen which reacted with unsaturated fatty acids resulted in hydroperoxide formation. A study by Ludger [59] observed that the geometrical isomerization of double bonds resulted in the formation of trans fatty acids during heating of oils. For the saturated fatty acids, the compositions increased with an increase in temperatures in our study (Figure 2).

Unsaturated fatty acid compositions decreased with an increase in temperatures probably due to the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A similar observation was made by Ali et al. [60] during thermo-oxidative degradation of canola oil. A decrease in unsaturated fatty acids was mainly due to the reaction of oxygen with unsaturated fatty acids resulting in hydroperoxides, which immediately degraded in further radical reactions at heating temperatures. Our results are similar to the results in a study by Marr et al. [61, 62] who reported a decrease in the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids as temperature decreased. In our study, it was evident that heating temperatures had a noticeable effect on the CPFA and fatty acid compositions. For example, heating reduced all CPFA composition significantly below 0.4 percent. This is the recommended level for human consumption by [30]. The major breakdown of CPFAs in the baobab oil occurred at 200°C and 250°C. In order to reduce the CPFAs in the baobab oil, heat is needed for postextraction treatments to make them fit for consumption [27]. These would be the best temperatures in the refining process of the baobab oil. Similar observations were made by [37]. Therefore, heat might be a good method of reducing the cyclopropenoid fatty acids from the baobab seed oils making them fit for consumption. However, further studies on the composition of fatty acids and the physicochemical parameters of baobab seed oil after the CPFA removal are necessary to determine the effect of heat on the quality of oil.

4.4. Equations

where is the volume in ml of standard potassium hydroxide, is the normality of the potassium hydroxide solution, and is the weight in g of the sample

where is the weight in g of specific gravity bottle with oil at 30°C, is the weight in g of specific gravity bottle at 30°C, and is the weight in g of specific gravity bottle with water at 30°C.

where is the volume in ml of standard hydrochloric acid required for the blank, is the volume in ml of standard hydrochloric acid required for the sample, is the normality of the standard hydrochloric acid, and is the weight in g of the oil/fat taken for the test.

where is the weight in g of the residue, is the weight in g of the free fatty acids in the extract, and is the weight in g of the sample.

where is the ml of sodium thiosulphate used for blank, is the ml of sodium thiosulphate used for sample, and is the normality of sodium thiosulphate solution.

where is the volume in ml of standard sodium thiosulphate solution required for the blank, is the volume in ml of standard sodium thiosulphate solution required for the sample, is the normality of the standard sodium thiosulphate solution, and is the weight in g of the sample.

5. Conclusions

Our study identified 12 fatty acids, namely, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, arachidic, oleic, vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, sterculic, and dehydrosterculic from the baobab oil. The presence of oleic and linoleic fatty acidy contributed to the medicinal value of the baobab oil. The physicochemical property values indicated that baobab oil has low unsaturation fatty acids making it edible as it is in liquid form at room temperature. The fatty acid profile of baobab seed oil is similar across all regions in the semiarid zone of Tanzania. Oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were found to be the major FAs, while stearic and linolenic acids were minor FAs. The possible existence of similar environmental conditions in the semiarid regions of Tanzania would not affect the FA pattern but might influence the quantities of some FAs of the seed oil. There is a need of assessing the pattern of FAs which are not included in this study in order to determine whether other FAs could be potential markers for baobab seed oil. The heating of baobab oil causes an increase of saturated fatty acids at temperatures of 150°C and 200°C. Sterculic and dehydrosterculic fatty acids were the CPFAs detected during this study. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the presence of malvalic acid in the baobab oil. It has been observed that a major breakdown of CPFA was at 200°C. The present results indicated that heating the baobab oil has an effect on the fatty acid composition as well as the amount of CPFAs. The temperature ranging from 200°C to 250°C of could be the optimal in the refining process of the baobab crude oil especially on the reduction of CPFA to the level that is recommended for human consumption.

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

thanks

The authors are grateful to the Centre for Research, Agricultural Advancement, Teaching Excellence and Sustainability in Food and Nutrition Security (CREATES-FNS) at the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) for the financial support. We thank Rufford Small Grants Foundation (Grant/Award Number 24376-1) and British Ecological Society (BES) for the research financial support. The authors would like to thank the laboratory staff of the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture, Kenya, for their assistance in baobab seed oil analyses. Finally, Upendo Msalilwa is thankful to her employer, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), for granting her a study leave for PhD studies.