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Table of Contents
How can I make friends in USA?
- Learn the social norms and customs of the US. …
- Get involved in activities you enjoy. …
- Take English classes. …
- Find people from your culture. …
- Go online to meet people and make friends. …
- Ask people for help when you need it. …
- Seek out people who are open-minded.
Are India and USA friends?
Currently, India and the United States enjoy close relations and have often seen eye-to-eye on issues such as counterterrorism (including concern of Pakistan’s involvement), and share mutual distrust on Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program, and Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific. Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.
Which US state has the most Indian?
Alaska has the highest share of the American Indian and Alaska Native population at 22%, followed by Oklahoma with 16% and New Mexico with 12%. Twenty states saw their Native American populations more than double since 2010, but Oklahoma saw the biggest growth, with a 30% increase since the last census.
Who is the best friend of USA?
The UK has historically been the USA’s “Best Friend”, despite Canada being on our border, being a more valuable trade partner, etc.
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
Try again
How do you make friends at 25?
Rule out drop-ins, like one-time meetups or special events, and look for activities where the same core people show up every day or every week, like going to the the local dog park, choral group practice, Thursday night running group, or anywhere you can be a “regular.”
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
As we age, life changes can affect existing friendships, and adulthood can make forging new friendships more difficult than it was when we were young.
But it’s possible to make new friends in adulthood with a few simple steps.
It is a process that requires repetition, disclosure and some initiative on your part.
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It is comparable to the feeling of salmon swimming upstream. Trying to keep in touch with your buddies after college, let alone make new friends, is difficult, exhausting, and sometimes pointless.
But not only you.
An analysis of a whopping 177,000 people found that groups of friends get bigger until around the age of 25, after which they shrink like a sweater in the dryer. Additionally, a 1985 national survey found that the most commonly reported number of confidants was three. Fast forward several decades and that number has dwindled to zero. Right, zero.
Whether it’s parenthood, a divorce, moving to a new city, or simply focusing on family and work, making new friends doesn’t end at the playground. It is a task and a skill that we face again and again throughout life.
When it comes to making friends, the semantics reveal an important detail: we make friends. Finding a boyfriend isn’t luck or coincidence: it’s a process, which is actually good news. You don’t have to wait for the stars to align; Instead, with three factors—repetition, disclosure, and some initiative—we can give the stars a nudge.
1. Be a regular
The prevailing opinion is that common interests – a love of bocci, democratic politics or Argentine tango – precede friendship. And while a shared love of David Lynch movies can’t hurt, the real magic ingredient is a lot less sexy than shared interests: repetition.
Seeing people regularly is a key element in making new friends. gmlykin/Shutterstock To have the best chance of friendship, we need to interact with the same person over and over again. A study illustrated this fact perfectly: when asked to name their closest friends, 44 trainees from the state police chose those that fell to them in alphabetical order of the seats next to them.
Another classic study of friends in a college apartment building found that the most popular people were simply those who lived in the busiest areas: at the bottom of the stairwells.
Therefore, think about how you can see the same people on a regular basis. Eliminate impromptu visits, like one-off get-togethers or special events, and look for activities that feature the same core people every day or week, such as or wherever you can be a “regular”.
The bottom line? Keep appearing. Commit to each new activity for at least a few months. Conventional wisdom holds that it takes six to eight conversations—beyond “Hey, how are you?”—before we’re considered friends.
2. Talk about yourself
For the shy among us, answering questions that come with meeting new people can be excruciating: “So what’s your job? Where do you come from? What brought you to this town?’
But it can be just as frustrating for our interlocutor to have to interrogate us.
Telling someone the details of your life encourages them to share it with you, which can be the first step in finding a friend. Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design/Flickr
So experiment with sharing the details of your life and inner workings more freely. If you’re shy or socially anxious, experiment with initiating and offering more than usual.
This may feel wrong, like talking too much, being annoying, or making it about yourself, but if you’ve been known to be reserved, give yourself permission to stretch and grow. Research shows what attracts others is disclosure, particularly what is “persistent, escalating, reciprocal, and personalistic.”
Whether you’re an introvert, an extrovert, or somewhere in between, telling someone the details of your life encourages them to share them with you, which in turn brings you closer.
Even the most banal small talk can become personal. Talking about traffic can be a revelation: “I prefer to ride my bike because it’s so much faster, but I draw the line when it’s raining like that.” “The traffic was terrible, but ‘2 Dope Queens’ got me through it as always.” “The construction site on Broadway is crazy — I could barely get to my favorite donut spot.” You still talk about traffic, but you’ve also laid the groundwork for conversation by giving them a topic or two to deny .
3. Be the conversation starter
It’s not your idea that people seem busy and noncommittal when it comes to making new friends. But as long as you have some basic kindness (no grunting and staring at your phone when you say hi), try this mindset: Assume they like you and act in the same way.
Making a new friend requires conversation—be the reason a conversation starts. ASDF_MEDIA/Shutterstock
Don’t apologize when you see them. Share a little bit of your life. Don’t wait for them to say hello or suggest trying out the new ramen place—that’s why the conversation starts.
In my experience as a clinical psychologist, pretty much everyone has a secret fear of being rejected. So initiate. You’ll be relieved and you’re on your way to those six to eight talks.
There’s no doubt: it’s hard to break through the busyness and ambivalence of life to meet new friends after we’ve dropped our mortarboard. But don’t despair: the stardust that is potential friendship is all around us. Interaction after interaction, disclosure after disclosure, initiation after initiation, we really can, as the Girl Scout song reminds us, make new friends.
Ellen Hendriksen, PhD, is a clinical psychologist, award-winning host of the Savvy Psychologist podcast, and author of How to Be Yourself: Quiet Your Inner Critic and Rise Above Social Anxiety. Follow her @ellenhendriksen.
How many Indian are in USA?
There are 28 states and 8 Union territories in the country.
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
India, a confederation of states, is a sovereign, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government. The President is the constitutional head of the Union’s executive branch. In the States, the governor is the head of the executive branch, representing the president. The system of government of the states is very similar to that of the Union. There are 28 states and 8 union territories in the country. Union territories are administered by the President through an administrator appointed by him. From the largest to the smallest, each State/UT of India has a unique demographics, history and culture, dress, festivals, language, etc. This section introduces you to the different States/UTs of the country and encourages you to explore their magnificent uniqueness.. .
Is India a third world country?
…
Third World Countries 2022.
| Country | Human Development Index | 2022 Population |
|---|---|---|
| Micronesia | 0.627 | 114,164 |
| India | 0.64 | 1,417,173,173 |
| Namibia | 0.647 | 2,567,012 |
| Tajikistan | 0.65 | 9,952,787 |
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
What is a third world country? That depends on when in the story you ask the question. The meaning of “Third World” has evolved significantly since it was first used more than half a century ago.
However, this meaning changed after the fall of the Soviet Union (and the end of the Cold War) in the early 1990s. “Third World” lost its political roots and referred to economically poor and non-industrialized countries as well as emerging countries. Under this modernized definition, Third World countries are those that, compared to the rest of the world, experience economic, social, political, and environmental problems such as high rates of poverty, economic instability, and lack of essential human resources.
This shifting definition has led to considerable confusion as to which countries could correctly be called Third World today. For example, by historical definition, nations such as Finland, Sweden, Ireland and Switzerland were not affiliated with either NATO or the communist bloc, as were third world countries. However, none of these nations would be considered third world by the modern definition – they are all too wealthy.
To add insult to inaccuracy, “Third World” when used in its modern context is considered a derogatory term disparaging developing and/or poor countries.
This combination of confusion and possible offense has made Third World a largely obsolete term. Instead, most modern speakers and writers prefer more accurate, innocuous terms like “developing countries” and “least developed countries” (calculated by the United Nations) or “low-income countries” (based on World Bank data).
Therefore, rather than presenting a list of modern third world countries, we invite you to scroll down to our list of the world’s least developed countries.
Note: The following United Nations Member States were not included in the most recent Human Development Index report: North Korea, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia and Tuvalu.
Is India a super power?
India is considered one of the potential superpowers of the world. This potential is attributed to several indicators, the primary ones being its demographic trends and a rapidly expanding economy and military. In 2015, India became the world’s fastest growing economy with a 5% estimated GDP rate (mid year terms).
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
India is considered one of the potential superpowers of the world.[1][2][3][4] This potential is attributed to several indicators, the main ones being demographic trends and a rapidly growing economy and military. In 2015, India became the world’s fastest growing economy with an estimated mid-year GDP rate of 5%.[5] Before it can be considered a superpower, the country must overcome many economic, social, and political problems and be as influential on the international stage as the United States, the European Union, China, the former British Empire, and the former Soviet Union.
Factors for [edit]
Possible future locational advantage [ edit ]
India lies in the South Asian part of the Indian Ocean – an area with unprecedented growth potential for transoceanic trade, as many Eurasian and increasingly Afro-Asian maritime trade routes pass through or near Indian territorial waters. Though the subcontinent’s land and water resources are strained, they still support its vast population.
In a speech in 1909, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (a former Viceroy of India) explained the importance of India to the British Empire:
The central position of India, its great resources, its teeming multitude of men, its great commercial ports, its reserve of military strength, which sustains an army always in a high state of efficiency, and also capable at any time, at any point being hurled from Asia or Africa – all these are assets of precious value. In the West, India must exercise a dominant influence over the fortunes of Persia and Afghanistan; in the north it can veto any rival in Tibet; in the Northeast … can exert great pressure on China and is one of the guardians of Siam’s autonomous existence. Lord Curzon, The Place of India in Empire (1909)[6][7]
Demographic factors[ edit ]
The increasing Indian population has prompted the creation of high-rise apartment buildings in numerous cities, including relatively small cities such as Gurgaon, where this block of flats was built.
Large population[ edit ]
India has the second largest population in the world after China.[8] The PGR for the country is 1.1. A very large proportion of the Indian population, around 50%, is under the age of 24. This will provide the nation with a large workforce that will contribute to its growth for many decades to come.[9]
Young population[ edit ]
Due to its high birth rate, India has a young population compared to more developed nations. Approximately 65% of the population is under 35 years old. In addition, declining fertility is beginning to reduce youth dependency rates, which may produce a demographic dividend.[10][11][12] While some of the powerful nations will see their labor force shrink over the coming decades, India is expected to see an increase. For example, while Europe has well past its demographic window, the United States entered its own in 1970 (until 2015), China entered its own in 1990 (and will continue through 2025), India entered its own in 2010 (and will do). last until 2050).[13] In the words of Indian scholar Rejaul Karim Laskar, “When aging populations stunt the economic growth of large countries, India will burst with youthful energy.”[14] Regionally, South Asia is projected to retain the youngest demographic profile after Africa and the Middle East, with the window extending into the 2070s.[15]
Global Diaspora[ edit ]
More than 32 million Indians live around the world.[16] Given the odds, they have become socio-economically prosperous—particularly in the US and UK, where they are the highest-earning ethnic group.[17]
Foreign language skills[edit]
The importance of the English language in the 21st century is a topic of debate[18][19] nonetheless the growing pool of non-native English speakers makes it the best contender for “global language” status.[20][21] Incidentally, India has the largest English speaking/understanding population in the world.[22] It claims one of the largest workforces of engineers, doctors and other key professionals, all of whom are proficient in English.[23] It has the second largest population of “fluent English” speakers, after the United States, with estimates of 150 to 250 million speakers, and is expected to have the largest in the coming decades. Indians also learn Dutch, Italian, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, German and Spanish.[24][25]
Political factors[edit]
The machinery of the world’s largest democracy: Sansad Bhavan, the Parliament of India
Modi, Xi, the BRICS leaders in 2016. Left to right: Temer Putin and Zuma
Democratic republicanism[ edit ]
India is the largest democratic republic in the world, four times larger than the second largest (the United States). Politically, it has been successful so far, especially considering its functionality despite its difficult ethnic makeup.[26] The fact that India is a democracy has improved its relations with other democratic nations and has greatly improved its relations with most nations in the developed world.
Candidacy for the Security Council[edit]
India has pushed for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council (as part of the G4[27]), but with the stipulation that it will not exercise its veto for the next 15 years[28]. It was supported by the United States,[29][30] France,[31] Russia[32] and the United Kingdom[33]. However, China’s position remains unclear.[34][35]
External Relations[edit]
India has developed relationships with world powers such as the United Kingdom, the European Union,[36] Japan, Russia and the United States.[37] It also developed relationships with the African Union (particularly South Africa), the Arab world, Southeast Asia, Israel and South American nations (particularly Brazil). In order to create a favorable environment for economic growth, India is investing in its relations with China.[38] It has greatly improved its standing with Western nations, signing a civil nuclear deal with the United States in March 2006. It is also working on better relations with Pakistan.[39]
Role in international politics[edit]
Historically, India was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement and had good relations with the Soviet Union and other parts of the western world. It played regional roles in South Asian affairs e.g. his deployment of the Indian peacekeeping force in the Bangladesh and Sri Lanka liberation wars. It took a leading initiative to improve relations between African and Asian countries. India is an active member of the Commonwealth and the WTO. The evolving economic integration policies in the West and Asia are influencing Indian sentiment to slowly shift in favor of integration with the world economy.[40] At present, India’s political moves are being influenced by economic imperatives. It is also observed that New Delhi is slowly, cautiously and often hesitantly entering the unexplored role of becoming one of the two most important seats of political power in Asia,[41] the other being in Beijing. Some enlightened thinkers of the subcontinent have also long term envisioned a South Asian version of a free trade area and even a union in which the South Asian nations abandon all past hostilities and strive to make economic growth a pan-subcontinental phenomenon.[31][42]
Multipolarity[ edit ]
A new and highly contentious geopolitical strategy being debated in the West is whether India should be trusted/helped to become an economically strong democratic world citizen and used to balance the powerful but non-democratic forces to gain more ensure stable world.[43] Generally, it is discussed in the context of a US offshore offset policy.[44]
Economic growth[edit]
India’s current economic growth (as of 2015 the world’s fastest growing major economy) has boosted its standing on the world political stage, although it is still a developing country but one that is showing strong development. Many nations are moving to build better relations with India.[45][46]
The Mumbai Pune Expressway, part of a series of modern busy roads in India
Economic factors[ edit ]
In India, make Prime Minister Narendra Modi launch
Booming economy[ edit ]
India’s economy is currently the third largest in the world in terms of real GDP (PPP), after the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China. According to the World Bank, India has overtaken China as the fastest growing major economy in the world as of 2015.[47] Its record growth was in the third quarter of 2003, when it grew 10.4%, faster than any other emerging market. India’s Emerging Economy Archived April 10, 2018 at the Wayback Machine by John Williamson IMF estimates show that in 2011 ( see List of Countries by Future Estimates of GDP (PPP)), India became the third largest economy in the world, overtaking the Japanese economy and becoming the fifth largest economy by GDP (nominal). India grew by 7.5% in 2015.
With annual growth of 9%, India is the second largest food producer in the world after China. Food processing accounts for US$69.4 billion in gross income.[48]
India is still a relatively small player in manufacturing compared to many world leaders. Some new trends point to an improvement in the future as the manufacturing sector grows by 11-12%.[49][50][51][52][53][54]
India currently has an expanding IT industry that is recognized as one of the best in the world. Some have begun to describe India as a technology superpower.[55][56] It is considered the world office and is a leader in the service industry. This is mainly due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled, low-cost, English-speaking workforce.[57][58]
Science and technology[edit]
India is attempting to develop a highly skilled workforce with expert English language skills to fit into the future knowledge-based economy.[59][60] India is emerging as one of the world’s leading computer software producers; With its research and development centers springing up, it is experiencing a steady revolution in its science and technology sector.[61][62] A case in point of India’s accomplished scientific aspirations are: to become the third nation after the USSR and the US to establish a national space agency called ISRO; the third Asian nation to orbit a satellite from a homegrown rocket, after China and Japan, starting with Rohini RS-1 in 1979. In January 2007, India became the fourth nation to complete atmospheric reentry.[ 65] In October 2008, India launched its first unmanned lunar probe, Chandrayaan 1, which operated until August 2009. At 20:06 on November 14, 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter and was intentionally tricked into striking the Moon near the South Pole, making India the fourth country to reach the lunar surface. Among his many achievements was the discovery of the widespread occurrence of water molecules in the lunar soil. On September 24, 2014, India became the fourth nation to have a satellite in orbit around Mars. India is the first Asian nation to do so, and the first to do so in a first attempt anywhere in the world.[69] India and the United States have increased mutual cooperation on space-related technologies such as B. improving interoperability between Indian and US systems, and prospects for a commercial space launch agreement with India that would allow US satellites to be launched on Indian vehicles.[70] India is among the world leaders in remote sensing,[71 ] a technology widely used by Indian fishermen and farmers, among others.[72] India is also trying to join international R&D projects – e.g. it has recently joined the European Galileo GPS project[73] and the ITER for fusion energy club.[74] India also holds a world record for placing 104 satellites in orbit by a single launch. India recently launched the Chandrayaan 2 mission to the moon, which included a lander and rover. It also has a planned space mission (Indian Human Spaceflight) to send a human into space by 2022. Some Indian educational and research institutions such as IIT,[75] IISER,[76] NIT, IIIT, BITS Pilani, IIM, IISc, TIFR and AIIMS are among the best in the world.
energy [ edit ]
In the future, the world is expected to move out of the “fossil fuel age” and perhaps the “nuclear age” and into the “renewable energy age” or even further into the “fusion energy age” if and whenever these technologies are available to be economically sustainable.[77][78][79] As a region in the sunny tropics, the Indian subcontinent could benefit greatly from a trend towards renewable energy as it has the ideal combination of both – high solar radiation[80] and high consumer density.[81][82][81][82][ ] 83] Considering, for example, the cost of energy for temperature control (a key factor influencing a region’s energy intensity) and the fact that cooling load demand is roughly in phase with solar intensity, as opposed to heating, cooling could occur from the excess solar radiation energetically (and thus economically) sensible on the subcontinent if the required technology becomes competitively cheaper.[84][85][86] India also has 25% of the world’s thorium resources. [citation required]
To contain the energy crisis, India is currently building ~9 civil nuclear power plants and several hydroelectric power plants. On January 25, 2007, during a visit to India, Russian President Vladimir Putin offered to build four more reactors, and India is expected to close this strategically important deal.[87] It also recently signed a civil nuclear energy agreement with the US[88] and the EU[89]. In recent years, India has joined China in a vigorous campaign to acquire oil fields around the world and is now involved in several oil fields (in the Middle East and Russia).[90][91][92]
Local transport system[edit]
India is in the process of developing modern mass transit systems to replace its existing system, which is considered insufficient to meet current and future urban needs. The cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Kochi, Gurgaon, Jaipur and Lucknow already have a modern metro system. Works to develop similar mass transit systems in the cities of Noida, Pune, Bhopal, Nagpur, Indore, Kanpur and Ahmedabad are underway or about to start. Indore leads the way by implementing world-class GPS-enabled low-floor buses in a Rapid Transport System. With economic and technological growth, India embraces modernization. The Indian railway network traverses the length and breadth of the country and covers a total length of 63,140 km (39,200 miles). It is one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world, carrying over 9 billion passengers and over 350 million tons of freight annually.[93] Its operations span twenty-seven states and three union territories, and also link neighboring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, other public transport systems such as buses often do not meet the standards observed in developed countries. India is heading towards the introduction of high speed trains in the country.
Tourism[edit]
India, with its diverse and fascinating history, arts, music, culture, spiritual and social models, has seen the growth of a booming tourism industry.[94] India is a historic place with a diverse history spanning over five millennia. About 3.9 million tourists traveled to India in 2005, spending about $1,470 per person each, more than in France (the world’s leading tourist destination).[94] Foreign visitors spent more than US$15.4 billion annually in India in 2005. Many travelers find cultural diversity an enriching experience, despite the annoying inefficiency, pollution, and overcrowding.[98] Monuments such as the Taj Mahal are among the many attractions of this country.[99][100] As of 2006, Conde Nast Traveler ranked India as the fourth most popular travel destination.[94] The Planning Commission expects that by 2010, 5.8 million tourists will travel to India. The World Travel and Tourism Council projects that India’s tourism industry will grow by 10% annually over the next ten years, making it the world leader in terms of growth.[94] Tourism contributes 6% to India’s GDP and employs 40 million people, making it an important factor in India’s economic growth.[94] More than 8 million foreign tourists arrived in 2015 compared to 7.68 million in 2014, a 4.4 percent growth over 2014.[101]
Indian metropolises have become the leading destination for medical tourism. An estimated 150,000 foreigners visited India for medical procedures last year, and the number is growing at about 15 percent annually.[102]
Military factors[ edit ]
Overall strength [ edit ]
The Indian Armed Forces, India’s main defense organization, consists of two main branches: the Indian Core Military and the Indian Paramilitary Forces. The Indian military maintains the largest active operational force in the world as of 2020, while the Indian Paramilitary Forces is the second largest paramilitary force in the world at over one million men. Combined, the total armed forces of India are 2,414,700 strong, the third largest defense power in the world.[104]
army [edit]
The Army of India, as the Indian Army was known under British rule before 1947, played a crucial role in stemming Imperial Japan’s advance into South Asia during World War II. It also played a leading role in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. Today, the Indian Army is the largest army in the world in terms of total armed personnel.[105]
Air Force[edit]
The Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world.[106][107] India recently introduced its second domestically manufactured fighter jet. India is also developing the fifth generation stealth aircraft.
navy [edit]
The Indian Navy is the fifth largest navy in the world. With sophisticated missile-capable warships, aircraft carriers, advanced submarines and the latest aircraft in its roster, it is believed to have blue-water capabilities, along with a significant deployment of cutting-edge domestically manufactured technology. It operates an aircraft carrier and also plans to introduce the INS Vikrant by 2020, followed by a larger INS Vishal.
Integrated missile development program [ edit ]
India launched the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) to become a distinct nation in missile development. The IGMDP program includes five missiles such as the Prithvi and Agni ballistic missiles, the Trishul and Akash surface-to-air missiles and the Nag anti-tank missile. Prithvi and Agni missiles are incorporated into the armed forces and form the basis of India’s nuclear second strike capability. The Trishul missile is declared a technology demonstrator. The Akash (Sky) is in service with the Indian Army and Indian Air Force. While Nag and Helina missiles undergo user trials. Recently, a new weapon system was added to the project, the Astra out-of-sight air-to-air missile. Also India has deployed many modern missiles such as anti-ballistic missiles like AAD and PAD and submarine-launched ballistic missiles for its Arihant class of nuclear ballistic submarines. The expertise in developing these missiles has helped Indian scientists contribute to joint weapons development programs such as Brahmos and Barak-II. India is also developing long-range cruise missiles similar to the Tomahawk class of missiles called Nirbhay. There are reports of India developing an intercontinental ballistic missile with a range of over ten thousand kilometers.[109] India is independent in missile technology.[110]
nuclear weapons[edit]
India has had nuclear weapons and the means to transport them long distances since 1974, when it conducted the Pokharan I nuclear tests. However, India is not a signatory to the NPT (due to security concerns and because India condemns the NPT as discriminatory).[111][112]
Weapons imports[ edit ]
India is currently the second largest arms importer in the world (as of late 2019), spending an estimated $16.97 billion in 2004. [citation needed] India has military technology agreements with the Russian Federation, the US, Israel and the EU ]
Current Lead Roles [ edit ]
The Indian Armed Forces play a crucial role in anti-terrorist activities and maintaining law and order in the disputed region of Kashmir. India has also participated in several United Nations peacekeeping missions and is currently the largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping force and the second largest contributor to the United Nations Democracy Fund after the US.[114]
Cultural factors[ edit ]
history [edit]
Indians invented the numbering system (introduced to the West by Arabic mathematicians, Arabic numerals), the concept of zero, logic, geometry, basic algebra, calculus, probability, astronomy, etc.[115][116][117][118][119 ][120][121] India has a long history of cultural dialogue with many regions of the world, particularly in Asia, where its cultural influence has spread through the philosophy of religions such as Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, etc. – particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Many religions originating outside the Indian subcontinent – Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá’í Faith – have found adherents in India. Indian culture spread to foreign lands through itinerant traders, philosophers, migration rather than conquest. According to Chinese Ambassador to the United States Hu Shih:
India has culturally conquered and dominated China for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across its borders. Hu Shih
cinema [edit]
India’s film industry produces more feature films than any other.[122] In one year it sold 3.6 billion tickets, more than any other film industry in the world (Hollywood sold 2.6 billion tickets in comparison). The cinemas play an important role in spreading Indian culture around the world. Indian cinema has pushed its boundaries since the days of the film Avara, which was a huge hit in Russia. Bollywood films are seen in Central and West Asia.[123][124][125][126] Indian films have also found audiences in Eastern societies.[127] India’s film industry is now becoming increasingly popular in Western society, with Bollywood festivals taking place in numerous cities[128] and Bollywood dance troupes performing at New Year’s Eve celebrations, a treatment that other non-English film industries generally do not receive.[129 ]
Golden Temple
Unity in the diversity of world views
A multiethnic, multilingual and multireligious society lives together in India. The long and varied history of the subcontinent has given it a uniquely diverse culture. It is often associated with spirituality. Thanks to its history of both native and foreign influences – such as the ancient Indian religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism) and the ancient Middle Eastern Asian schools of thought (Abrahamic – Islam, Christianity, Judaism, etc.) – today’s Indian civilization has developed a psyche becoming a complex mix of them – sometimes an overlay of religious philosophies with an acceptance of the contradictory cosmologies, sometimes a middle ground and sometimes the practical attitude – popular with the youth – of “picking out the common best and leaving”. the rest”, leading to the creation of many syncretistic belief mixtures (like Sai Baba of Shirdi). Since independence, India has regained its more advanced schools of thought, such as – democracy, secularism, rule of law, respect for human rights, rational deductive reasoning, development of science and technology etc. – Slowly but steadily entering the collective is the modern Indian psyche. India’s diversity is forcing it to develop a strong foundation of tolerance and pluralism, or is on the verge of breaking up. The Indian public is now also accepting modern Western influences in its society and their media – and a confluence of their past local culture with new western culture is emerging (“social globalization”) For some futuristic social thinkers, the blending of diverse ancient culture with modernity, spirituality with science/technology, more eastern with western worlda nvision of India possibly becoming a social laboratory for the development of a futuristic global unity consciousness.
Points against India’s rise to superpower status
Political obstacles[edit]
India has had border disputes with both China and Pakistan. This has resulted in 3 wars with Pakistan and 1 war with China. The map depicts the site of the 1999 Kargil conflict, which is India’s most recent direct military encounter with the Pakistani military
Cost of Democratic Republicanism
Democratic republicanism has its value, especially in a multi-ethnic country like India. However, the applicability of the “theoretical” virtues of republicanism to a country like India is sometimes questioned.[130][131][132] Some thinkers see India’s diverse democracy as a huge tax on its economy.[133] The Indian government has to consider many stakeholders before making decisions. However, compared to other major democracies, India is a relatively much younger republic. In addition, it is predicted that India as a democracy will provide an advantage over non-democratic competitors such as China in the long run.[134][135]
uprising [edit]
India has had significant successes in quelling many insurgencies, most notably the Punjab (Khalistan) Insurgency and the surrender of large sections of insurgents such as the United Liberation Front of Asom in 1992 and the National Liberation Front of Tripura in 2000–2001. However, the Indian government has acknowledged that support for the Maoist (Naxalite) insurgency has increased dramatically over the past decade.[136] Maoist rebels have increased their influence over the past 10 years, particularly in regions close to Nepal, particularly by targeting and supporting poor villages in India. The boom in support also appears to have been fueled by the successes of the nearly 10-year-old Maoist rebellion in Nepal. The Indian government has recently taken a new stance on the Maoist insurgency, bringing together the affected states to coordinate their response. It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic measures to defuse grievances fueling the Maoist cause.[137]
disputes [edit]
India’s growth is hampered by disputes with its neighbors China and Pakistan (over historical borders and ideological issues) and disputes with Bangladesh (over water availability), and thus India’s neighbors such as China and Pakistan remain suspicious of India. It is also occasionally fraught with instability issues in some localized regions of the subcontinent. In recent years, India has improved relations with its neighbors in an effort to ease political tensions and increase economic cooperation.[138]
Lack of international representation[ edit ]
Indien ist kein ständiges Mitglied des UNSC, obwohl es derzeit zu den vier Nationen gehört, die sich aktiv um einen ständigen Sitz im Rat bemühen. Daher fehlt Indien die Fähigkeit, seinen Einfluss oder seine Ideen auf internationale Ereignisse in der Weise auszudehnen, wie es Supermächte tun.[139]
Wirtschaftliche Hindernisse [ bearbeiten ]
Subsistenzwirtschaft [ bearbeiten ]
Ab 2020 sind laut Weltbank etwa 41,49 % der gesamten Erwerbsbevölkerung Indiens im Agrarsektor beschäftigt. Verglichen mit den meisten entwickelten Volkswirtschaften wie den Vereinigten Staaten, dem Vereinigten Königreich und Deutschland liegt der Prozentsatz bei etwa 1 %.[140] Diese Zahl nimmt allmählich ab. Allerdings wird es noch Jahrzehnte dauern, bis der Prozentsatz mit den Zahlen anderer führender Volkswirtschaften übereinstimmt. Nach Angaben des National Institute of Open Schooling praktiziert eine Mehrheit der Bauern in Indien Subsistenzlandwirtschaft. Das bedeutet Landwirtschaft für den Eigenbedarf. Mit anderen Worten, die gesamte Produktion wird größtenteils von den Bauern und ihrer Familie verbraucht und sie haben keinen Überschuss, den sie auf dem Markt verkaufen könnten. Bei dieser Art der Landwirtschaft sind die Landbesitzungen klein und zersplittert. Die Anbautechniken sind primitiv und einfach. Mit anderen Worten, es fehlen völlig moderne Ausrüstungen wie Traktoren und Betriebsmittel wie chemische Düngemittel, Insektizide und Pestizide. In dieser Landwirtschaft bauen die Bauern vor allem Getreide, Ölsaaten, Hülsenfrüchte, Gemüse und Zuckerrohr an.[141]
Armut [Bearbeiten]
Ab 2011 lebten etwa 21,9 % der indischen Bevölkerung unterhalb der Armutsgrenze.[142][143] Armut erzeugt auch Kinderarbeit.[144] Verschiedene Reformen, einschließlich Massenbeschäftigungsprogramme, wurden von der Regierung durchgeführt, um dieses Problem anzugehen,[145] und Indien war ziemlich erfolgreich bei der Verringerung seines Anteils an der Armut. Es wird erwartet, dass die Zahl der Menschen, die von 1 US-Dollar pro Tag leben, in Südasien von 41,5 Prozent im Jahr 1990 auf 16,4 Prozent bis 2015 sinken wird. Das Problem der Armut in Indien ist jedoch noch lange nicht gelöst. Ökonomen sind sich darüber einig, dass die allgemeine Armut in Indien zurückgegangen ist, das Ausmaß der Armutsminderung wird oft diskutiert.[148] Auf die Wirtschaftsreformen Anfang der 1990er Jahre folgte ein hohes Wirtschaftswachstum. Seine Auswirkungen auf die Armut bleiben umstritten, und die von der indischen Regierung veröffentlichten offiziellen Zahlen zeigen eine Verringerung der Armut von 36% (1993–94) auf 26% (1999–00) auf 22% (2004–05). sowohl wegen angeblich zu geringer als auch zu starker Armutsbekämpfung angefochten worden.[149] Seit 2011 leben 86,8 % der Inder von weniger als 5,50 $ pro Tag nach Kaufkraftparität.[150] Während Konsens darüber besteht, dass die Liberalisierung zu einer Verringerung der Einkommensarmut geführt hat, ist das Bild nicht so klar, wenn man andere nicht-finanzielle Dimensionen (wie Gesundheit, Bildung, Kriminalität und Zugang zu Infrastruktur) berücksichtigt. Angesichts des schnellen Wirtschaftswachstums, das Indien erlebt, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass ein erheblicher Teil der ländlichen Bevölkerung weiterhin in die Städte abwandern wird, wodurch das Problem der städtischen Armut langfristig an Bedeutung gewinnen wird.[151] Der Ökonom Pravin Visaria hat die Gültigkeit vieler Statistiken verteidigt, die den Rückgang der allgemeinen Armut in Indien belegen. Er bestand darauf, dass die Umfrage von 1999-2000 gut konzipiert und überwacht worden sei, und er verteidigte weiter, dass die Zahlen nicht einfach abgetan werden sollten, nur weil sie nicht den vorgefassten Vorstellungen über die Armut in Indien entsprachen.[152] Nicholas Stern, Vizepräsident der Weltbank, hat eine Verteidigung der Statistiken zur Armutsbekämpfung veröffentlicht. Er argumentiert, dass die zunehmende Globalisierung und Investitionsmöglichkeiten erheblich zur Verringerung der Armut im Land beigetragen haben. India, has shown one of the clearest co-relation trends of globalisation with the accelerated rise in per-capita income.[153][154]
Infrastructure [ edit ]
Basic infrastructure in India[155] such as roads, power grid, water, communications infrastructure, and housing are often below standards, and not catching up with the tune of its economic progress.[156] Continued poor infrastructure might serve as a bottleneck to further economic development. The 2012 India blackouts, which affected millions, was a result of such problems. The government is, however, improving the infrastructure, such as expanding the freeway and highway system and bringing it up to global standards. As of 2005, India only had 8,811.5 km of expressways,[157] while the U.S. and China have 95,932 km and 149,600 km of expressways, respectively. Even so, India has more than 151,000 km of National Highways and the world’s second largest road network, being only behind the US.[158]
Inflation and overheating [ edit ]
Despite India’s growth spurt of 8% p.a. in recent years, its sustainable pace is still much lower than China’s, which puts its economy more at risk of overheating and rising inflation.[159] The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has acknowledged the risk of overheating and has been tightening monetary policy steadily. It is debatable whether this alone will be sufficient to ease inflationary pressures. The economy is running near or above capacity, and the RBI has noted that production must rise at a pace sufficient to match overall GDP growth if further inflationary pressures are to be avoided. The Indian government has said that much of the rise in inflation recently can be attributed to short-term supply constraints, such as a shortage of key foodstuffs thanks to an erratic summer monsoon.[160]
Energy dependence and costs [ edit ]
India heavily depends on foreign oil – a phenomenon likely to continue until non-fossil/renewable energy technology becomes economically viable in the country.[161] To avert an energy crisis, India is desperately seeking alternate means of energy. India can sustain its growth to higher trajectories only by the co-operation of other countries. As for now, India is energetically expensive since India has to import over 70% of its energy,[162] thus making costs of comforts – like personal car or even air conditioning – extremely high. It is however, steadily combating its energy issues.
Unemployment [ edit ]
Unless India finds a quick way to generate jobs, its population of unemployed youths could be a reason for instability.[163] India’s growth in the services sector and Information Technology sector has not been matched by growth in manufacturing which can provide more jobs.[164] Some claim that this sector may lose importance in the future.[165] India is leveraging on new sectors like the KPO (Knowledge Process Outsourcing).[166][167]
The unemployment rate in February 2017 was claimed to be around halved to 4.8% against 9.5% estimates at August 2016.[168]
health [edit]
India’s health scenario is dismal with diseases and malnutrition constantly affecting the poorest quarter of the populace.[169][170] Mortality is still relatively high and the bane of AIDS is spreading quickly.[171] According to a report of United Nations Development Programme, India has the 3rd highest population living with AIDS/HIV and its economy might suffer a setback if it does not check the problem of the virus’ spread. It is estimated that India’s economic growth will decline by 0.86 percentage annually if the AIDS problem is not properly dealt with. To improve the situation, a number of projects such as the building of hospital chains (like the Apollo Hospitals, amongst others) has laid the foundation for a health system that matches global standards. However, these hospitals are sometimes used by foreigners as a cheap yet effective source of health services and much remains to be done for India’s very poor.
Literacy in India grew very slowly until independence in 1947. An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991–2001 period.
Low literacy [ edit ]
As per the 2011 India census, India’s national literacy is only 74.04% (2011).[172][173] Literacy drive is spreading slowly to other states.[174] India’s youth (age 15 to 24) literacy rate was 76.4% between 2000 and 2004.[175] At current rates India will take no less than 20 years for a literacy of 95%.[176] Literacy in India is not homogeneous, some states in India have higher literacy rates than others. Kerala, a south-Indian state widely recognised as the most well-educated state in India, recorded a literacy rate of 93.9% in 2011. On the other hand, the north-Indian state of Bihar lags behind with 63.8%. India’s adult literacy rates (61.3% in 2002), is just a little better compared to other nations in South Asia except Sri Lanka’s 91.7%,[177] with Nepal next at 44%, Pakistan at 41.5% and Bangladesh the lowest at 41.1%.
Climate and environmental problems [ edit ]
The majority of India lies in the tropical climate zone, which may have a negative impact on its agricultural and overall economic development. The climate thesis of economic development was first argued by Adam Smith and recently by David Landes in his The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Tropical areas generally average enough rainfall, but the timing is often irregular and unpredictable. The rain drops are large and the rate of fall often torrential. One answer to irregular moisture is storage and irrigation, but this is countered in these regions by incredibly high rates of evaporation. In the Agra region of India, for example, rainfall exceeds the needs of local agriculture for only two months in the year, and the excess held in the soil in those wet months dries up in only three weeks.[178] Tropical zones are also more prone to endemic water-borne and parasitic diseases such as cholera and malaria.[179] As a result of climate change, the Gangotri Glacier, among others, is receding.[180][181] Also, of the 3 million premature deaths in the world that occur each year due to outdoor and indoor air pollution, the highest number are assessed to occur in India.[182]
Social issues [ edit ]
Communal violence [ edit ]
India has a diverse mix of various religions and races. The majority are Hindus by religion, followed by Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Baháʼís and many more. Though most religions in India have been practising religious tolerance in their histories, the partition and subsequent terrorism had created some degree of uneasiness among some.[183][184][185] The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom downgraded India to the lowest ranking – ‘Countries of particular concern’ – in its 2020 list.[186]
Social divide [ edit ]
The problem of India’s social divide is often linked to its centuries-old caste system.[187] In an attempt to eliminate the caste system, the Indian government has introduced special quotas for low-caste Indians in educational institutions and jobs. The measure is with the motive of helping lower-caste Indians to pursue higher education and thereby elevate their standard of life. However, the system is often criticised about its effectiveness as so called creamy layer (rich among the lower caste) get non-needed advantage & leave other lower caste groups poor.[188][189] The Government of India has mandated “non-creamy layer” certificate in at least some cases.
See also[edit]
References[ edit ]
Further reading[edit]
Articles [ edit ]
books [edit]
Media [ edit ]
Where do most Indian immigrants live in the US?
| Metro area | Indian population |
|---|---|
| New York | 711,000 |
| Chicago | 238,000 |
| San Francisco | 234,000 |
| Dallas | 208,000 |
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
Year Population 2000 1,900,000 2010 3,183,000 2015 3,982,000 2019 4,606,000 Pew Research Center
English proficiency among Indian population in the United States, 2019
Category English Proficiency All 82% US-born 96% Foreign-born 77% Adults 80% All Asians 72% Pew Research Center
Length of stay in the US for Indian immigrants, 2000-2019
All Indian immigrants All Asian immigrants Year 0 to 10 years More than 10 years 2000 54% 46% 2010 48% 52% 2015 43% 57% 2019 43% 57% Pew Research Center Year 0 to 10 years More than 10 years 2000 44% 56% 2010 36% 64% 2015 34% 66% 2019 34% 66% Pew Research Center
Educational attainment of the Indian population in the United States, 2019
Category High school or less Some college Bachelor’s degree Postgraduate degree All 15% 10% 32% 43% US-born 11% 14% 34% 41% Foreign-born 16% 9% 32% 43% All Asians 27% 19% 30% 24% All Americans 39% 29% 20% 13% Pew Research Center
Indian population living in poverty in the US, 2019
Group All Americans All Asians All Indians All 13% 10% 6% US-born 13% 9% 7% Foreign-born 14% 11% 6% Pew Research Center
Top 10 US metropolitan areas by Indian population, 2019
Metropolitan Indian Population New York 711,000 Chicago 238,000 San Francisco 234,000 Dallas 208,000 Washington 192,000 San Jose, CA 189,000 Los Angeles 171,000 Houston 161,000 Atlanta 137,000 Philadelphia 137,000 Pew Research Center
Demographics of the US Native American Population, 2019
% (unless otherwise stated)
Among American Indians, all Asians
in the US All born in the US Foreign-born MEDIAN AGE (years) 34 33 13 39 AGE Younger than 5 7 7 21 1 5-17 17 17 42 6 18-29 18 17 20 16 30-39 17 22 10 28 40-49 14 16 5 21 50-64 16 12 2 17 65+ 11 8 1 12 BIRTH US-born 43 32 – – Foreign-born 57 68 – – YEARS IN US (among foreign-born) 0-5 Years 21 – – 29 6-10 years 13 – – 14 11 – 15 years 11 – – 13 16 – 20 years 12 – – 13 21+ years 44 – – 31 CITIZENSHIP (of foreign-born) US citizens 59 – – 49 Non-US Citizen 41 N/A N/A 51 MARITAL STATUS ( 18 and older) Married 59 71 34 77 Divorced/Separated/Widowed 11 7 5 7 Never Married 30 23 61 16 FERTILITY (for women aged 15 to 44) Women born in the have given birth in the last 12 months 6 7 4 8 HOUSEHOLD TYPE, BY PERSON Couple household 71 82 83 82 Other family household 13 7 8 6 Non-family household 15 11 10 12 IN A MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLD Multi-generational household 27 22 19 24
Note: Family households are households with a head of household and one or more persons living in the household who are related to the head of household by birth, marriage or adoption. Households with a head of household and an unmarried partner are only considered family households if there are other people living in the household who are related to the head of household by birth, marriage or adoption. Multigenerational households are households with two or more adult generations or one that includes grandparents and grandchildren. Figures may not add up to 100% due to rounding. Figures for Indians and all Asians based on mixed-race and mixed-group populations, regardless of Hispanic origin. See methodology for more details.
Source: Pew Research Center analysis of 2017-2019 American Community Survey (IPUMS).
Pew Research Center
Economic Characteristics of the Native American Population of the United States, 2019
% (unless otherwise stated)
Among American Indians, all Asians
In the US all US-born foreign-born median annual household income $85,800 $119,000 $104,400 $120,000 median annual personal gains (age 16+ with positive from age 16) Employed 64 67 63 68 Not employed 3 3 3 2 Not employed 34 30 34 29 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (civilians aged 16+ in employment) 4 4 5 4 LIVING IN POVERTY All ages 10 6 7 6 Under 18 10 5 5 7 18-64 10 7 10 6 65 and over 12 8 9 8 PROPERTY (households) Owner-occupied 59 57 52 58 Tenant-occupied 41 43 48 42
Note: Household population excludes people living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group housing. Households are classified by race or detailed Asian group of the head. “Full-time employees all year round” are people aged 16 and over who have generally worked at least 35 hours a week and at least 48 weeks in the past year. The percentage of the non-employed population aged 16 and over differs from the unemployment rate because the non-employed percentage is based on the total population, while the unemployment rate is based on the employed (i.e. employed or looking for work). Poverty status is determined for people in residential units and non-institutional group accommodation. It is not available to children under the age of 15 who are not related to the head of household, people living in institutional group housing, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. Because of the way the IPUMS assigns poverty scores, these data differ from those of the U.S. Census Bureau off. Figures may not add up to 100% due to rounding. Figures for Indians and all Asians based on mixed-race and mixed-group populations, regardless of Hispanic origin. See methodology for more details.
Source: Pew Research Center analysis of 2017-2019 American Community Survey (IPUMS).
Pew Research Center
find out more
Explore factsheets on other Asian groups in the US.
Read the methodology.
What are people from India called?
Indians are the citizens and nationals of the Republic of India. According to the 2011 Indian national census, the population of India stood at over 1.2 billion people, making it the world’s second-most populous country that contains 17.50 percent of the global population.
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
This article is about Indian people from India. For other uses, see Indian (disambiguation). For the ethno-religious Indian Christian group also referred to as the East Indians, see East Indians
Indians are the citizens and nationals of the Republic of India. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the population of India was over 1.2 billion people, making it the second most populous country in the world, home to 17.50 percent of the world’s population. In India, the term “Indian” refers to nationality rather than a specific ethnicity or language; Indian nationality consists of dozens of regional ethnolinguistic groups reflecting the rich and complex history of the population. The Indian diaspora is sizeable and present throughout the world, particularly in other parts of Asia, as well as in North America, Europe, the Caribbean, Oceania, and Africa.[4] The demonym Indian applies to nationals of the modern-day Republic of India; However, prior to the partition of India in 1947, the demonym applied to all people living throughout British India, including present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh.
In Canada, the Caribbean, and the United States, the terms Asian Native American and East Indian are sometimes used to avoid confusion with the Canadian First Nations, the Caribbean Native people, and the Native Americans, also commonly known as “Native Americans” since the European colonial era.
ethnonym
The name Bhārata has been used as a self-attributed name by people in the Indian subcontinent and Republic of India since 1949.[27] The term “Bhārata” appears in the country’s official Sanskrit name, Bhārata Gaṇarājya. The name derives from the ancient Vedic and Puranas referring to the land of India as “Bhārata varṣam” and using this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents.[28] The Bhāratas were a Vedic tribe mentioned in the Rigveda who notably participated in the Battle of the Ten Kings.[29] India is named after the legendary Emperor Bharata, who was a descendant of the Bhāratas tribe, scion of the Kuru dynasty that united the Indian subcontinent under one empire.[30]
उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् । वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ।।
“The land (varṣam) lying north of the ocean and south of the snow-capped mountains is called Bhāratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharata.”[31][32]
In early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त) came into general use before Bhārata. The Manusmṛti (2.22) gives the name Āryāvarta to “the area between the Himalayas and the Vindhya ranges, from the East (Bay of Bengal) to the West Sea (Arab Sea)”.
While the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰνδία (Indía) via Latin India. India in Koine Greek denoted the region beyond the river Indus (Ἰνδός), since Herodotus (5th century BC) ἡ Ἰνδική χώρη, hē Indikē chōrē; “the Indian land”, Ἰνδός, Indos, “an Indian”, from Old Persian Hinduš and the medieval term Hindustani.[35] The name ultimately derives from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the Indus River, but also means “river” in general.[36]
story
Ashoka Pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka around 250 BC. It was adopted as the emblem of India.
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies of the Indian subcontinent; the merging of the Indus Valley civilization and the Indo-Aryan culture with the Vedic civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of sixteen oligarchic republics known as Mahajanapadas; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the birth of Jainism and Buddhism in the 6th century B.C. [37] and the beginning of a series of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia in different geographical areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Middle Ages intertwined with Hindu forces; the emergence of European traders leading to the establishment of British India; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the partition of India and the establishment of the Republic of India.
The Indian people established some of the greatest empires and dynasties in South Asian history, such as the Maurya Empire, the Satavahana Dynasty, the Gupta Empire, the Rashtrakuta Dynasty, the Chalukya Dynasty, in ancient and medieval times up to the early eighteenth century. Empire, the Chola Empire, the Karkota Empire and Pala Empire, Vijayanagara Empire, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire and Sikh Empire. The first great empire of the Indian people was the Maurya Empire, with Patliputra (now Patna, Bihar) as its capital, which reigned in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. During the reigns of the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, most of South Asia was conquered by their chief adviser, Acharya Chanakya, the world pioneer in the field of political science and economics. The next great ancient empire of the Indians was the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual revival, is known as the classical or “Golden Age of India”. During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and Hinduism and Buddhism spread throughout much of Asia, while the Chola Empire to the south enjoyed thriving maritime trade relations with the Roman Empire during this period. The ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the decimal system of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system during this period.[38] During this period, Native American cultural influence spread across many parts of Southeast Asia, leading to the establishment of Native American kingdoms in Southeast Asia.[39]
Maratha Empire: Area under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals
During the early Middle Ages, the great Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from the 8th to the 10th centuries, and the Indian emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was described by the Arab traveler Sulaiman as one of the four great kings of the world.[ 40 ] The medieval South Indian mathematician Mahāvīra lived in the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was the first Indian mathematician to separate astrology from mathematics and who wrote the earliest Indian text devoted entirely to mathematics.[41] The largest sea empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty. Under the great Indian emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I, the Chola dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[42][43] The power of the Chola Empire was proclaimed to the eastern world through the expedition to the Ganges undertaken by Rajendra Chola I and through the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as through the repeated embassies in China. 44]
During the late Middle Ages, the great Vijayanagara Empire dominated most of southern India from the 14th to the 16th centuries, reaching its peak during the reign of the southern Indian emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya on trigonometry and calculus, and Nilakhanta (ca. 1444–1545), who postulated the orbits of planets.[46]
The Mughal Empire consolidated much of the Indian subcontinent under a single empire. Under the Mughals, India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater promotion of culture, greatly influencing Indian society. The Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralized, and unified rule. Newly cohesive social groups in North and West India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pathans, the Jats, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule that brought them both recognition and military experience through cooperation or adversity.[ 52][53][54]
The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire and the Sikh Empire, which became the dominant powers in India by the 18th century.[56] The Maratha Empire is largely credited with ending Mughal rule in India.[57][58][59][60] The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north[61] and Bengal and the Andaman Islands in the east.[62]
The decline of the Mughal and Maratha Empires from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries saw large areas of India annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire and a period of rapid infrastructure development, economic decline and economic decline experienced great famines.[64] A nationwide struggle for the Indian independence movement was launched in the first half of the 20th century, the Indian subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 after the British provinces were split into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all joined in one of the new ones States.[65][66][67]
Culture
India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world.[68] Indian culture, often referred to as an amalgamation of several different cultures, stretches across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced and shaped by a history stretching back thousands of years.[69][70] Throughout Indian history, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by the Dharmic religions.[71] They are credited with influencing much of Indian philosophy, literature, architecture, art and music.[72] Greater India was the historical extension of Indian culture beyond the Indian subcontinent. This applies in particular to the spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, architecture, administration and writing from India to other parts of Asia via the Silk Road by travelers and sea traders in the early centuries of the Common Era.[73][74] To the west, Greater India intersects with Greater Persia in the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountains.[75] In the Middle Ages, Islam played a significant role in shaping Indian cultural heritage.[76] Over the centuries there has been significant integration of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs with Muslims across India.[77][78]
religion
Goddess Lakshmi on gold coins issued under the Gupta Empire, c. 380 AD
Holi is a major Indian festival celebrated every spring.
India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, collectively known as the Indian religions.[71] Indian religions, also known as Dharmic religions, are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic religions. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the third and fourth largest religions in the world, respectively, with a total of over 1 billion followers[79][80][81] and possibly as high as 1.5 or 1.6 billion followers.[79][82] Throughout India’s history, religion has been an important part of the country’s culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are established in the country by both law and custom; the Indian constitution has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right.[83]
Atheism and agnosticism have a long history in India and flourished within the Śramaṇa movement.[84] The Cārvāka school arose around the 6th century BC. in India and is one of the earliest forms of the materialist and atheist movement in ancient India.[85][86][87] Sramana, Buddhism, Jainism, Ājīvika and some Hindu schools such as Samkhya accept atheism as valid and reject the concept of creator deity, ritualism and supernaturalness.[88][89][90] India has produced some notable atheist politicians and social reformers.[91][92]
Although approximately 80% of India’s citizens are Hindus, the country has a sizeable population of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and tribalists.[93] Zoroastrianism and Judaism each have several thousand Indian followers and also have an ancient history in India.[94] India has the world’s largest population of people who adhere to Zoroastrianism and the Bahá’í Faith, although these two religions are not native to India.[95] Many other world religions also have a relationship with Indian spirituality, such as the Bahá’í Faith, which recognizes Buddha and Krishna as manifestations of Almighty God.[96] Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have a visible influence, as does a self-attributed tolerance of other people. According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were non-religious, 3% were convinced atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond.[97]
Traditionally, Indian society is grouped by caste. It is a system in which social stratification within various social realms defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups is often referred to as jāti or caste. Within a Jāti there are exogamous groups known as gotras, an individual’s lineage or clan.[98] Caste barriers have mostly collapsed in the cities but still exist in some form in rural areas.[99]
Most Indian states are predominantly Hindu. However, Kashmir and Lakshadweep are majority Muslim; Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya are majority Christian and Punjab majority Sikh. Although participants in the Indian Census may choose not to declare their religion, there is no mechanism for an individual to indicate that they are not affiliated with any religion. Due to this limitation in the Indian census process, data for people who do not belong to any religion may not be accurate. India is home to the majority of the world’s Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians and Bahá’ís. Christianity is widespread in Northeast India, parts of South India, particularly Kerala, and among various populations of Central India. Muslims are the largest religious minority. India is also home to the third largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan.[100][101][102]
family
Indian bride in traditional wedding dress
Historically, India had a dominant tradition of shared family system or undivided family. The joint family system is an extended family arrangement that is widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India.[103] At the head of the family is a patriarch, the eldest male, who makes economic and social decisions on behalf of the entire family. The patriarch’s wife generally exercises control of the household, minor religious practices, and often significant influence over domestic affairs. A patrilineal community family consists of an elderly man and his wife, his sons and unmarried daughters, his sons’ wives and children. Family income flows into a common pool from which funds are drawn to meet the needs of all members, regulated by the heads of families.[104] However, with modernization and economic development, India has seen a dissolution of the traditional joint family into more nuclear families, and the traditional joint family in India made up a small percentage of Indian households.
Arranged marriages are the tradition in Indian society. Marriage is seen as the union of the two families and not just the individuals, the process of an arranged marriage can vary by community and family. A recent survey study found that fewer marriages are arranged without consent and that the majority of Indian marriages surveyed are arranged with consent.[107] The study also suggests that Indian culture is moving away from traditional arranged marriages. They note that marriage trends in India are similar to trends over the past 40 years, where arranged marriages used to be common, particularly in China and Japan.[107]
a dress
The clothing styles of India have continuously evolved throughout history. Cotton was first used around the 5th millennium BC. Cultivated on the Indian subcontinent.[108] Dyes used during this period are still used, notably indigo, madder, lacquer, and turmeric.[109] Silk was made around 2450 BC. and 2000 B.C. woven.[110][111] In the 11th century B.C. The Rig-Veda mentions dyed and embroidered garments known as paridhan and pesas respectively, thus highlighting the development of sophisticated garment-making techniques during this period.[112] In the 5th century B.C. The Greek historian Herodotus describes the richness of the quality of Indian textiles.[113] By the 2nd century AD, Indian-made cotton, muslin, and silk textiles were imported by the Roman Empire and, along with Indian spices and wootz steel, were among ancient India’s major exports to other parts of the world.[114] Traditional Indian clothing varies greatly in different parts of the country, influenced by local culture, geography and climate. Women traditionally wear sari, gagra choli, angarkha, phiran, shalwar kameez, gharara and bandi with dupatta or ghoonghat worn over the head or shoulder to complete the outfit. Men traditionally wear angarkha, achkan, kurta, kameez, phiran, sherwani and koti as outerwear, while undergarments include dhoti, churidar, shalwar and lungi. Pagri is usually worn around the head to complete the outfit. In urban centers, people often wear western clothing and a variety of other contemporary fashions.[117]
kitchen
thali with naan, daal, raita and papad vegetarian with and
Indian food varies from region to region. The staple foods of Indian cuisine are a variety of lentils (dal), wholemeal flour (aṭṭa), rice and pearl millet (bājra), which have been around since 6200 BC. Be grown on the Indian subcontinent. Over time, portions of the population adopted vegetarianism during the Śramaṇa movement[120][121] while a balanced climate allowed a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown year-round. A food classification system that categorized any item as Saatvik, Raajsic, or Taamsic, developed in the Yoga tradition.[122][123] The Bhagavad Gita prescribes certain dietary practices. During this time, the consumption of various meats became taboo as they were considered sacred or unclean.[124][125] Indian cuisine uses numerous ingredients, employs a wide range of preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary presentations depending on geography.
Performing Arts
The oldest surviving examples of Indian music are the melodies of the Samaveda (1000 BC), which are still sung at certain Śrauta sacrifices; this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns.[127] The Samaveda and other Hindu texts have greatly influenced India’s classical music tradition, which is known today in two distinct styles: Hindu music and Carnatic music. Both the Hindu and Carnatic musical systems are based on the melodic base known as rāga sung to a rhythmic cycle known as tāla. These principles were refined in the Nātyaśāstra (200 BC) and the Dattilam (300 AD).[128]
The Nātyaśāstra is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music. It was built between 200 B.C. Written in classical India between 200 BC and 200 AD and is traditionally attributed to the sage Bharata.[129] Natya Shastra is incredibly broad. While primarily performing arts, it has also influenced music, classical dance, and literature. It includes set design, music, dance, makeup and virtually every other aspect of stagecraft.
Indian drama and theater has a long history alongside its music and dance. One of the earliest known plays is Mṛcchakatika composed by Śudraka. Followed by Aśvaghoṣa’s Śāriputraprakaraṇa and Bhāsa’s Swapnavāsavadatta and Pancharātra. The most notable works are Kālidāsa’s Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra. Harshas Ratnavali, Priyadarsika and Naganandam, other notable ancient playwrights are Bhatta Narayana, Bhavabhuti, Vishakhadatta, Thirayattam[130] and Viswanatha Kaviraja[131].
Notable fairytale stories such as Panchatantra, Baital Pachisi, Kathasaritsagara, Brihatkatha, and Jataka have been performed in folk theaters since ancient times.[132] Jataka tales have become part of Southeast and East Asian folklore with the spread of Buddhism. This literature also influenced the development of the Arabian Nights in the Middle Ages.[133]
contribution and discoveries
Indians have played an important role in the development of philosophy, science, mathematics, art, architecture and astronomy throughout history. Notable mathematical achievements of India in ancient times included the Hindu-Arabic numeral system with decimal place value and a symbol for zero, interpolation formula, Fibonacci’s identity, theorem, the first complete arithmetic solution (including zero and negative solutions) for quadratic equations.[134] The Chakravala method, sign convention, Madhava series and sine and cosine in trigonometric functions can be reduced to jyā and koti-jyā.[135] Notable military inventions include war elephants, crucible steel weapons commonly known as Damascus steel, and Mysorean missiles.[136] Other notable inventions in antiquity include chess, cotton, sugar, baked bricks, carbon pigment ink, ruler, lacquer, lacquer, stepwell, indigo dye, snake and ladder, muslin, ludo, calico, wootz steel, incense clock, shampoo, palampore, and chintz prefab houses.
Indian cultural aspects, religions, philosophy, art and architecture have evolved over several millennia and spread peacefully throughout much of Asia.[74] Many of India’s architectural structures such as Sanchi Stupa, Taj Mahal and the Mahabodhi Temple are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[137]
In modern times, Indians have continued to contribute to mathematics, science, and astrophysics. Among them are Satyendra Nath Bose, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Meghnad Saha, Homi J. Bhabha, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, and the notable Nobel laureates C.V. Raman, Har Gobind Khorana, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who is notable for his up-to-date theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars, including black holes.[138]
National personification
Bharat Mata (Hindi, from Sanskrit भारत माता, Bhārata Mātā), Mother India, or Bhāratāmbā (from अंबा ambā “mother”) is the national personification of India as mother goddess.
The image of Bharat Mata formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Bandyopadhyay, Bhārat Mātā, was first performed in 1873. She is usually depicted as a woman dressed in an orange or saffron sari holding a flag, sometimes accompanied by a lion.[139]
Sports
Sport in India is mainly divided into two categories traditional sport and global sport. Traditional sports like Gilli Danda, Kho Kho, Kabaddi are very popular. On the other hand, Indians are very fond of the game of cricket as it is treated as a separate religion.[140] Sports like hockey, volleyball, soccer are very popular, while polo, golf and tennis are favorite sports for wealthy sections of society. The traditional game of chess is now a world sport in which global players compete against each other in major tournaments. Recently, with state support, Olympic sports such as shooting, archery, wrestling, javelin, swimming and badminton have gained prominence in Indian society.[141]
Indian diaspora
India + 1,000,000 + 100,000 + 10,000 + 1,000 No data A map of the world showing the estimated distribution and concentration of people of Indian descent or descent by country.
Although populations originating from various parts of the Indian subcontinent and within the international borders of the modern country of India had migrated to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and even along Europe’s Mediterranean coast, the Indian diaspora in general socio-politically or historically refers to those whose families or themselves migrated to other parts of the world after the British Empire was established in India. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million people in the diaspora.[148][149]
United Kingdom
The British Indian community had swelled to over a million. According to the 2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ancestry (representing 1.8% of the UK population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% lived in England (in 2008 the figure is estimated at around 97.0%). In the seven years between 2001 and 2009, the number of Indian-born people in the UK increased by 38% from 467,634 to around 647,000 (an increase of around 180,000).[150]
Canada
Canada is home to over 1.3 million people of Indian origin or descent, most of whom live in the greater Toronto and Vancouver area, with growing communities in Alberta and Quebec. Almost 4% of Canada’s total population is of Indian descent, a figure higher than that of the United States and Great Britain. According to Statistics Canada, Indo-Canadians are one of the fastest growing visible minority groups in Canada and form the second largest non-European ancestry group in the country after Chinese Canadians. The Indo-Canadian community can trace its history in Canada 120 years to 1897 when a contingent of Sikh soldiers visited the west coast of Canada, mainly British Columbia, which was very sparsely populated at the time and the Canadian government wanted to establish a takeover of the territory by the United States.
South Africa
More than a million people of South Asian descent live in South Africa, with their ancestors mostly leaving colonial India as indentured laborers and a smaller number later emigrating as “passenger Indians” in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They focus on the city of Durban. Under the country’s defunct apartheid system, they were classified as belonging to an “Indian” race.[151]
Tanzania
Around 40,000 people of Indian origin live in Tanzania, mostly in urban areas.
United States
According to the United States Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, the Indian American population in the United States grew from nearly 1.67 million in 2000 to 3.1 million in 2010, making it the third-largest Asian American after Chinese Americans and American Americans The community in the United States is Filipino Americans.
Caribbean
After slavery was abolished in the European colonies, Indians were hired to become contract laborers to fill the need for cheap labor. Indians primarily from the Awadh and Bhojpur regions of the Hindi belt in what are now the states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh in northern India and the Terai region of Nepal, along with a significant minority who originated from southern India and a much an extremely smaller minority, who came from Bengal, Punjab, Braj, Bundelkhand, Bagelkhand, Mithila, Malwa, Jammu, Kashmir, Rohilkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Haryana, Maharashtra, Kutch, Marwar, Mewar and Gujarat was sent to the Caribbean by the British , Dutch and French from the late 1830s to the early 1920s as forced laborers to work on the sugar cane, cocoa, rice, banana and coffee plantations. More Indians from Gujarat, Sindh, Kutch, Punjab, Bengal and South India have come to the Caribbean to do business from the 1930s to the present day, after the first wave of contract labor migration. There are more than a million Indo-Caribbean. Most of them live in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and Jamaica. In anderen karibischen Ländern wie Martinique, Guadeloupe, Französisch-Guayana, Belize, St. Vincent und die Grenadinen, St. Lucia, Barbados, Grenada, St. Kitts und Nevis und den Britischen Jungferninseln gibt es nur wenige. Die Inder aus den Bhojpuri- und Awadhi-sprechenden Gebieten des Hindi-Gürtels waren die Mehrheit der Inder in Trinidad und Tobago, Guyana, Suriname und Jamaika, daher wurde ihr Hindustani-Dialekt als karibisches Hindustani bekannt und zur Verkehrssprache der indischen Einwanderer . Da die Bhojpuri- und Awadhi-sprechenden Inder die größte Gruppe der Inder bildeten, wurden die Traditionen und die Kultur aus den Regionen Bhojpur, Purvaanchal und Awadh zur dominierenden Kultur für die Inder in diesen Ländern. Frankreich schickte Südindianer als Vertragsarbeiter in seine Kolonien in der Karibik, daher gibt es auch viele Einwohner indianischer Abstammung in Guadeloupe, Martinique und Französisch-Guayana, hauptsächlich südindischer Abstammung. Viele Indokaribiker sind in die Vereinigten Staaten, das Vereinigte Königreich, Kanada, die Niederlande und Frankreich ausgewandert, und nur wenige von ihnen sind sogar saisonal als Wanderarbeiter in die benachbarten lateinamerikanischen und anderen karibischen Länder ausgewandert. Eine Mehrheit der Indokaribik sind Hindus, während es eine bedeutende Minderheit von Muslimen und Christen gibt, zusammen mit einer kleineren Anzahl von Jains, Sikhs, Buddhisten, Baháʼís oder Anhängern eines anderen Glaubens. Indo-Karibik ist als Nachkomme der Jahajis oder Girmiyas bekannt.[152][153][154][155][156]
genetics
Jüngste Genomstudien scheinen zu zeigen, dass Südasiaten eine Mischung aus zwei Hauptkomponenten der Vorfahren sind, von denen eine auf Südasien beschränkt ist und die andere Komponente mit Zentralasien, Westasien und Europa geteilt wird.
See also
Who is the best friend of USA?
The UK has historically been the USA’s “Best Friend”, despite Canada being on our border, being a more valuable trade partner, etc.
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How can I make American friends online?
- Study groups: …
- Do things you love in your city: …
- Join a group online based on your likes: …
- Connect on social media: …
- Start a conversation that leads to meeting up: …
- Send a message to someone you want to get to know: …
- Ask questions to continue conversations:
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If you attend a traditional campus school, you will make friends in the classroom, in the classrooms, and at campus events. But when you attend an online college, you need to try new methods of building friendships.
Here are some helpful tips on where and how to start, grow and maintain online friendships.
Photo by JESHOOTS.COM on Unsplash
Where and how to make new friends online
Making friends on the internet goes hand in hand with making new friends in real life. It still requires you to be able to participate in activities within your community and develop those friendships online.
Some places where you can expect to make new friends both in person and online are:
1. Study Groups:
Create or join a group for students at your school. Then you can offer to meet in study groups or to join already existing study groups.
2. Do things you love in your city:
One of the best ways to make friends is by participating in activities that you enjoy. This way you can meet people with similar interests with whom you can continue the activity. You can use online websites to find events you’re interested in, whether it’s through social media or, for example, by checking a gym’s schedule online.
3. Join a group online that matches your preferences:
Based on your interests and hobbies, try doing an online search to find a group that shares your hobby. Then connect online and arrange face-to-face meetings to fulfill the interest. For example, you can find people online who love to paint, and then host a wine and paint night!
4. Connect to social media:
From Facebook to Instagram and from Snapchat to Twitter, there are many social media platforms where you can make new friends.
Start an online conversation and the next steps
Once you’ve found the digital places to connect with like-minded people and potential friends, the next step is to say hello and make plans. This is where many people struggle because connecting online can feel less personal.
People don’t want to seem weird or scary online, so here are some tips on how to start the conversation:
1. Start a conversation that leads to a meeting:
When you join a social media group or online group, you begin to be active in the group. Like and comment on other people’s posts, then consider posting and sharing yourself. People will recognize your name when they recognize theirs. Some people might reach out first, but if they don’t, at least you can start connecting through consistent communication. Then you can take the next step to send a personal message.
2. Send a message to someone you want to meet:
Once you’ve decided who you want to befriend, send a message! You can get in touch by sharing something related and asking a question, or simply by sharing your support for something they shared. Then let the conversation flow naturally.
3. Ask questions to continue conversations:
A good way to keep a conversation going is to ask questions. Most people who want to engage in a conversation will defer questions if they are interested. This will give you an indication of whether they are worth growing with.
Try a friends dating app
As with online dating, there are now apps geared toward meeting friends online. There are many options to consider. Take a look at this list and check out those calling your name!
FriendMatch: Networking that leads to a face-to-face meeting
Bumble BFF: Network based on geographic location and more
Friender: Networking based on activities you enjoy
Hey!VINA: Networking for women
Peanut: Networking based on motherhood
Atleto: Networking around the sport
Meetup: Interest-Based (And Real-Life Activity) Networking
REALU: Networking by location
Nearify: Networking based on nearby events
Skout: Networking based on unexpected face-to-face encounters
Nextdoor : Networking in your community
Meet My Dog: networking for you and your dog
How do international students make friends?
- Check your college events calendar. …
- Attend sporting events. …
- Explore your new home. …
- Consider campus jobs. …
- Start a study group. …
- Join a fraternity or sorority.
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A quote from William Butler Yeats perfectly describes the experiences of international students attending US colleges. He said: “There are no strangers here; just friends you haven’t met yet.” Whether you’re wondering how to make friends in college classes or hoping to connect with other students in your dorm, think of the people around you as potential friends , not as strangers.
How to connect with people
When you first arrive in the United States, you may be unsure about your English proficiency. But speak English anyway. The more you speak, the stronger your English will become. Starting conversations with your classmates and fellow students can help you make friends and improve your social skills.
Here are some conversation starters for international students:
Where do you come from? When you ask where someone is from, you show that you’re interested in learning more about them. A conversation begins with many follow-up topics. You might ask what their home state is like or what they miss most about high school. The United States is a large and diverse country, so you can learn a lot from this simple question.
Have you seen any good movies lately? or Have you been listening to any good songs lately? The answers can help you learn more about the person you are talking to and about American culture at the same time. You might also discover new movies and music.
Sorry, what does [word or phrase] mean? This is a great way to improve your English. Most people are happy to share their knowledge, so they are happy to help. You can tell them you’re an international student, which can lead them to ask where you’re from or how to say the same phrase in your native language.
what is your major Why did you choose that? This is a common opening line for students meeting for the first time, even if neither of them are international students. Everyone in college is studying something and can help you get to know them better.
What do you think of the food here? This is a perfect way to start a conversation in the dining room. Most people love to talk about food. They might encourage you to try something new or compare dining room meals to the foods they ate when they were children. (Just remember not to speak with your mouth full. Many Americans consider it rude.)
To keep a conversation going, avoid questions that lead to a yes or no answer. Ask open-ended questions like “What do you like about it?” or “Why did you choose this one?” Such questions naturally lead to longer conversations.
How to meet people in college
You may be wondering: how long does it take to make friends in college? The answer depends on you and your willingness to look for opportunities to meet and interact with people.
My advice for students is to join programs and clubs and start socializing right away to try and make friends.” – Basma from Egypt, University of the Pacific
Attending events and getting involved in campus groups or clubs will help you make potential friends, have fun, and discover new interests and communities.
Check your college events calendar. Find campus events to suit your preferences, from performances to special talks to parties. Participate in anything that sounds like fun so you can meet people with similar interests who can become your friends.
Attend sporting events. Sports are an important part of American culture, especially on college campuses. Look for sporting events throughout the school year. Whether you invite people to join you or chat with people who are sitting nearby, you can meet sports lovers of all kinds. You can even join an on-campus sports club (often referred to as an intramural sports team).
Discover your new home. Organize a trip to visit local attractions, museums or events. You can invite neighbors, classmates, and other people you meet so you can all discover fun places together.
Consider campus jobs. A campus job can help you earn some extra money while also getting to know different people on campus. Talk to your international student advisor about campus jobs that will improve your CV – and your social connections.
Start a study group. Whether you need a little extra help in class or just prefer to study with friends, a study group can help you get to know the people in your class better.
Join a fraternity or sorority. These social and academic organizations can help you meet lots of people and build a group of friends. Do some research before pledge so you can find one that is a good fit for you.
Find a club. Most college campuses have clubs for just about everything. Joining a campus club is a great way to meet college students with similar interests. If there isn’t already a club for what you enjoy, start one!
You can also meet potential friends just by talking to people in your classes. Start a conversation and remember to smile. If you appear open and interested in meeting people, they will be happy to meet you.
I have played basketball in China for the past 10 years and I wanted to continue here as it is my favorite sport. Last year I played on the intramural basketball team. We made it to the quarterfinals! I’ve also made a lot of friends by joining the team.” — Isaac from China, Florida International University
How to make friends at a big university
Making friends at a big university can be intimidating at first, but remember that many other students are new too. They also want to make friends and will appreciate you reaching out. As you become more confident, you will find it even easier to start conversations and make friends.
Here are a few more ways to make friends, even if you’re going to college with a lot of people.
Americans tend to be outgoing, and many Americans are outspoken and friendly. If your culture is different, observe the people around you and try to behave similarly to see what works and what you’re comfortable with.
Are you interested in people? If you want people to like you, show that you care about them. Ask questions and listen to the answers. Remember things people say and use them as topics of conversation later. If someone says something you don’t understand, ask for more details.
Look for openings – literally. If a neighbor has the dorm door open, stop by and introduce yourself. If there is an empty seat in the dining room, ask if you can be seated there. Spend time in common areas like common areas and cafes. Finding opportunities to meet new people makes it a lot easier to make friends.
Be inviting. Leave your dorm door open to encourage others to come in. If you’re going to the dining room, the gym, or a party, invite someone to come with you. You never know when an informal invitation can turn into a long-lasting friendship.
Although meeting people can seem daunting at first, it is worth the effort and a big part of your international education. Knowing how to make friends in college will make your time as an international student much more enjoyable. You will build lasting friendships and positive connections. So smile and say hello – maybe you’ll meet your new best friend.
Discover how Shorelight Student Services can help you find your new community of friends on campus >
How are Indian students treated in US Quora?
Comfortability, money,open-culture made him love america. Conditions of indian students are great in USA, Indians are friendly in nature so they found friends easily in every area. Americans too love indians and modi too.
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How To Make Friends in America? Friendship Culture in USA!
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Is it difficult for an Indian person to make friends in the U.S.?
1. Go to church. Churches present great opportunities to build relationships. · 2. Find groups you’re interested in on Meetup [ https://www.meetup.com/ ]. There …
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Six tips to help you make friends while studying in US
Get Involved · Don’t Worry About Your English Proficiency · Take Advantage of the International Student Unions · Collaborate on Projects · Be Social.
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How To Make Friends in the US (When Relocating)
“I am a student from Germany and I just came to the USA. I hope to meet like minded people and make friends but not sure how. Any tips on how an exchange student can make friends in the States?”
Traveling or relocating to another country can be exciting but also challenging. Language and cultural barriers can make it difficult to communicate and connect with people, and some people find it difficult to adjust when they come to the US.[1] With time and effort, it is possible to overcome these barriers and make new friends, which is one of the best ways to ease adjustment to the US.[2]
This article provides tips and strategies for making friends when traveling or relocating in the United States.
1. Learn about US social norms and customs
One of the most difficult aspects of moving to another country is adapting to new customs and norms.[1] There are some aspects of life in the US that can be very different from what you are used to in your home country. Understanding what these are can make it easier to assimilate and adapt to American culture.
Some things to consider when traveling to the US are:[3][4]
Tipping is not generally included in your bill at a restaurant or bar, and it is customary to leave a tip of between 15% and 20% for whoever serves your food and drink.
Most people in the US only speak English, so this is the best way to communicate with people.
Americans tend to like their personal space more than people from other cultures, so be careful not to get too close (stand about 2 feet away from someone).
Too much eye contact can make Americans uncomfortable, especially if you don’t know them or don’t converse with them.
Small talk is common among people in the United States, and asking “How are you?” is a polite gesture and not always an invitation to a deeper conversation.
Americans tend to dress, speak, and interact with one another casually, except in a professional or formal setting.
Americans don’t typically talk about emotional, sensitive, or controversial topics (eg, money, sex, politics, etc.) with people they don’t know well.
Smiling and being kind to people is the best way to make friends with people in any country, including the United States.
If you came to the US to study, it’s also a good idea to examine your college culture. In that case, you might like this article about friendships as a transfer student.
2. Participate in activities that you enjoy
By getting involved in activities or events that you enjoy or are interested in, you are likely to meet other like-minded people, which can make it easier to identify with and connect with them. Getting out and being more active and social will also help you adjust to the culture and lifestyle here.
Here are some activities available in most US cities:
Recreational sports leagues (such as soccer, softball, or tennis)
Physical education classes at local gyms or parks
Courses that teach cooking, art, or other hobbies
Volunteer Opportunities
3. Take English classes
Since most people in the US only speak English, mastering the language will make it much easier to adjust to life in America. A great way to improve your English is to take English as a Second Language (ESL) courses for adults, which are available at many colleges and community centers.
Often inexpensive or free to attend, these courses help people improve their English while also teaching them about American norms and culture. Another benefit of taking an ESL course is that you will likely meet other foreigners who have recently moved to the United States, and some may even be from your home country.
4. Find people from your culture
America is often referred to as the “melting pot” because it has many citizens who have immigrated from other countries. In most American cities you will find a community of people from your home country, or at least a community of people who speak your language.
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Finding people from your home country can ease homesickness and also make it easier to find friends who can relate to your experiences. Find local expat groups online, search meetup.com for relevant meetups, or join Facebook groups for people from your country or culture.
5. Go online to meet people and make friends
Many Americans use an app to make friends. Friend apps like Bumble or Friender are popular and easy to use. These apps also help match you with others who have similar interests and hobbies and make it easy to meet compatible people. Sites like Meetup and Nextdoor are also great for meeting people in your neighborhood and wider community.
6. Ask people for help when you need it
When you first come to the US you will likely have many questions about how things work here and this can be a great way to meet people and start conversations with them. Many people will be happy to answer questions or help you if you need it, and sometimes this can even lead to deeper conversations or an opportunity to make a new friend.
Here are some ideas on how to ask for help:
· Ask a neighbor for directions to the store or for information about the neighborhood
· Ask a colleague to show you around the office or to help you with a task
· Ask people you meet for recommendations on where to eat, shop or do things
7. Seek out people who are open-minded
Unfortunately, not all Americans are receptive and open to making friends with people from other countries. According to research, more open-minded people are more open to making friends with people who are different from them, including foreigners.[2]
One way to find open-minded people in the US is to visit places, events, and activities that attract open-minded and creative people, such as expat groups, art classes, or events hosted by local colleges.
8. Take the first step and ask people to hang out with you
Many Americans struggle with social anxiety and feel shy or nervous about making the first step to get to know someone better, and this may be even more true for people from another country.[4] This may mean that the only way to make friends in the US is to take the first step by starting conversations with people, asking them questions, and inviting them to hang out.
Here are some ways to ask people to hang out with you:
· “I was going to go straight to lunch. Would you like to join?”
· “We should get something to drink sometime.”
· “Do you know of any fun activities happening this weekend?”
9. Get to know the people you see often
People tend to form friendships more easily and naturally with people they see and interact with often. Starting conversations with co-workers, neighbors, or people who attend the same church or gym as you can sometimes be a great way to make new friends in the US. If you have a dog, go for a walk in the same park several times a week. Dogs can be good icebreakers as many Americans enjoy talking about their pets.
If you have children, talk to the other parents when dropping off and picking up your child from school. You can also join the school’s Parent Teachers Association (PTA) to meet other parents.
The article continues below. Take this quiz and find out how to make new friends. Learn how YOU can better connect people and make them close friends. Start the quiz.
Because you will see each other often, it will take less effort to interact with people you see often. In some cases, these people may also introduce you to other friends in their network. It’s okay to tell them you’re looking for new friends. Most people will appreciate that you are trying to build a social life and build a social circle from scratch.
10. Be patient but persistent when making friends
In America, friendships often take time to develop, so it’s important to be patient but also persistent.[4] It can take time, effort, and energy to form a close friendship with someone, so don’t expect to become best friends with someone in just a few weeks. Instead, start slowly and steadily by showing interest in people who take the lead and ask them to hang out with them, and make an effort to keep in touch with people you meet. It is possible to make friends after moving.
11. Know when to cut your losses
Unfortunately, not all of your initial efforts to make friends will work. Over time it will become clear which people are suitable for a “friendship” and which are not. Some signs that people may or may not be “friend material” are listed below.
Signs of a good friend Signs of a bad friend Shows interest in getting to know you Shows little or no interest in you Responds to you when you text or call Does not respond to texts or calls Makes an effort to spend time with you Makes little or effort not seeing you, treats you kindly and respectfully, is sometimes rude, mean, or critical, is consistent and perseveres, is brittle, contradictory, or abandons plans
Final Thoughts
Although language barriers and cultural differences can make it difficult to connect, it is possible for people from other countries to make friends in the United States. If you get out, talk to people, and make an effort to spend time with people, you are bound to make friends.
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Frequently asked questions about making friends in the US
Why is it so hard to make friends in the US?
Americans are generally individualistic, which means it may take more time, effort, and perseverance to get in touch with them. Additionally, many Americans feel anxious or shy about social interactions, particularly with people they believe are different from them.
What’s the best way to meet people in the US?
Join activity groups for like-minded people and team up for activities together. Make an effort to talk to people you meet regularly and invite them to hang out. Friends apps can be a great way to meet people, and social media can help you find activities and events near you.
India–United States relations
Bilateral Relations
Relations between India and the United States date back to India’s independence movement and continued long after independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. Currently, India and the United States enjoy close ties and often agree on issues such as counterterrorism (including concerns about Pakistan’s involvement) and share mutual distrust of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program and Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific.
In 1954, the United States made Pakistan a party to the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). India maintained strategic and military ties with the Soviet Union to counteract relations between Pakistan and the United States.[1] In 1961, India became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement to avoid involvement in the Cold War power play between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Nixon administration’s support for Pakistan during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War influenced relations until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In the 1990s, Indian foreign policy adapted to the unipolar world and developed closer ties with the United States.
In the twenty-first century, Indian foreign policy has sought to use India’s strategic autonomy to uphold sovereign rights and advance national interests in a multipolar world.[2][3] Under the administrations of Presidents George W. Bush (2001-2009) and Barack Obama (2009-2017), the United States of America has accommodated India’s core national interests and acknowledged open concerns.[4] Increasing bilateral trade and investment, cooperation on global security issues, involving India in decision-making on global governance issues (UN Security Council), increased representation in trade and investment forums (World Bank, IMF, APEC), inclusion in multilateral export control regimes (MTCR, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group) and support for Nuclear Suppliers Group membership and co-manufacturing through technology sharing agreements have become key milestones and a benchmark of speed and progress towards closer US Relations with India.[5][6] In 2016, India and the United States signed the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement[7][8] and India was designated a key defense partner of the United States.[9] Despite friction in bilateral relations, India and the United States have intensified cooperation between multilateral groups such as The Quad and I2U2 Group.[10]
According to Gallup’s annual World Affairs poll, Americans perceive India as their sixth favorite nation in the world, with 71% of Americans rating India positively in 2015.[11] Gallup polls found that 74% of Americans viewed India positively in 2017,[12] 72% in 2019,[13] 75% in 2020,[14] and 77% in 2022.[15]
According to a Morning Consult poll conducted in August 2021 after the fall of Afghanistan, 79% of Indians viewed the United States positively, compared to 10% who viewed the United States negatively, the highest percentage of any major 15 countries surveyed even than how most Americans viewed the United States.[16]
According to the Department of Commerce, bilateral trade in goods between the two countries exceeded $119.42 billion in 2021-22. Exports to the US increased to US$76.11 billion in 2021-22 from US$51.62 billion in the previous fiscal year, while imports increased to US$43.31 billion compared to about US$29 billion dollars in 2020-21.[17]
history [edit]
American Revolution and the East India Company[edit]
Britain and France had territories in the Americas as well as the Indian subcontinent. When France declared war on Britain in 1778, fighting broke out between British and French colonies in India.[18] This marked the beginning of the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Hyder Ali, the Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore, allied with the French. From 1780 to 1783, Franco-Mysorian forces fought in several campaigns against the British in western and southern India, at several locations such as Mahé and Mangalore.
On June 29, with both sides weakened, the British dispatched HMS Medea to surrender, with letters to the French stating that the American Revolutionary War was over.[19] The Treaty of Paris was drafted on November 30, 1782, months before the Siege of Cuddalore, but the news did not reach India until seven months later due to the delay in communications to India. The Treaty of Paris was finally signed on September 3, 1783 and ratified by the US Congress a few months later. Under the terms of the treaty, Britain returned Pondicherry to the French and Cuddalore was returned to the British.
The East India Company flag is said to have inspired the Grand Union Flag of 1775 and ultimately inspired the current flag of the United States as both flags shared the same design. Mysorian missiles were also used at the Battle of Baltimore and are mentioned in the United States national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”: And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air.[21]
Under British Raj (1858-1947) [ edit ]
Relations between India in the days of the British Raj and the United States were tenuous.[22] Swami Vivekananda promoted Yoga and Vedanta in the United States at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago during the 1893 World’s Fair. Mark Twain visited India in 1896[23] and described it in his travelogue Following the Equator with Disgust and Attraction before concluding that India was the was the only foreign land he dreamed of or longed to see again.[24] Regarding India, Americans learned more from the English writer Rudyard Kipling.[25] Mahatma Gandhi was an important influence on the philosophy of nonviolence propagated by American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1950s.
In the 1930s and early 1940s, Roosevelt expressed strong support for the Indian independence movement, despite being allied with Britain. The first significant immigration from India before 1965 was Sikh farmers who went to California in the early 20th century.[28]
During World War II[edit]
American GIs at a market in Calcutta (now Calcutta) in 1945.
During World War II, India became the main base of the American China Burma India Theater (CBI) in the war against Japan. Tens of thousands of American soldiers arrived, bringing all sorts of advanced technology and cash; They left the country in 1945. Serious tensions erupted over American demands, led by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, for India to become independent, a proposal Churchill vehemently rejected. For years, Roosevelt encouraged British withdrawal from India. The American position was based on an opposition to Europeans having colonies and a practical concern about the outcome of the war and an expectation of a major American role in a post-independence era. Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt pressed his case any further, prompting Roosevelt to retire. Meanwhile, India became the main American base from which to fly relief supplies to China. During World War II, Panagarh Airport in the state of West Bengal, India was used by the United States Army Air Forces Tenth Air Force from 1942 to 1945 as a supply transport airfield and as a repair and maintenance depot for B-24 Liberator Heavy bombers by the Air Technical Service Command.[ 31][32]
Independence (1947–1997) [ edit ]
The United States under the Truman administration tended to favor India in the late 1940s, as most US planners saw India as more valuable diplomatically than neighboring Pakistan.[33] However, during the Cold War, Nehru’s policy of neutrality was sluggish to many American observers. American officials took a negative view of India’s non-aligned policy. Ambassador Henry F. Grady told then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that the United States did not consider neutrality an acceptable position. Grady told the State Department in December 1947 that he had informed Nehru “that this is a question which cannot be overcome and that India should come to the democratic side at once”.[34] In 1948, Nehru rejected American proposals to resolve the Kashmir crisis through third-party mediation.
Nehru’s 1949 tour of the United States was “an undiplomatic disaster” that left bad feelings on both sides.[35] Nehru and his chief adviser V.K. Krishna Menon debated whether India “should ally something with the United States and build up our economic and military strength.”[36] The Truman administration was quite benevolent and indicated that they would give Nehru everything became what he asked for. Nehru refused, forfeiting a chance at a gift of one million tons of wheat [citation needed]. US Secretary of State Dean Acheson acknowledged Nehru’s potential role in the world, but added that he “was one of the most difficult men I have ever dealt with.” Understanding gained support for his nation, and he himself gained a much deeper understanding of the American perspective.[38]
India rejected American advice not to recognize the communist conquest of China, but backed the US when they backed the 1950 United Nations resolution condemning North Korea’s aggression in the Korean War. India attempted to act as an intermediary to help end the war and served as a channel for diplomatic embassies between the US and China. Although no Indian troops took part in the war, India sent a medical corps of 346 army doctors to assist the UN side.[39] Meanwhile, poor harvests forced India to seek American aid for its food security, which was granted beginning in the 1950s.[40] During the first twelve years of Indian independence (1947–59), the US provided $1,700,000,000 in aid; including $931 million in groceries. The Soviet Union provided about half as much in monetary terms, but provided much larger contributions in kind in the form of infrastructure assistance, soft loans, technical knowledge transfer, economic planning, and capabilities in steel mills, engineering, hydroelectric power, and other heavy industries—particularly nuclear power and space exploration.[41 ] In 1961, the US pledged $1,000,000,000 in development loans, in addition to $1,300,000,000 in free food.[42]
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru receives President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the Houses of Parliament before the President’s address to a joint session of Parliament, 1959.
To ease tensions, Eisenhower sent John Sherman Cooper as ambassador in 1956–1957. Cooper got on very well with Nehru.[43]
In terms of rhetoric, Jawaharlal Nehru—both as prime minister and foreign minister (1947–1964)—promoted a moralistic rhetoric that attacked both the Soviet bloc and the US and its bloc. Instead, Nehru sought to build a non-aligned movement, paying particular attention to the many new Third World nations that were being released from European colonial status at the time. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles themselves used moralistic rhetoric to attack the evils of Communism.[44]
In 1959, Eisenhower was the first US President to visit India to strengthen the amazing ties between the two nations. He was so supportive that the New York Times noted, “It did not seem to matter much whether Nehru actually asked for, or received, a guarantee that the US would help India counter further Chinese Communist aggression. What mattered was the apparent strengthening of India-American friendship to a point where such a guarantee was no longer necessary.”[45]
John Kenneth Galbraith (far left), as US Ambassador to India, with President John F Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B Johnson and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, 1961, as US Ambassador to India, with President John F Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, 1961
During the presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961–63), India was considered a strategic partner and counterbalance to the rise of communist China. Kennedy said
The Chinese communists have advanced in the last 10 years. India has made some progress, but if India, with its 450 million people, does not succeed, if it cannot make freedom work, then people around the world, especially in the underdeveloped countries, will find that this is the only way is development of their resources done by the communist system.
The Kennedy administration openly supported India during the 1962 Sino-Indian War, regarding the Chinese action as “blatant Chinese communist aggression against India”. The United States Air Force flew arms, ammunition and clothing to the Indian troops, and the United States Navy dispatched the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk to India from the Pacific, although it was recalled before it reached the Bay of Bengal since the crisis had passed .[48][49] At a National Security Council meeting in May 1963, the United States discussed contingency planning that could be implemented in the event of further Chinese aggression against India. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and General Maxwell Taylor advised the President to use nuclear weapons should the Americans intervene in such a situation. Kennedy insisted that Washington would defend India like any ally, saying, “We should defend India, and therefore we will defend India.” [50] [51] Kennedy’s ambassador to India was noted liberal economist John Kenneth Galbraith, who was considered near India.[52] While in India, Galbraith helped set up one of the first Indian computer science departments at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. As an economist, he also ran what was (at the time) the largest US foreign aid program for any country.
US President Richard Nixon at the arrival ceremony for Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on the South Lawn of the White House, 1971.
After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, Indian-American relations gradually deteriorated. While Kennedy’s successor Lyndon B. Johnson sought to maintain ties with India to counter communist China,[53] he also sought to strengthen ties with Pakistan in hopes of easing tensions with China and also India’s growing military buildup to weaken.[53] Relations then hit an all-time low in the early 1970s under the Nixon administration. Nixon departed from the neutral stance his predecessors had taken on hostilities between India and Pakistan. He developed a very close relationship with Pakistan, supporting it militarily and economically as India, now led by Indira Gandhi, turned to the Soviet Union. He viewed Pakistan as a very important ally to counter Soviet influence in the Indian subcontinent and to develop relations with China, with which Pakistan was very closely allied.[54] The frigid personal relationship between Nixon and Indira further contributed to the poor relationship between the two nations.[55] During the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, the US openly supported Pakistan and deployed its aircraft carrier USS Enterprise towards the Bay of Bengal in what was seen by the US as a show of force in support of West Pakistani forces. Later in 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, which was rejected by the US, but also concluded that the test violated no treaty and proceeded with a shipment of enriched uranium for the Tarapur reactor in India June 1974.[56 ][57]
In the late 1970s, when Janata Party leader Morarji Desai became prime minister, India improved relations with the US, led by Jimmy Carter, although the latter signed an order in 1978 banning the export of nuclear materials to India due to India’s ban prohibited proliferation record.[58]
Despite Indira Gandhi’s return to power in 1980, relations between the two countries gradually continued to improve, although India did not support the United States in its role in the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. Indian Foreign Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao expressed “serious concern” at the US decision to “arm up” Pakistan. the two countries worked closely together to counter the Soviets in Afghanistan.[59] The Reagan Administration, led by US President Ronald Reagan, provided limited aid to India. India has probed Washington for buying a range of US defense technology including F-5 planes, supercomputers, night vision goggles and radars. In 1984 Washington approved the supply of selected technologies to India, including gas turbines for naval frigates and engines for prototypes of India’s light combat aircraft. There were also undisclosed transfers of technology, including a commitment by a US company, Continental Electronics, to design and build a new VLF communications station at Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, which became operational in the late 1980s.[60]
Under Bill Clinton (President 1993-2001) and P.V. Narasimha Rao (Prime Minister 1991-1996), both sides abused relations, according to Arthur G. Rubinoff. Clinton simultaneously pressured India to liberalize its economy while criticizing New Delhi on human rights and nuclear issues. Faced with criticism from Washington and domestic opposition, Indian leaders lost enthusiasm for rapprochement and reverted to a formalistic protocol over substantive diplomacy. The Brown Amendment, which restored American aid to Pakistan in 1995, was a nuisance. By returning to Cold War-style rhetoric, Indian MPs and American congressmen have shown their reluctance to forge a new relationship.[61][62]
NDA I and II governments (1998–2004) [ edit ]
Shortly after becoming Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee approved nuclear weapons tests at Pokhran. The United States strongly condemned these tests, promised sanctions and voted in favor of a United Nations Security Council resolution condemning the tests. President Bill Clinton imposed economic sanctions on India, including halting all military and economic aid, freezing American bank lending to Indian state-owned companies, prohibiting lending to the Indian government for anything but food purchases, banning American aerospace technology and uranium exports to India and calls on the US to oppose all Indian loan applications to international credit agencies.[63] However, these sanctions proved ineffective – India experienced a strong economic rise and its trade with the US accounted for only a small part of its GDP. Only Japan joined the US in imposing direct sanctions, while most other nations continued to trade with India. The sanctions were soon lifted. After that, the Clinton administration and Prime Minister Vajpayee exchanged representatives to help rebuild ties.
India has become increasingly important to the core interests of US foreign policy in the 21st century. India, a dominant player in its region and home to more than a billion citizens, is now often touted as a rising great power and an “essential partner” of the US, which many analysts see as a potential counterbalance to China’s growing clout.
In March 2000, US President Bill Clinton visited India and held bilateral and economic talks with Prime Minister Vajpayee. During the visit, the Indo-US Science & Technology Forum was established.[64]
As diplomatic relations improved with the Bush administration, India agreed to allow strict international surveillance of its nuclear weapons development, although it refused to abandon its current nuclear arsenal.[65] In 2004, the US decided to grant Pakistan Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status. The US extended MNNA’s strategic working relationship to India, but the offer was rejected.[66][67]
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, President George W. Bush worked closely with India to control and monitor the strategically important Indian Ocean sea lanes from the Suez Canal to Singapore.
UPA I & II governments (2004–2014) [ edit ]
During the administration of George W. Bush, relations between India and the United States appear to have blossomed, largely because of shared concerns about growing Islamic extremism, energy security and climate change.[68] George W. Bush commented: “India is a great example of democracy. It is very devout, has different religious minds, but everyone is comfortable in their religion. The world needs India.”[69] Fareed Zakaria described George W. Bush in his book The Post-American World as “the most pro-Indian president in American history”. Ideologue of the Indian National Congress – the largest member of the UPA. According to Laskar, the UPA rule has seen a “transformation in bilateral relations with the US,” with the relationship now “covering a wide range of issues, including high technology, space, education, agriculture, trade, clean energy, counter-terrorism, etc.” [71]
After the December 2004 tsunami, the US and Indian navies cooperated in search and rescue operations and reconstruction of the affected areas.[72]
Since 2004, Washington and New Delhi have pursued a “strategic partnership” based on shared values and generally convergent geopolitical interests. Numerous economic, security and global initiatives – including plans for civilian nuclear cooperation – are underway. This latter initiative, first launched in 2005, reversed three decades of American non-proliferation policies. Also in 2005, the United States and India signed a ten-year defense framework agreement aimed at expanding bilateral security cooperation. The two countries engaged in numerous and unprecedented combined military exercises, and major US arms sales to India were completed. In April 2005, an Open Skies Agreement was signed, boosting trade, tourism and business through increased flights, and Air India bought 68 US Boeing planes at a cost of US$8 billion.[ 73] The United States and India also signed a bilateral science and technology cooperation agreement in 2005.[74] After Hurricane Katrina, India donated $5 million to the American Red Cross and sent two planeloads of supplies and materials to help.[75] Then, on March 1, 2006, President Bush made another diplomatic visit to further strengthen India-US relations.[76]
Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee with US President George W. Bush, March 2008
The value of all bilateral trade has tripled from 2004 to 2008 and continues to grow, while significant investment in both directions is also growing and thriving.[77]
The influence of a large Indian-American community is reflected in the largest country-specific caucus in the United States Congress, while more than 100,000 Indian students attended American colleges and universities between 2009 and 2010.[78]
In November 2010, President Barack Obama visited India and addressed a joint session of the Indian Parliament,[79] where he supported India’s bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.[80]
Strategic and military determinants[ edit ]
In March 2009, the Obama administration approved the $2.1 billion sale of eight P-8 Poseidons to India.[81] This deal and the $5 billion agreement to supply Boeing C-17 military transport aircraft and General Electric F414 engines, announced during Obama’s November 2010 visit, make the US one of India’s top three military suppliers (after Israel and Russia).[82] ] Indians have expressed concern about contract clauses prohibiting offensive use of these systems.[83] India is attempting to resolve performance-related issues on the Boeing P-8I that have already been delivered to India.[84][85]
US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen has promoted stronger military ties between India and the United States, saying that “India has emerged as an increasingly important [US] strategic partner.”[86] US Undersecretary of State William Joseph Burns also said, “Never has there been a moment when India and America have been more important to each other.”[87] Assistant Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter said during his address to the Asia Society in New York on August 1, 2012 that India-US relations have a global reach in terms of reach and influence of both countries. He also said that both countries are strengthening ties between their defense and research organizations.[88]
Revelations about US espionage operations against India
In July and November 2013, India asked the US to respond to revelations that the Indian UN mission in New York City and the Indian embassy in Washington had been targeted for espionage.[89]
On July 2, 2014, US diplomats were summoned by the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to discuss allegations that the National Security Agency had spied on individuals and political entities in India.[90][91] A 2010 document leaked by Edward Snowden and published by the Washington Post revealed that US intelligence agencies had been authorized to spy on Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (then Chief Minister of Gujarat).[92][93]
WikiLeaks revelations that Western intelligence agencies were using foreign aid workers and NGO employees as an unofficial cover prompted the Indian government to step up surveillance of satellite phones and the movement of personnel working for humanitarian and development aid organizations to nearby sensitive locations. [94][95]
Foreign policy issues[edit]
According to some analysts, India-U.S. Relations are strained over the Obama administration’s approach to Pakistan and handling of the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan.[96][97] India’s National Security Advisor M.K. Narayanan, criticized the Obama administration for linking the Kashmir dispute to instability in Pakistan and Afghanistan, saying that President Obama “barked the wrong tree” in South Asia and said that “India is more of a part of the solution than part of the problem” in South Asia. It also suggested that regardless of the Obama administration’s stance, India should take a more proactive role in rebuilding Afghanistan.[99] In a clear indication of the growing rift between the two countries, India decided not to accept a US invitation to attend a conference on Afghanistan in late February 2009.[100] Bloomberg hat auch berichtet, dass die öffentliche Stimmung in Indien seit den Anschlägen von Mumbai 2008 darauf gerichtet ist, Pakistan aggressiver zu drängen, Maßnahmen gegen die Schuldigen hinter dem Terroranschlag zu ergreifen, und dass sich dies auf die bevorstehenden indischen Parlamentswahlen im Mai 2009 auswirken könnte. Folglich könnte die Obama-Regierung mit Indiens starrer Haltung gegen den Terrorismus in Konflikt geraten.[101]
Die Regierungen Indiens und der USA waren sich in einer Vielzahl regionaler Fragen uneinig, von Indiens herzlichen Beziehungen zum Iran und Russland bis hin zu außenpolitischen Meinungsverschiedenheiten in Bezug auf Sri Lanka, die Malediven, Myanmar und Bangladesch.
Robert Blake, stellvertretender Außenminister für süd- und zentralasiatische Angelegenheiten, wies jegliche Besorgnis über einen Riss mit Indien in Bezug auf die amerikanische AfPak-Politik zurück. Blake nannte Indien und die Vereinigten Staaten „natürliche Verbündete“[102] und sagte, die Vereinigten Staaten könnten es sich nicht leisten, die strategischen Prioritäten in Pakistan und Afghanistan auf „Kosten Indiens“ zu erfüllen.[103]
Indien kritisierte die Entscheidung der Obama-Regierung, H-1B (vorübergehende) Visa einzuschränken, und Indiens damaliger Außenminister Pranab Mukherjee (später Präsident Indiens bis 2017) sagte, sein Land werde sich dem „Protektionismus“ der USA auf verschiedenen internationalen Foren widersetzen. 104] Indiens Handelsminister Kamal Nath sagte, Indien könne gegen Obamas Outsourcing-Politik bei der Welthandelsorganisation vorgehen.[105] Der Outsourcing-Beratungsleiter von KPMG sagte jedoch, Indien habe keinen Grund zur Sorge, da sich Obamas Äußerungen gegen “das Outsourcing durch produzierende Unternehmen” und nicht gegen das Outsourcing von IT-bezogenen Dienstleistungen richteten.[106]
Im Mai 2009 wiederholte Obama seine Anti-Outsourcing-Ansichten und kritisierte die derzeitige US-Steuerpolitik, „die besagt, dass Sie niedrigere Steuern zahlen sollten, wenn Sie einen Arbeitsplatz in Bangalore, Indien, schaffen, als wenn Sie einen in Buffalo, New York, schaffen.“[107 ] Während des Treffens des US India Business Council im Juni 2009 sprach sich US-Außenministerin Hillary Clinton jedoch für stärkere Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen Indien und den Vereinigten Staaten aus. Sie tadelte auch die protektionistische Politik und sagte, dass „[die Vereinigten Staaten] die globale Finanzkrise nicht als Vorwand benutzen werden, um auf Protektionismus zurückzugreifen. Wir hoffen, dass Indien mit uns zusammenarbeiten wird, um offenere, gerechtere Möglichkeiten für den Handel zwischen uns zu schaffen Nationen.“[108]
Präsident Barack Obama, Außenministerin Hillary Clinton und die indische Delegation beim Empfang des U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue im Außenministerium in Washington, D.C., 2010.
Im Juni 2010 nahmen die Vereinigten Staaten und Indien den unter Präsident Bush initiierten Strategischen Dialog zwischen den USA und Indien formell wieder auf, als eine große Delegation hochrangiger indischer Beamter unter der Leitung von Außenminister S.M. Krishna, besuchte Washington, D.C. Als Leiter der US-Delegation lobte Außenministerin Clinton Indien als „unentbehrlichen Partner und vertrauenswürdigen Freund“.[109] Präsident Obama erschien kurz bei einem Empfang des Außenministeriums der Vereinigten Staaten, um seine feste Überzeugung zu bekunden, dass Amerikas Beziehung zu Indien „eine der entscheidenden Partnerschaften des 21. Jahrhunderts sein wird“. Die Länder verpflichteten sich, „die Beziehungen zwischen Menschen, Unternehmen und Regierungen zu vertiefen … zum gegenseitigen Nutzen beider Länder und zur Förderung von Frieden, Stabilität, Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand auf der Welt“. [111] Es skizzierte umfangreiche bilaterale Initiativen in jedem der zehn Schlüsselbereiche: (1) Förderung der globalen Sicherheit und Bekämpfung des Terrorismus, (2) Abrüstung und Nichtverbreitung, (3) Handels- und Wirtschaftsbeziehungen, (4) Hochtechnologie, (5) Energie Sicherheit, saubere Energie und Klimawandel, (6) Landwirtschaft, (7) Bildung, (8) Gesundheit, (9) Wissenschaft und Technologie und (10) Entwicklung.[112]
Im November 2010 reiste Obama als zweiter US-Präsident (nach Richard Nixon 1969) in seiner ersten Amtszeit nach Indien. Am 8. November war Obama auch der zweite US-Präsident (nach Dwight D. Eisenhower im Jahr 1959), der jemals vor einer gemeinsamen Sitzung des indischen Parlaments sprach. In einem großen politischen Kurswechsel erklärte Obama die Unterstützung der USA für die ständige Mitgliedschaft Indiens im UN-Sicherheitsrat.[113][114] Anruf zwischen Indien und den USA relationship “a defining partnership of the 21st century”, he also announced the removal of export control restrictions on several Indian companies, and concluded trade deals worth $10 billion, which are expected to create and/or support 50,000 jobs in the US.[115]
Devyani Khobragade incident [ edit ]
In December 2013, Devyani Khobragade, the Deputy Consul General of India in New York, was arrested and accused by U.S. federal prosecutors of submitting false work visa documents for her housekeeper and paying the housekeeper “far less than the minimum legal wage.”[116] The ensuing incident caused protests from the Indian government and a rift in India–United States relations; Indians expressed outrage that Khobragade was strip-searched (a routine practice for all persons arrested by the U.S. Marshals Service) and held in the general inmate population.[116] Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Khobragade’s treatment was “deplorable”.[117]
India demanded an apology from the U.S. over her alleged “humiliation” and called for the charges to be dropped, which the U.S. declined to do.[118] The Indian government retaliated for what it viewed as the mistreatment of its consular official by revoking the ID cards and other privileges of U.S. consular personnel and their families in India and removing security barriers in front of the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi.[119]
The Indian government also blocked non-diplomats from using the American Community Support Association (ACSA) club and American Embassy Club in New Delhi, ordering these social clubs to cease all commercial activities benefiting non-diplomatic personnel by 16 January 2014.[120] The ACSA club operates a bar, bowling alley, swimming pool, restaurant, video-rentals club, indoor gym and a beauty parlour within the embassy premises.[121][122] Tax-free import clearances given to US diplomats and consular officials for importing food, alcohol and other domestic items were revoked with immediate effect. US embassy vehicles and staff are no longer immune from penalties for traffic violations. American diplomats were asked to show work contracts of all domestic help (cooks, gardeners, drivers and security staff) employed within their households.[123] Indian authorities also conducted an investigation into the American Embassy School.[124][125][126]
Khobragade was subject to prosecution at the time of her arrest because she had only consular immunity (which gives one immunity from prosecution only for acts committed in connection with official duties) and not the more extensive diplomatic immunity.[116][127] After her arrest, the Indian government moved Khobragade to the Indian mission to the United Nations, upgrading her status and conferring diplomatic immunity on her; as a result, the federal indictment against Khobragade was dismissed in March 2014, although the door was left open to refiling of charges.[128] A new indictment was filed against Khobragade, but by that point she had left the country.[129] (In an effort to resolve the dispute, the U.S. State Department had told Khobragade to leave the country).[130]
Nancy J. Powell, the U.S. ambassador to India, resigned following the incident, which was widely seen by India “as fallout from the imbroglio.”[130] Some commentators suggested that the incident and response could lead to wider damage in U.S.–India relations.[131][132] Former Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha called for the arrest of same-sex companions of US diplomats, citing the Supreme Court of India’s upholding of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code whereby homosexuality is illegal in India.[133][134] Former State Department legal advisor John Bellinger questioned whether the decision to arrest and detain Khobragade was “wise policy … even if technically permissible” under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, while Robert D. Blackwill, the former U.S. ambassador to India from 2001 to 2003, said the incident was “stupid.”[135][136] Nevertheless, within a year of the incident, U.S.-India relations were warming again, as U.S. President Obama visited India in January 2015.[130]
Speaking at Harvard Law School in 2014, U.S. Attorney in Manhattan Preet Bharara, in the Khobragade case, said: “(It was) not the crime of the century but a serious crime nonetheless, that is why the State Department opened the case, that is why the State Department investigated it. That is why career agents in the State Department asked career prosecutors in my office to approve criminal charges.”[137][138] Bharara, who was born in India, said that he was upset by attacks on him in the Indian press.[139]
Khobragade was originally a highly sympathetic figure in India, as Indians viewed her arrest as an affront to national dignity. Opinions in India shifted, however, after Khobragade was the subject of two inquiries by the Indian government.[130][140] One internal investigation found that Khobragade had violated regulations “by failing to inform the government that her children had been issued American passports” and resulted in Khobragade being administratively disciplined; a second inquiry was held into Khobragade’s series of interviews about the case, undertaken without authorization from the Ministry of External Affairs.[130]
Relationship between US Government and Narendra Modi (2001–2014) [ edit ]
Sectarian violence during the 2002 Gujarat riots damaged relations between the US Government and Narendra Modi, then incumbent Chief Minister of Gujarat. Human rights activists accused Modi of fostering anti-Muslim violence. New-York based NGO Human Rights Watch, in their 2002 report directly implicated Gujarat state officials in the violence against Muslims.[141]
In 2012, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the Indian Supreme Court found no “prosecutable evidence” against Modi.[142][143] The Supreme Court of India absolved Narendra Modi of any criminal wrongdoing during the 2002 Gujarat riots.
In 2005, the US Department of State used a 1998 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) provision to revoke Modi’s tourist/business visa citing section 212 (a) (2) (g) of the US Immigration and Nationality Act.[144] The IRFA provision “makes any foreign government official who ‘was responsible for or directly carried out, at any time, particularly severe violations of religious freedom’ ineligible for a visa to the United States.”
David C. Mulford, the US Ambassador to India from 2003 to 2009, justified the rejection of a diplomatic visa to Modi in a statement released on 21 March 2005 stating that the US State Department re-affirmed the original decision to revoke Modi’s tourist/business visa to which India’s highest judiciary abstained all the charges from Modi later on the particular issue:[145]
This decision applies to Mr. Narendra Modi only. It is based on the fact that, as head of the State government in Gujarat between February 2002 and May 2002, he was responsible for the performance of state institutions at that time. The State Department’s detailed views on this matter are included in its annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the International Religious Freedom Report. Both reports document the violence in Gujarat from February 2002 to May 2002 and cite the Indian National Human Rights Commission report, which states there was “a comprehensive failure on the part of the state government to control the persistent violation of rights of life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the people of the state.”[146]
Prior to Narendra Modi becoming the Prime Minister of India, the US Government had made it known that Modi as Chief Minister of Gujarat would not be permitted to travel to the US. Michael Kugelman of the Wilson Center opined that although technically speaking there was no US ‘visa ban’ from 2005 to 2014, the US government policy of considering Modi as persona non grata had resulted in a de facto travel-ban.[147] After the US revoked his existing B1/B2 visa in 2005 and refused to accept his application for an A2 visa, the US State Department affirmed that the visa policy remained unchanged : “(Mr Modi) is welcome to apply for a visa and await a review like any other applicant”.[148][149]
Exploring opportunities on how to move the relationship out of a state of morose, Lisa Curtis, senior research fellow for South Asia in the Asian Studies Center of the Heritage Foundation, says that “the U.S. must first signal its willingness and commitment to collaborating with the new government—and that it will not dwell on the controversy of the 2002 Gujarat riots, which led the U.S. to revoke Modi’s visa in 2005.”[150]
In 2009, the US Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) report[151] after ignoring the views and decision of independent body (SIT) set up by India’s highest judiciary[152] vehemently alleged that there was “significant evidence” linking Narendra Modi to communal riots in the state in 2002 and asked the Obama administration to continue the policy of preventing him from travelling to the United States of America .[153][154]
The Obama administration maintained the 2005 decision taken by the George W. Bush administration to deny Narendra Modi entry into the United States of America.[155] The US Government says that Modi can circumvent the USCIRF sanctions regime by visiting Washington on a Heads of government A1-visa as long as he is the Prime Minister of India.[156] According to US State Department Spokesperson, Jen Psaki : “US law exempts foreign government officials, including heads of state and heads of government from certain potential inadmissibility grounds”. The visa refusal came after some Indian-American groups and human rights organizations with political view campaigned against Modi, including the Coalition Against Genocide.[157]
On 11 June 2014, Robert Blackwill, the former Coordinator for Strategic Planning and Deputy US National Security Advisor during the presidency of George W. Bush, spoke at length about India–U.S. relations and said : “Mr Modi is a determined leader. He is candid and frank. I also worked with him during the Gujarat earthquake when I was posted as (the US) ambassador to India. … It was mistake by the current Obama administration to delay engagement with Mr Modi. I do not know why they did so but definitely, this did not help in building relationship. … The old formula and stereotypes will not work if the US administration wants to engage with Mr Modi. The Indian prime minister is candid, direct and smart. He speaks his mind. The US administration also has to engage in candid conversation when Mr Modi meets President Obama later this year. They have to do something innovative to engage with him.”[158]
Nicholas Burns, former U.S. Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs from 2005 to 2008, has spoken about the visa denial by saying: “Bush administration officials, including me, believed this to be the right decision at the time.”[159][160] and has opined that “Now that it looks like Modi will become prime minister, it’s reasonable for the Obama administration to say it’s been 12 years [since the 2002 riots], and we’ll be happy to deal with him”[161]
NDA government (2014–present) [ edit ]
India–United States relations have improved significantly during the Premiership of Narendra Modi since 2014.[162] At present, India and the US share an extensive and expanding cultural, strategic, military, and economic relationship[163][164][165] which is in the phase of implementing confidence building measures (CBM) to overcome the legacy of trust deficit – brought about by adversarial US foreign policies[166][167] and multiple instances of technology denial[168][169][170] – which have plagued the relationship over several decades.[171][172] Unrealistic expectations after the conclusion of the 2008 U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement (which underestimated negative public opinion regarding the long-term viability of nuclear power generation and civil-society endorsement for contractual guarantees on safeguards and liability) has given way to pragmatic realism and refocus on areas of cooperation which enjoy favourable political and electoral consensus.
Key recent developments include the rapid growth of India’s economy, closer ties between the Indian and American industries especially in the Information and communications technology (ICT), engineering and medical sectors, an informal entente to manage an increasingly assertive China, robust cooperation on counter-terrorism, the deterioration of U.S.-Pakistan relations, easing of export controls over dual-use goods & technologies (99% of licenses applied for are now approved),[173] and reversal of long-standing American opposition to India’s strategic program.
Income creation in the USA through knowledge-based employment by Asian Indians has outpaced every other ethnic group according to U.S. Census data.[174] Growing financial and political clout of the affluent Asian Indian diaspora is noteworthy. Indian American households are the most prosperous in the US with a median revenue of US$100,000 and are followed by Chinese Americans at US$65,000. The average household revenue in the USA is US$63,000.[175]
The US and India continue to differ on issues ranging from trade to civil liberties. The Indian Home Ministry, through an affidavit submitted to the Delhi High Court on 13 February 2015, claimed that Country Reports on Rights & Practices have become instruments of foreign policy: “The US, UK and EU have clearly mentioned in government documents and pronouncements that these reports are made for the purpose of their being used as instruments of foreign policy.” The affidavit also claimed that the reports by US, UK and European Parliament were biased since they “do not provide opportunity to the Government of India or the local embassy/high commission to record their opinion and are heavily biased against the targeted country”.[176] The 2014 State Department’s annual Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report appeared to classify the Khobragade incident as an example of human trafficking, stating: “An Indian consular officer at the New York consulate was indicted in December 2013 for visa fraud related to her alleged exploitation of an Indian domestic worker.”[177] In response, India has shown no urgency to allow visits to India by the newly appointed US anti-human trafficking ambassador Susan P. Coppedge and the US special envoy for LGBT rights Randy Berry. Under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code homosexuality was illegal in India. Indian Ambassador to the US, Arun K. Singh reiterated India’s commitment to work within an international framework to tackle the problem of trafficking but rejected any “unilateral assessments” by another country saying “We will never accept it” and downplayed the importance of the visits: “When you ask a U.S. official when somebody will be given a visa, they always say ‘we will assess when visa is applied for.’ … I can do no better than to reiterate the U.S. position.”[178]
In February 2016, the Obama administration notified the US Congress that it intended to provide Pakistan eight nuclear-capable F-16 fighters and assorted military goods including eight AN/APG-68(V)9 airborne radars and eight ALQ-211(V)9 electronic warfare suites[179][180] despite strong reservations from US lawmakers regarding the transfer of any nuclear weapons capable platforms to Pakistan.[181] Shashi Tharoor, an elected representative from the Congress party in India, questioned the substance of India–U.S. ties: “I am very disappointed to hear this news. The truth is that continuing to escalate the quality of arms available to an irresponsible regime that has sent terrorists to India, and in the name of anti-terrorism, is cynicism of the highest order”.[182] The Indian Government summoned the US Ambassador to India to convey its disapproval regarding the sale of F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan.[183]
Relationship under President Trump (2017-2021) [ edit ]
In February 2017, Indian ambassador to the U.S. Navtej Sarna hosted a reception for the National Governors Association (NGA), which was attended by the Governors of 25 states and senior representatives of 3 more states. This was the first time such an event has occurred. Explaining the reason for the gathering, Virginia Governor and NGA Chair Terry McAuliffe stated that “India is America’s greatest strategic partner”. He further added, “We clearly understand the strategic importance of India, of India–U.S. relations. As we grow our 21st century economy, India has been so instrumental in helping us build our technology, medical professions. We recognise a country that has been such a close strategic ally of the US. That’s why we the Governors are here tonight.” McAuliffe, who has visited India 15 times, also urged other Governors to visit the country with trade delegations to take advantage of opportunities.[184]
In October 2018, India inked the historic agreement worth US$5.43 billion with Russia to procure four S-400 Triumf surface-to-air missile defence system, one of the most powerful missile defence systems in the world ignoring America’s CAATSA act. The US threatened India with sanctions over India’s decision to buy the S-400 missile defense system from Russia.[185] The United States also threatened India with sanctions over India’s decision to buy oil from Iran.[186] According to the President of the U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF), Mukesh Aghi: “sanctions would have a disastrous effect on U.S.-India relations for decades to come. In India’s eyes, the United States would once again be regarded as untrustworthy.”[187]
In early 2020, India provided its agreement for terminating an export embargo on a medicinal drug known as hydroxychloroquine amidst the combat against the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, after Trump threatened retaliation against India, if it did not comply with terminating the export embargo on hydroxychloroquine.[188][189]
In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial in Washington, D.C. was vandalised by unknown miscreants on the intervening night of June 2 and 3. The incident prompted the Indian Embassy to register a complaint with law enforcement agencies. Taranjit Singh Sandhu, the Indian Ambassador to the United States called the vandalism “a crime against humanity”.[190][191] US President Donald Trump called the defacement of Mahatma Gandhi’s statue a “disgrace”.[192]
On 21 December 2020, President of the United States Donald Trump awarded Modi with the Legion of Merit for elevating India–United States relations. The Legion of Merit was awarded to Modi along with Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison and former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe, the “original architects” of the QUAD.[193][194]
Modi–Biden relationship (2021 onwards) [ edit ]
Optimism reigns as Joe Biden takes the presidency, although there are serious differences. Both countries are concerned about the growing maritime presence and influence of China. Indians are optimistic that the Biden administration will ease visa requirements for Indian immigration as well as its entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group. Both countries hope to see increased trade. The US is concerned about India’s coziness with Russia on defense issues and its energy relationship with Iran despite U.S. sanctions. Vice President Kamala Harris expressed concern about the situation in Kashmir when she was a senator in 2019, and American concern about Indian treatment of dissenters and minorities is a sticky point, although it is unlikely to interfere with larger goals.[195]
However US-Indian ties began to strain in April 2021 when India faced a massive spike in infections. The US had invoked the Defense Production Act of 1950 to ban the export of raw materials needed to produce vaccines in order to prioritize domestic vaccine production.[196] According to The Times of India, also caused an explosion of anti-US and anti-western sentiment in India, as the U.S. had vaccine reserves and refused to share COVID-19 vaccine patents.[197] This came after a plea by Adar Poonawalla, CEO of Serum Institute of India to lift the embargo on export of raw materials needed to ramp up production of COVID-19 vaccines, was rejected.[189] But, in late April, right after a phone call with Ajit Doval, the National Security Advisor of India, the Biden administration stated it would make raw materials necessary for production of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine available to India, and began to send more than $100 million USD (₹714 crore INR) worth of drug treatments, rapid diagnostic tests, ventilators, personal protective equipment, mechanical parts needed to manufacture vaccines to India, along with a team of public health experts from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The US also stated that it planned to finance the expansion of Biological E. Limited, an Indian-based COVID-19 vaccine production company.[198][199][200][201] India entered negotiations with the US after it declared that it would share 60 million Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines with the world.[202]
USS John Paul Jones intrusion [ edit ]
USS John Paul Jones
On April 7, 2021, The United States Navy guided missile destroyer USS John Paul Jones sailed through India’s Exclusive Economic Zone, without New Delhi’s prior consent, then publicly announced the event, causing a diplomatic spat.[203][204] At a time when the United States and India had been deepening relations, such a move had raised eyebrows among the general public in both India and The United States. As per the official statement by the United States Navy’s 7th Fleet, “On April 7, 2021 (local time) USS John Paul Jones (DDG 53) asserted navigational rights and freedoms approximately 130 nautical miles west of the Lakshadweep Islands, inside India’s exclusive economic zone, without requesting India’s prior consent, consistent with international law”. India requires prior consent for military exercises or maneuvers in its exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, a claim inconsistent with international law. This freedom of navigation operation (“FONOP”) upheld the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea recognized in international law by challenging India’s excessive maritime claims. The Statement further added, “U.S. Forces operate in the Indo-Pacific region on a daily basis. All operations are designed in accordance with international law and demonstrate that the United States will fly, sail and operate wherever international law allows.”[205]The Pentagon, defended the 7th Fleet’s statement by claiming that the event was consistent with international law.[204]
The Indian Ministry of External Affairs released its statement after much media attention, the statement said, “The Government of India’s stated position on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is that the Convention does not authorize other States to carry out in the Exclusive Economic Zone and on the continental shelf, military exercises or maneuvers, in particular those involving the use of weapons or explosives, without the consent of the coastal state”, it further added, “The USS John Paul Jones was continuously monitored transiting from the Persian Gulf towards the Malacca Straits. We have conveyed our concerns regarding this passage through our EEZ to the Government of USA through diplomatic channels.”[203][206]Former Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy, Admiral Arun Prakash commented on the event by tweeting “There is irony here. While India ratified UN Law of the Seas in 1995, the US has failed to do it so far. For the 7th Fleet to carry out FoN missions in Indian EEZ in violation of our domestic law is bad enough. But publicizing it? USN please switch on IFF!”. He Further tweeted, “FoN ops by USN ships (ineffective as they may be) in South China Sea, are meant to convey a message to China that the putative EEZ around the artificial SCS islands is an “excessive maritime claim.” But what is the 7th Fleet message for India?”[207][208]
State Visits by counterparts (2014 onwards) [ edit ]
Modi’s visit to America, 2014 [ edit ]
During the run-off to the 2014 Indian general election, there was wide-ranging scepticism regarding the future of the India–U.S. strategic relationship. Narendra Modi, whose US visa had been revoked while he was the Chief Minister of Gujarat, had been boycotted by US officials for almost a decade[209] for his alleged role in the 2002 Gujarat riots.[210] However, sensing Modi’s inevitable victory well before the election, the US Ambassabor Nancy Powell had reached out to him. Moreover, following his 2014 election as the Prime Minister of India President Obama congratulated him over telephone and invited him to visit the US.[211][212] US Secretary of State John Kerry visited New Delhi on 1 August to prepare the grounds for Modi’s first ever US visit as Prime Minister. In September 2014, days before visiting the US in an interview to CNN’s Fareed Zakaria, Modi said that “India and the United States are bound together, by history and culture” but acknowledged that there have been “ups and downs” in relations.[213] Modi travelled to US from 27 to 30 September 2014,[214] beginning with his maiden address in the United Nations general assembly followed by attending a gala public reception by the Indian American community in New York’s Madison Square Garden before heading Washington, D.C. for the bilateral talk with Obama. While there, Modi also met several American business leaders and invited them to join his ambitious Make in India program in a bid to make India a manufacturing hub.[215][216][217]
Obama’s visit to India, 2015 [ edit ]
President Barack Obama became the first US president to be the chief guest of the 66th Republic Day celebrations of India held on 26 January 2015.[218] India and the US held their first ever bilateral dialogue on the UN and multilateral issues in the spirit of the “Delhi Declaration of Friendship” that strengthens and expands the two countries’ relationship as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda.[219]
The conspicuous absence of major announcements, a key indicator of the state of US relations with the host country, led political commentators in both countries to highlight the confidence-building aspects of the visit[220][221][222]
Modi’s visit to America, 2015 [ edit ]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi toured the Silicon Valley and met with entrepreneurs – several of whom are persons of Indian origin – involved in successful microelectronics, digital communications and biotechnology start-ups to promote the NDA government’s Make in India initiative.[223] Modi left the U.S. West Coast and travelled to New York for the 2015 UN General Assembly meeting where he had bilateral discussions with US President Barack Obama.
Modi’s visit to America, 2016 [ edit ]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi while visiting the United States addressed a joint session of Congress highlighting the common traits of both democracies and long-term friendship between the two countries.[224] In a speech lasting more than 45 minutes, Mr. Modi drew on parallels between the two countries and addressed a variety of issues where the two countries have worked together in the past and where the future course of action would lie.[225]
Modi’s visit to America, 2017 [ edit ]
On June 26, 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the United States and met US President Donald Trump. On 8 November 2017, the US announced a grant of nearly US$500,000 for organisations which came up with ideas and projects to promote religious freedom in India and Sri Lanka.
Modi’s visit to America, 2019 [ edit ]
In September 2019, Modi visited Houston and he addressed a large Indian American contingent in the Houston NRG stadium. Along with President Trump, he reaffirmed Indian American ties, with an emphasis on increased military cooperation with the initiation of the Tiger Triumph exercises.[226]
Trump’s visit to India, 2020 [ edit ]
On February 24, 2020, Trump visited Ahmedabad, Gujarat to address a large Indian crowd.[227] The event, titled “Namaste Trump”, was a response to the “Howdy Modi” event held in 2019.[228] Attendance of over 100,000 people was reported.[229] The event served as a platform for the U.S. president and the Indian prime minister to show off their friendly relationship.[230]
Trump also visited Agra, Uttar Pradesh and the Taj Mahal on the same day.[231] In Agra, the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath welcomed the President and the First Lady. There were 3000 cultural artists showcasing art, cultural & music of various regions.[232] However, political commentators state that Trump’s first official visit to India had been overshadowed by the 2020 North East Delhi riots.[233]
Modi’s visit to America, 2021 [ edit ]
Modi travelled to US from 22 to 25 September 2021, beginning with his maiden address in the United Nations general assembly before heading Washington, D.C. for the bilateral talk with President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris. While there, Modi also participated in the Quad Leaders’ Summit.
Military relations [ edit ]
US and Indian Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of Yudh Abhyas 2015. Sailors assigned to the guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey (DDG 97) stand in ranks as the Indian navy frigate INS Satpura (F-48) pulls alongside during a Malabar 2012 exercise. US Soldiers of the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division and Indian Army soldiers of the 6th Battalion of the Kumaon Regiment, fire each other’s weapons during Yudh Abhyas 2015 at Joint Base Lewis-McChord. USAF F-15C Eagles (middle of V formation) from Elmendorf AFB , Alaska, fly with IAF SU-30MKI Flankers (rear) and Mirage 2000 aircraft over the Indian landscape during Cope India 04, the first bilateral fighter exercise between the two air forces in more than 40 years. Sergeant Balkrishna Dave, an India-born U.S. Army paratrooper explains weapons range safety procedures to Indian Army soldiers before they fire American machine guns. Yudh Abhyas. An Indian Army officer is greeted by a U.S. Army officer at Fort Bragg , U.S., 2013.
The US has four “foundational” agreements that it signs with its defence partners. The Pentagon describes the agreements as “routine instruments that the U.S. uses to promote military cooperation with partner-nations”. American officials have stated that the agreements are not prerequisites for bilateral defence co-operation, but would make it simpler and more cost-effective to carry out activities such as refueling aircraft or ships in each other’s countries and providing disaster relief.[234] The first of the four agreements, the General Security Of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), was signed by India and the U.S. in 2002. The agreement enables the sharing of military intelligence between the two countries and requires each country to protect the others’ classified information. The second agreement, the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), was signed by the two countries on 29 August 2016. The LEMOA permits the military of either country to use the others’ bases for re-supplying or carrying out repairs. The agreement does not make the provision of logistical support binding on either country, and requires individual clearance for each request.[235] The third agreement, Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) was signed during the inaugural 2+2 dialogue in September 2018.[236] It is an India-specific variant of Communications and Information Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA) that enables the two countries to share secure communication and exchange information on approved equipment during bilateral and multinational training exercises and operations. The fourth agreement, the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), signed in 2020, permits the exchange of unclassified and controlled unclassified geospatial products, topographical, nautical, and aeronautical data, products and services between India and the US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).[237]
Harsh V. Pant, professor of International relations at King’s College London, highlighted the importance of India to US strategic planning by saying: “India is key to the US’ ability to create a stable balance of power in the larger Indo-Pacific and at a time of resource constraints, it needs partners like India to shore up its sagging credibility in the region in face of Chinese onslaught.” Robert Boggs, professor of South Asia Studies at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, opines that the US “overestimates both India’s desire to improve the relationship and the benefits doing so would bring”.[238]
As part of America’s policies to counter China,[239] one of the Trump administration policies are to make India as one of the major defence partners for which it is in talks with Indian representatives to sell highly technologically advanced predator drones.[240] India has floated a tender to buy 100 multi role fighter aircraft in the Indian MRCA competition (also called Mother of all defence deals), worth around US$15 billion under Narendra Modi’s Make in India initiative. Although the deal is yet to be finalised in 2018, Present USA Trump’s administration is now pushing for sales of advanced F-16 jet fighters,[241] and F/A-18 Super Hornet[242]
In a meeting between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in November 2001, the two leaders expressed a strong interest in transforming the US-India bilateral relationship. High-level meetings and concrete cooperation between the two countries increased during 2002 and 2003. In January 2004, the US and India launched the “Next Steps in Strategic Partnership” (NSSP), which was both a milestone in the transformation of the bilateral relationship and a blueprint for its further progress.
In July 2005, Bush hosted Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in Washington, D.C. The two leaders announced the successful completion of the NSSP, as well as other agreements which further enhanced cooperation in the areas of civil nuclear, civil space, and high-technology commerce. Other initiatives announced included a US-India economic dialogue, the fight Against HIV/AIDS, disaster relief, technology cooperation, an agriculture knowledge initiative, a trade policy forum, energy dialogue, CEO Forum, and an initiative to assist each other in furthering democracy and freedom.[243] President Bush made a reciprocal visit to India in March 2006, during which the progress of these initiatives were reviewed, and new initiatives were launched.
In June 2015, US defence secretary Ashton Carter visited India and became the first American defence secretary to visit an Indian military command. In December of the same year, Manohar Parrikar became the first Indian defence minister to visit the US Pacific Command.[244]
In March 2016, India rejected a proposal by the US to join naval patrols in the South China Sea alongside Japan and Australia. Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar said: “India has never taken part in any joint patrol; we only do joint exercises. The question of joint patrol does not arise.”[245]
In January 2017, Peter Lavoy, Senior Director for South Asian Affairs at the U.S. National Security Council, declared that the partnership between India and the United States under Barack Obama’s administration had been “incredibly successful”. Lavoy stated, “I can tell you quite definitively that due to our partnerships, several terrorism plots were foiled. Indian lives and American lives were saved because of this partnership.”[246][247]
On 27 October 2020, the United States and India signed the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), enabling greater information-sharing and further defense cooperation, to counter China’s growing military power in the region.[248]
Nuclear Cooperation [ edit ]
Pokhran Tests [ edit ]
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India’s then defence minister, George Fernandes, said that India’s nuclear programme was necessary as it provided a deterrence to some potential nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will defend if attacked.
The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India’s nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage India-US relations. President Bill Clinton imposed wide-ranging sanctions pursuant to the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act. US sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries.
Easing of Tension [ edit ]
In late September 2001, President Bush lifted sanctions imposed under the terms of the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act following India’s nuclear tests in May 1998. A succession of non-proliferation dialogues bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries.
In December 2006, the US Congress passed the historic India–United States Civilian Nuclear Agreement|Henry J. Hyde US–India Peaceful Atomic Cooperation Act, which allows direct civilian nuclear commerce with India for the first time in 30 years. US policy had been opposed to nuclear cooperation with India in prior years because India had developed nuclear weapons against international conventions, and had never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT). The legislation clears the way for India to buy US nuclear reactors and fuel for civilian use.
The India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement also referred to as the “123 Agreement”, signed on 10 October 2008 is a bilateral agreement for peaceful nuclear cooperation which governs civil nuclear trade between American and Indian firms to participate in each other’s civil nuclear energy sector.[249][250] For the agreement to be operational, nuclear vendors and operators must comply with India’s 2010 Nuclear Liability Act which stipulates that nuclear suppliers, contractors and operators must bear financial responsibility in case of an accident.
Prominent industrial accidents (1984 Bhopal chemical-gas disaster and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster) have led to greater scrutiny by civil society into corporate responsibility and financial liability obligations of vendors and operators of critical infrastructure. In 2010, the Indian Parliament voted to pass the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to address concerns and provide civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident.
On 27 March 2019, India and the US signed an agreement to “strengthen bilateral security and civil nuclear cooperation” including the construction of six American nuclear reactors in India.[251]
Post–September 11 [ edit ]
India’s contribution to the War on Terror has helped India’s diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past few years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with United States and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US-India and EU-India bilateral relationship. India’s bilateral trade with Europe and US has more than doubled in the last five years.
However, India has not signed the CTBT, or the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, claiming the discriminatory nature of the treaty that allows the five declared nuclear countries of the world to keep their nuclear arsenal and develop it using computer simulation testing. Prior to its nuclear testing, India had pressed for a comprehensive destruction of nuclear weapons by all countries of the world in a time-bound frame. This was not favoured by the United States and by certain other countries. Presently, India has declared its policy of “no-first use of nuclear weapons” and the maintenance of a “credible nuclear deterrence”. The USA, under President George W. Bush has also lifted most of its sanctions on India and has resumed military co-operation. Relations with USA have considerably improved in the recent years, with the two countries taking part in joint naval exercises off the coast of India and joint air exercises both in India as well as in the United States.[252][253][254]
India has been pushing for reforms in the United Nations and in the World Trade Organization with mixed results. India’s candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including Russia, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Brazil, African Union nations and United States. In 2005, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The United States agreed that India’s strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception and persuaded other Nuclear Suppliers Group members to sign similar deals with India.
On 2 March 2006 India and the United States signed the Indo-US Nuclear Pact on co-operation in civilian nuclear field. This was signed during the four days state visit of USA President George Bush in India. On its part, India would separate its civilian and military nuclear programmes, and the civilian programmes would be brought under the safeguards of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The United States would sell India the reactor technologies and the nuclear fuel for setting up and upgrading its civilian nuclear programme. The US Congress needs to ratify this pact since US federal law prohibits the trading of nuclear technologies and materials outside the framework of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
Economic relations [ edit ]
The United States is one of India’s largest direct investors. From 1991 to 2004, the stock of FDI inflow has increased from US$11 million to $344.4 million, and totaling $4.13 billion. This is a compound rate increase of 57.5 percent annually. Indian direct investments abroad began in 1992, and Indian corporations and registered partnership firms now can and do invest in businesses up to 100 percent of their net worth. India’s largest outgoing investments are in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 54.8 percent of the country’s foreign investments. The second largest are in non-financial services (software development), accounting for 35.4 percent of investments.
On 3 August 2018, India became the third Asian nation to be granted Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) status by the United States. STA-1 enables the export of high-technology products in civil space and defence from the US to India.[255][256]
Trade relations [ edit ]
The US is India’s largest trading partner in 2022,[17] and India is its 7th largest trading partner.[257] In 2017, the US exported $25.7 billion worth of goods to India, and imported $48.6 billion worth of Indian goods.[258] Major items imported from India include information technology services, textiles, machinery, gems and diamonds, chemicals, iron and steel products, coffee, tea, and other edible food products. Major American items imported by India include aircraft, fertilisers, computer hardware, scrap metal, and medical equipment.[259][260]
The United States is also India’s largest investment partner, with a direct investment of $10 billion (accounting for 9 percent of total foreign investment). Americans have made notable foreign investments in the Asian country’s power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads, petroleum exploration and processing, and mining industries.[260]
American imports from India amounted to $46.6 billion or 2% of its overall imports, and 15.3% of India’s overall exports in 2015. The 10 major commodities exported from India to the US were:[261][262]
Gems, precious metals and coins ($9.5 billion) Pharmaceuticals ($6.1 billion) Oil ($2.8 billion) Machinery: $2.5 billion Other textiles, worn clothing: $2.5 billion Clothing (not knit or crochet): $2.2 billion Organic chemicals: $2.1 billion Knit or crochet clothing: $1.7 billion Vehicles: $1.4 billion Iron or steel products: $1.3 billion
American exports to India amounted to $20.5 billion or 5.2% of India’s overall imports in 2015. The 10 major commodities exported from the US to India were:[263][264]
In July 2005, President Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh created a new programme called the Trade Policy Forum.[265] It is run by a representative from each nation. The United States Trade Representative was Rob Portman, and the Indian Commerce Secretary then-Minister of Commerce Kamal Nath. The goal of the programme is to increase bilateral trade and investment flow. There are five main sub-divisions of the Trade Policy Forum, including:
The Agricultural Trade group has three main objectives: agreeing on terms that will allow India to export mangoes to the United States, permitting India’s Agricultural and Process Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to certify Indian products to the standards of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and executing regulation procedures for approving edible wax on fruit.
The goals of the Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers group include agreeing that insecticides manufactured by US companies can be sold throughout India. India had also agreed to cut special regulations on trading carbonated drinks, many medicinal drugs, and lowering regulations on many imports that are not of an agricultural nature. Both nations have agreed to discuss improved facets of Indian regulation in the trade of jewellery, computer parts, motorcycles, fertiliser, and those tariffs that affect American exporting of boric acid. The group has also discussed matters such as those wishing to break into the accounting market, Indian companies gaining licenses for the telecommunications industry, and setting policies regarding Indian media and broadcasting markets. Other foci include the exchange of valuable information on recognizing different professional services, discussing the movement and positioning of people in developing industries, continuation of talks on financial services markets, limitation of equities, insurance, retail, joint investment in agricultural processing and transportation industries, and small business initiatives.
India and the US will sign the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), the last of four so-called foundational agreements for sharing sensitive information and sales of advanced military hardware, during the 2+2 ministerial dialogue on 27 October 2020.[266]
India-US strategic partnership [ edit ]
India-US relations got strategic content in the early 1960s. The rise of the People’s Republic of China worried the policymakers in Washington. Chinese assertion in Tibet, its role in the Korean War and other such acts concerned Washington. As the relations between India and China were heated during the late fifties, the Americans found a golden opportunity to take advantage of this situation to promote India as a counterweight to China.[267] But any unidimensional alliance is bound to be short-lived and this alliance was no exception to this general rule. As China ceased to be a headache for the American policymakers by the late sixties, this unidimensional alliance disappeared into thin air.[citation needed][opinion]
After the end of the Cold War, Indian and American interests converged in a number of areas, including counter-terrorism, promotion of democracy, counter-proliferation, freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean, and the balance of power in Asia.[267]
US and Indian Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of ‘Yudh Abhyas’ military exercise, 2015
As the world’s oldest and largest democracies, respectively, the U.S. and India share historic ties.[268] India is a founding member of the “Community of Democracies”—a prominent endeavour of the United States on promotion of democracy. However, the India rejected the suggestion of the USA about setting up a Centre for Asian Democracy.[269]
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was the guest of honour at the first state dinner, which took place on 24 November 2009, of the administration of US President Barack Obama. Obama later visited India from 6–9 November 2010, signing numerous trade and defence agreements with India. He addressed the joint session of the Indian parliament in New Delhi, becoming only the second US president to do so, and announced that the United States would lend its support to India’s bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, signifying the growing strategic dimension of the relationship between the world’s two largest democracies.[270]
On 27 October 2020, US-India signed a military agreement on sharing sensitive satellite data. The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement, or BECA, allows US’s strategic partners to access a range of sensitive geospatial and aeronautical data which is useful for military actions.[271]
In December 2020, US India Business Council president Nisha Desai Biswal claimed that the ties between the two nations will continue and grow stronger in 2021, as the Biden administration will prioritize their trade deals for a prospering economic relationship.[272]
Tensions over Russian relations [ edit ]
The purchase of S-400 missile system by India, resulted in an imbroglio in the US Congress.[273] Previously, the Trump administration admonished India that it might entice economic sanctions by the United States.[274][275] But since India looms as a counterweight to China, the significance of India is creeping upon the US Senate. Following that, two major Senators John Cornyn from the Republican Party and Mark Warner from the Democratic Party urged president Joe Biden to waive sanctions against New Delhi as it might euthanize the cumulative cooperation with India to maintain the hegemony of the United States of America across the region of South Asia & the Indian Ocean region.[276][277]
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, India abstained on a United Nations resolution showing disapproval of (but not politically condemning) the invasion, saying it was “deeply disturbed” by Russia’s invasion. Some experts have also pointed out that the reason for India’s abstention is because 70% of Indian arms imports are from Russia, 14% from the US, and 5% from Israel.[278] In a meeting of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue on the implications of the crisis for the region, President Biden noted India’s abstention, saying that most global allies were united against Russia.[279] Speaking to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, US diplomat Donald Lu said the Biden administration was still considering sanctions against India over its S-400 deal with Russia, and its abstention at the UN.[280] On 15 July 2022, the United States House of Representatives passed a legislative amendment that granted India a waiver from CAATSA-related sanctions connected to the purchase of the S-400; however the amendment is yet to passed by the United States Senate.[281]
See also[edit]
Geostrategic
Cultural and peoples relations
Foreign relations
Notes [edit]
The States Where the Most Native Americans Live
The number of Americans who identify at least partially as American Indian or Alaska Native rose from 5.2 million in 2010 to 9.7 million in 2020 — an 85% increase, according to the most recent census.
The Census Bureau attributed the population growth in part to its own updates to procedures and survey questions. Because of these updates, it is not certain if the growth is the result of true population growth or if more people are racially identifying as Native Americans. The agency prioritized enumeration of Native Americans and Alaskans in the 2020 census after undercounting nearly 5% of reservation-dwelling Native Americans in 2010.
[ READ MORE: How Native American Populations Changed ]American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 2.9% of the total American population in 2020, up from 1.6% in 2010. The country’s Native American population is honored each year on Native American Heritage Day, which occurs on the Friday after Thanksgiving is committed.
According to an analysis by USAFacts, the western portion of the country is home to the highest concentration of Native Americans in the United States.
Native Americans make up more than 10% of the population in Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico and South Dakota. Alaska has the highest proportion of Alaskan Indians and Native Americans at 22%, followed by Oklahoma at 16% and New Mexico at 12%.
Twenty states have more than doubled their Native American populations since 2010, but Oklahoma has seen the largest growth, with a 30% increase since the last census.
Census data shows that the Native American population is younger than the national average. The median age for anyone claiming at least partial Native American identity is 32.9 years, compared to 38.5 years for the country as a whole. Additionally, 11% of Native Americans are age 65 or older, compared to 17% of people in the larger population.
American Indians and Alaska Natives are also more likely to have served in the US military than the general population, with 7.5% of the population identifying as veterans compared to 6.9% of the general population.
Additional data from the 2020 census is not yet available, but data from the 2019 American Community Survey provides more information about the Native American population. According to the ACS, of the 5.7 million people who identified as Native Americans and Alaska Natives, 4.4 million also identified with at least one tribal group.
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