Pink Smoke Bomb In Store? The 128 Correct Answer

introduction

Smoke bombs are widely used in military exercises, firefighter training, and on the battlefield as a blackout device. After combustion, smoke bombs release fumes that may contain zinc chloride, zinc oxide, hydrochloric acid, hexachloroethane, calcium chloride, aluminum, and other chemical components. Zinc chloride is the main toxic factor leading to inhalation injury.

The average diameter of smoke particles is around 2 to 3 µm (1). Particles of this size are large enough to be covered with protective masks such as B. high-efficiency respirators with particulate air filters. However, if not filtered, the smoke particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the alveoli and easily damage the alveoli. This causes opportunistic infections of the lungs and secondary injuries, even leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (1-6).

Some studies suggest that inhalation of fumes from smoke bombs in confined spaces causes interstitial and alveolar edema, proliferation of fibroblasts, an increase in interstitial and alveolar collagen in the early phase, and pulmonary fibrosis in the late phase, which can lead to death (3.4). Smoke inhalation injuries have a complex pathogenesis and there is no specific treatment. The collective action of inhaled toxic gases and particles, hypoxia and thermal environment can quickly lead to damage to the respiratory system. This causes increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries, reduced lung compliance and bronchospasm, leading to a reduction in lung function.

In this study, we examined the effects of acute airway and lung injury from smoke bombs on the lung function of 15 soldiers in China, as well as changes in lung function at different stages.

methods

patients

We studied 15 soldiers who had an acute respiratory injury and were admitted to our hospital for treatment in November 2014. These patients were all males aged 18-24 years with a mean age of 21.07 ± 1.62 (mean ± SD) years. They had been exposed to dense fumes in a confined space for about 1 minute after an accidental smoke bomb explosion during a military exercise. They initially suffered from chest discomfort, tachypnea and coughing up black sputum. Some patients had dizziness, runny nose, nausea and vomiting. Seven to twenty-eight hours after smoke inhalation, patients were sent to the emergency room for symptomatic treatment. They were transferred to the Department of Pulmonary and Intensive Care Medicine. Her clinical diagnosis was inhalation lung injury. As part of their initial evaluation, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), high-resolution computed tomography scans, blood gas analysis, bronchoscopy, and whole blood determination of the trace element zinc were performed. After rehabilitation, patients were followed up on an outpatient basis and PFTs, high-resolution computed tomography, and blood gas analysis were performed.

This study was conducted in accordance with the Amended Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained informed consent for the study from patients and approved it by the China PLA General Hospital Ethics Committee (S2014-011-01).

PFT

PFTs were performed to determine the level of functional impairment and were performed in our clinic’s pulmonary function laboratory. We used standard procedures and followed the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society published in 2005 (7-10). Lung ventilation, lung capacity and gas exchange were measured with a spirometer (MasterScreen Body; Jaeger, Würzburg, Germany). The diffusing capacity of the lungs was determined by the single-breath carbon monoxide technique. The measurement results were analyzed by computer software (Software Master Lab Manager V5.31.0; Jaeger). Each test was repeated three or more times and all spirometric values ​​were expressed as a percentage of the predicted values. The main test points were: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum mean expiratory flow (MMEF75/25), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), total Lung capacity (TLC), RV/TLC, diffusing capacity for lung carbon monoxide (DLCO), alveolar ventilation and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide per liter alveolar volume (DLCO/V A ).

Measurement of Zinc

The main pathogen ingredient in smoke bombs is zinc chloride. We measured whole blood zinc levels in each patient 4 days after smoke inhalation (acute stage, n=15) and in some patients with severe lung injury 17 days after smoke inhalation (convalescent stage, n=4). The test sample was anticoagulated venous blood (3 ml) and the anticoagulant was heparin. The method of detection was atomic absorption spectrometry. The equipment is an atomic absorption spectrometer BH5100S (Bohui Innovation Technology. Co., Ltd., China).

Statistical analysis

SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The comparison of blood gas analysis results between the normal MMEF75/25 group and the abnormal MMEF75/25 group was analyzed using the t-test for independent samples. The paired-sample t-test was used to compare zinc levels in the acute and convalescent stages. The Pearson correlation test was used to correlate PFT results with zinc levels. Measurement data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± standard deviation). Differences were considered significant if the P value was < 0.05. Results A total of 11 patients were diagnosed with inhalation lung injury, with a relatively stable condition with mild symptoms. Another four patients with severe symptoms were diagnosed with severe lung injury and multiple organ damage (one patient with ARDS). These patients were admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit. Chest CT showed ground glass opacity in four patients with severe symptoms and the remaining patients were normal. Patients were treated with anti-infectives, antidotes (dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate), hepatoprotectors (polyene phosphatidylcholine and reduced glutathione), gastric acid suppressants (omeprazole sodium), hormones (methylprednisolone sodium succinate), and ulinastatin to inhibit the inflammatory response. Critically ill patients received continuous renal replacement therapy, plasmapheresis, bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage. After treatment, 14 convalescent patients were hospitalized for 7-44 days, a mean of 16.86 ± 13.06 days. A critically ill patient with ARDS, disease progression through the stage of acute lung injury, multiple organ dysfunction and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. We performed endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation mode was synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) + pressure support (prone ventilation), the patient with ARDS and secondary pulmonary fibrosis died of multiple organ failure on the 19th day of hospitalization. PFT All but one patient with severe lung damage underwent PFTs. Eleven patients with mild symptoms were treated with PFT on days 3 to 46 after the accident. Testing was performed on days 3 (n=11), 6 (n=11), 10 (n=10), and 46 (n=8) in most patients. The PFT results of patients with mild symptoms are shown in Table 1. On day 3 after smoke inhalation (acute phase), three patients (27.3%) had completely normal lung function, while eight patients (72.7%) had abnormal function. A total of 18.2% of patients with TLC and FVC < 80% of predicted values; 27.3% with FEV1 < 80%; 45.5% with FEV1/FVC < 80% (but more than 70%); 27.3% with peak expiratory flow < 80%; 63.6% with MMEF75/25 < 80%; 54.5% had a decrease in small airway function; 27.3% with RV/TLC > 35%; 45.5% with DLCO < 80%; 9% with DLCO/VA < 80%. These findings indicated that most patients in the acute stage of smoke inhalation presented mainly restrictive breathing disorders and reduced diffusing capacity. In addition, dysfunction of the small airways was noted in most patients. Thereafter, the PFT results of all patients progressively improved (Figure 1). On day 46 after smoke inhalation, only one patient had a slightly reduced diffusion capacity and 27.3% of patients had small airway dysfunction. Table 1 PFT results from patients with mild symptoms Complete table of PFT results from patients with mild symptoms Figure 1 PFT changes at days 3, 6, 10 and 46 after smoke inhalation in patients with mild symptoms (patients 1 to 11). The PFT results showed that the patients in the acute stage of smoke inhalation mainly presented a restrictive respiratory disorder and a reduced diffusion capacity. Thereafter, the PFT scores of all patients progressively improved (P < 0.05). On day 46, one patient had a slightly reduced diffusing capacity. Data are presented as a percentage of the predicted value (d 3: n=11, d 6: n=11, d 10: n=10, d 46: n=8). Of 4 patients with severe lung injury and other organ damage, 1 died without receiving PFT. One patient was rarely given PFTs because of his severe symptoms. Two other patients (Patient A and Patient B) had a longer hospital stay and longer follow-up than the other patients. These two patients were administered PFTs on days 3, 19, 41, 52, 61, 70, 80, 90, 140 and 180 after smoke inhalation. The PFT results showed that these two patients had moderate to severe restrictive breathing dysfunction and reduced diffusing capacity on day 3 after smoke inhalation. Which FEV1 was 54% and 48%; FVC was 46.9% and 55.3%; FEV1/FVC was 98% and 73%; RV/TLC was 36% and 31%; D LCO was 60.7% and 30.9%. One patient had small airway dysfunction. Thereafter, the PFT results of these two patients progressively improved. On the 140th day of follow-up, the results of the PFTs of these two patients normalized (Figure 2). Figure 2 PFT changes on days 3 to 180 after smoke inhalation in patients with severe symptoms (Patients A and B). By day 3, the patients had moderate to severe restrictive breathing dysfunction and reduced diffusing capacity. Thereafter, the PFT results progressively improved. On the 140th day of follow-up, the PFT results returned to normal. The data is presented as a percentage of the predicted value. A total of 13 patients underwent PFT in the first 3 days after smoke inhalation. Eight of these patients showed a decrease in MMEF75/25, while five patients showed normal values. The patients were divided into two groups: one group had normal MMEF75/25 values ​​and the other group had abnormal MMEF75/25 values. Blood gas analysis showed that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) was significantly higher in the abnormal MMEF75/25 group than in the normal MMEF75/25 group (46.54 ± 2.41 vs. 43.60 ± 2.49 mmHg, P=0.047). Correlation of zinc levels with PFT results The zinc levels in whole blood were measured in all patients in the acute phase (day 4, n=15). The mean blood zinc level was 104.28+17.40 mol/L. Blood zinc levels were measured a second time in four patients and the mean zinc levels were 98.93 + 18.27 mol/L in the acute stage and 80.93 + 17.85 mol/L in the convalescent stage. Zinc levels in the convalescent stage were significantly lower than in the acute stage (P=0.032, Figure 3). Figure 3 Acute (day 4) and convalescent (day 17) zinc levels in four critically ill patients. In 4 patients in whom zinc levels were measured in the acute and convalescent stages, the zinc levels in the convalescent stage were significantly lower than those in the acute stag (P = 0.032, n = 4). Whole blood zinc levels at the acute stage (Day 4) were negatively correlated with D LCO/VA at Days 3, 10, and 46 (r = -0.633, -0.676, and -0.675, respectively; P = 0.027, 0.032, and 0.023). ), but there was no significant correlation at day 6 (r = −0.261, P = 0.412). Whole blood zinc levels in the acute stage did not correlate with FVC, TLC, FEV1, DLCO, and zinc levels in the convalescent stage. A scatterplot of acute-stage zinc levels and D LCO/V A is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Scatterplot of acute-stage zinc levels (Day 4) and DLCO/VA on Days 3, 6, 10, and 46. Zinc levels (Day 4) were negatively correlated with DLCO/VA on Days 3, 10, and 46, but at day 6 there was no significant correlation (d 3: n=12; d 6: n=12; d 10: n=10; d 46: n=11). discussion As early as 1945, Evans reported the first zinc chloride smoke inhalation incident that occurred during World War II. In that case, 70 soldiers were exposed to zinc chloride fumes, resulting in lung injuries. Ultimately, ten of these soldiers died (11). The smoke bomb is still used to inflict acute respiratory injuries and acute lung injuries. Although uncommon, smoke bombs can be deadly. After combustion, smoke bombs release vapors that may contain zinc chloride, zinc oxide, hydrochloric acid, hexachloroethane, calcium chloride, and aluminum. When these vapors diffuse in an open, ventilated, high-humidity environment, smoke bombs have little effect on the human body (12). However, when smoke bomb fumes spread in a relatively closed environment, even inhalation for only 1-2 minutes is dangerous to the human body. Smoke inhalation damage is primarily caused by zinc chloride. Zinc chloride is highly corrosive and can quickly damage the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Strong inhalation causes cough, chest tightness, hoarseness, tachypnea, dyspnea, and fever (3,4,12). Exposure to high concentrations of zinc chloride, particularly in confined spaces, can cause ARDS and possibly death (3,4). Clinical, radiological and pathological findings and management of patients exposed to this smoke have been described (1-6,12). However, the description of lung function findings has so far been limited to a few cases (1,2,5) and there is a lack of knowledge about long-term effects on lung function. Therefore, in the current study, patients with acute smoke bomb inhalation injury underwent lung function assessment and PFTs were performed 3 to 180 days after smoke inhalation. Lung damage caused by smoke inhalation affects a patient's lung function because normal lung function depends on chest wall integrity, improvement in respiratory muscles, open airways, normal lung tissue structure, good lung compliance, and other factors. After smoke inhalation, the synergistic effect of toxic ingredients and heat factors can cause a number of changes in pathophysiological processes, such as: B. inflammatory reactions, increased pulmonary capillary permeability, increased bronchial blood flow, bronchospasm and a decrease in compliance of the respiratory system. These abnormalities of the lung parenchyma and interstitial tissue cause abnormal lung function. Our study showed that in the acute stage of lung injury, 27.3% of patients with mild symptoms had completely normal lung function. In addition, 72.7% of patients had varying degrees of decline in lung function, mainly declines in FVC, TLC, FEV1 and DLCO, small airway dysfunction and mild obstructive breathing disorder. A total of 18.2% of the patients showed restrictive respiratory dysfunction and 45.5% of the patients showed reduced diffusing capacity. In patients with severe symptoms diagnosed with ARDS, PFT results showed moderate to severe restrictive breathing dysfunction and reduced diffusing capacity, and one patient had small airway dysfunction. Thereafter, the PFT results of all patients progressively improved. In mild cases, most patients had almost normal PFT results by day 46 after smoke inhalation. In severe cases, patients had a longer follow-up period, and 140 days after smoke inhalation, PFT results returned to normal. These results suggest that smoke inhalation injury affects lung function mainly through restrictive breathing impairment and reduced diffusing capacity, consistent with previous literature (5). In some patients we also observed mild obstructive breathing disorders and deterioration in small airway function, which were not reported in previous clinical studies. Our study showed that PaCO 2 was significantly higher in the abnormal MMEF75/25 group than in the normal MMEF75/25 group. However, in some patients with mild lung injuries, there may be no significant change in lung function, or function may decrease but remain within the normal range. When a smoke inhalation injury is complicated by multiple organ damage, there is a greater impact on lung function and a longer recovery period is required. In such cases, patients need 5 months to fully recover. Some studies have shown that patients with severe lung damage caused by zinc chloride fumes still have restrictive breathing dysfunction after 6 months of smoke inhalation (1). In the current study, we did not observe this situation. D L CO/VA is the ratio of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and alveolar volume and is the diffusing capacity per unit lung volume. D L CO/V A is relatively more important than D L CO. Our study showed that whole blood zinc levels were significantly lower in the convalescent stage than in the acute stage. In addition, zinc levels in the acute stage were negatively correlated with DLCO/VA in the acute stage and in the convalescent stage. This finding suggests that whole blood zinc levels can reliably predict the severity of zinc chloride fume inhalation injuries and prognosis. In addition, the degree of lung damage may be related to the inhalation time and the dose of zinc chloride inhaled. While zinc chloride is the most important pathogenic component of smoke bomb-induced inhalation injuries, there are likely other toxic components. In our study, 3 patients showed serum benzoic acid (0.1-0.2 µg/ml), but no hexachloroethane, trichloropropane or other volatile toxic gas components were detected. Alterations in the biochemistry and pathophysiology of smoke inhalation lung injury are complicated and not fully understood. Treating patients whose condition is complicated by ARDS is difficult. A good understanding of the pathophysiological process in acute smoke inhalation injury is required. PFTs are useful for patients with lung injury from inhalation, particularly for follow-up visits. Observing changes in lung function helps physicians understand pathophysiology and is helpful in determining effective treatments. The identification of effective prognostic factors in the early stages of inhalation lung injury is useful for patient rehabilitation. In this study, we observed the characteristics of lung function in patients with smoke bomb-induced lung injury. We found for the first time a correlation between lung function and the trace element zinc in whole blood in a relatively large series of patients with a zinc chloride fume inhalation injury. Our results demonstrate the danger of inhaling zinc chloride fumes, and severe cases can result in lung injury and even death. Although some of the surviving patients showed a transient decrease in lung capacity and reduced diffusing capacity, they recovered after a few months. However, whether there are any long-term effects on lung function in these patients is still unknown and further follow-up is required. Our results should be useful for future treatment of smoke inhalation injuries. Conclusions We conducted a study to show the effects of acute smoke bomb inhalation injury on lung function at different stages of lung injury. Fifteen patients with acute inhalation injury were studied 3 to 180 days after smoke inhalation. We found that the main problems caused by smoke inhalation injury were restrictive breathing dysfunction and reduced diffusing capacity; Some patients developed mild obstructive respiratory dysfunction and a decrease in small airway function. This study is the first to confirm a relationship, specifically a negative correlation, between zinc concentration and lung function in patients with zinc chloride-induced smoke inhalation injury. Zinc levels may be able to predict prognosis and indicate the degree of lung damage. Our results will be useful both for the treatment of smoke inhalation injuries and as baseline information for future research in this area. thanks This work was supported by clinical research funding from the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. In addition, we thank HAO Feng-Ying, Wang Xiao-Qing, and other technicians in the pulmonary function testing room of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital for their contribution to this study. Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Ethical Statement: The name of the Ethics Committee: China PLA General Hospital Ethics Committee [S2014-011-01]. This study was conducted in accordance with the Amended Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained informed consent for the study from the patients and approved that this study was conducted in accordance with the Amended Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained informed consent for the study from patients and approved it by the Ethics Committee of China PLA General Hospital. references Uang KL, Chen CW, Chu SJ, et al. Systemic inflammation from inhalation of white smoke during combat practice. Breast 2008;133:722-8. [cross ref.] [PubMed] Chian CF, Wu CP, Chen CW, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome after zinc chloride inhalation: survival after extracorporeal life support and corticosteroid treatment. Am J Crit Care 2010;19:86-90. [cross ref.] [PubMed] S Homma, R Jones, J Qvist, et al. Pulmonary vascular lesions in adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by zinc chloride fume inhalation: a morphometric study. Hum Pathol 1992;23:45-50. [Cross ref.] [PubMed] Pettilä V, Takkunen O, Tukiainen P. Zinc chloride fume inhalation: a rare cause of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:215-7. [cross ref] [PubMed] Hsu HH, Tzao C, Chang WC, et al. Lung injury from zinc chloride (smoke bomb) inhalation: clinical presentations, high-resolution CT findings, and pulmonary function test results. Breast 2005;127:2064-71. [cross ref] [PubMed] Gil F, Pla A, Hernández AF, et al. A fatal case after exposure to zinc chloride and hexachloroethane from a smoke bomb in a school fire simulation. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008;46:563-5. [cross ref] [PubMed] Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardization of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005;26:319-38. [Crossref] [PubMed] Wanger J Clausen JL Coates A et al. Standardization of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur Respir J 2005;26:511-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] N Macintyre, RO Crapo, G Viegi et al. Standardization of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lungs. Eur Respir J 2005;26:720-35. [Crossref] [PubMed] Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, et al. Interpretation strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005;26:948-68. [cross ref] [PubMed] Evans EH. Victims after exposure to zinc chloride smoke. Lancet 1945;2:368-70. [cross ref.] Matarese SL, Matthews JI. Lung injury from inhaling zinc chloride (smoke bomb). Chest 1986;89:308-9. [cross reference] [PubMed] Cite this article as: Cao L, Zhang XG, Wang JG, Wang HB, Chen YB, Zhao DH, Shi WF, Xie LX. Pulmonary function test findings in patients with acute smoke bomb inhalation injury. J Thorac Dis 2016;8(11):3160-3167. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.11.94

Aaron and Whitney DuRall are a New York City-based team of photographers specializing in engagement and wedding photography. Occasionally they add the power of smoke to their stunning portraits. Read on to learn more about how to safely perform your own smoke bomb portrait.

We are often asked about our smoke bomb photos. The two big questions always seem to be, “How do you use them on shoots?” and “Where do you get your smoke bombs from?”

A smoke bomb can add mysterious beauty to a portrait shoot. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Why would anyone want to use smoke bombs in a shoot?

Simply put, it’s pretty damn cool. They offer a fun and unique aesthetic that can breathe life into any session. Whether it’s with a couple, a model, a band, or whatever, adding colorful feathers and the subsequent haze they leave behind can add an extra kick of interest to any shoot. However, people should understand that using smoke bombs can potentially pose some risks. It is of the utmost importance that these risks are discussed openly and understood by all parties involved before they are used on a shoot. This is especially true if you intend to hold them in your hands. Use our guide to get you started.

The white veil left by the smoke bomb contrasts nicely with the subject’s dark hair. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Items needed for a smoke bomb photo shoot:

smoke bomb

Lighter (if not using “cool burning wire” grenades)

Open outdoor space away from anything overly dry and prone to fire

camera

Water (to pour the smoke bomb after it burns out to ensure safe disposal)

model(s)

The colorful bangs of the smoke bomb and the blossoming tree in the background create a bright contrast in this frame. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Safety Concerns When Using Smoke Bombs In Your Photoshoot:

Although smoke bombs can add an interesting pop of color to a portrait, it’s important to proceed with caution. The main problems with shooting smoke bombs are explosions, burns, stains, fire and inhalation/odour. More of that below.

Explosions We recommend everyone to use cool burning smoke bombs, but due to these risks we also understand that they are not always available. While it’s unlikely that a smoke bomb will explode, it can happen. This can happen if too much moisture gets into the pipe, blocking the path for the smoke to escape. In this case, a smoke bomb can explode. There is a way to determine if your smoke bomb could potentially have this problem. If no springs come out shortly after the fuse blows, this could indicate a clogging problem related to moisture inside the cylinder. If this happens, move away from the smoke bomb and let it burn out.

An engagement shoot that uses a colorful puff of smoke. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Burns: Unless you use a cool burning smoke bomb, they will get hot. It is recommended not to hold them and it is understood that you do so at your own risk. If you want to hold them, place your hand as low as possible at the base. They burn from top to bottom and the base will be the coolest spot.

A portrait at sunset with a smoky pink cloud. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Stains: When using colored smoke, you should know that if the smoke is emitted directly and close to clothing, it can stain. You might want to ask your subjects to wear dark colors, just in case.

Fire: When a smoke bomb has burned out, dispose of it responsibly and carefully. For this reason, we recommend taking bottled water with you when using it. Do not use smoke bombs on overly dry fields, forests, or buildings with many combustible components. Once the bomb burns out, immediately pour water into the pipe. This allows the bomb to be disposed of safely.

A couple kissing in the haze of a smoke bomb. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Inhalation/Odour: The smoke is often very thick and may irritate the eyes and throat of some people. I personally don’t have a problem with that, but they tend to aggravate Whit’s throat if she manages to inhale some of the smoke flowing around her. The smell of the smoke can also stay in your hair and clothes.

Always use a smoke bomb in an outdoor location with no dry grass. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

To create a smoke bomb portrait:

When we use smoke bombs, we use them for the color they provide. We love the haze that surrounds our subjects and the billowing feathers. There will be days when it is recommended not to use them. As mentioned briefly above, it’s always important to use these away from anything overly flammable or overly dry. We therefore recommend not using them during the dry summer months when you are not in the immediate vicinity of water. It only takes a single spark to start a big fire, so please keep that in mind. Wind is always the enemy with smoke bombs. If it’s an incredibly windy day, pack them up and save them for later. They will prove mostly useless as the wind will quickly dissipate any feathers and/or mist.

Avoid windy days if you want to try shooting a smoke bomb. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Smoke bombs can really work in a variety of situations when it comes to recording. There are no rules. We actually travel with a bunch in the trunk of our car every day. We do this because we never know when we might want to jump out of the car and take a few frames off with it. We also never know when we might want to incorporate them into an engagement session, a wedding anniversary, or even a lifestyle session and more. Whether a subject stays still while we run circles around them, enveloping them in smoke, or run around with the bomb themselves, like I said, there are no rules.

Smoke adds atmosphere to this portrait. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Where to buy smoke bombs for a photo shoot

Now people always ask where do we get our smoke bombs from? It depends on. We love Enola Gaye smoke grenades because, again, they burn cool with a wire draw system. They’re expensive, but worth it. Availability also depends on where in the United States you live. When we lived in Missouri it was very easy for us to get them as there were fireworks camps all over the state. From Black Cat Markets to Pyro City to Fireworks Supermarket and more, there are places to buy smoke bombs everywhere. However, you should know that you will usually not find cool burning smoke bombs in these places. You have them occasionally, but not always. This is where the above risks need to be carefully considered and accounted for as they melt and burn hot.

This article originally appeared on Aaron and Whitney’s personal blog.

Detail of a couple blowing smoke together. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

A pop of color from a smoke bomb adds a dramatic element to this photo. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

A smoke bomb can add an eerie and mysterious feel to your portrait. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

Smoke bombs can be a bit unpredictable, in this frame the smoke dominates the frame, it’s good to embrace that unpredictable nature. Aaron and Whitney DuRall

STORAGE OF CHEMICAL AMMUNITION

Poor storage conditions significantly reduce the shelf life of these chemical products, resulting in ammunition being replaced sooner than necessary or potentially defective products being used. Moisture and heat are the two most damaging factors that destroy chemical munitions.

The projectiles and shells should be stored in a controlled atmosphere with temperatures between 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 75 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 60% relative humidity.

Ammunition should remain sealed in its shipping containers until it is due to be used or placed in an emergency call box.

Never keep the grenades and projectiles in the trunk of a car for a long time. The heat can cause the ammo to deteriorate. High temperatures can cause the agent to melt and clog the ports. The unit then has the potential to become a frag grenade.

The worst situation for ammunition is going from extreme cold to hot or vice versa.

Storage for 24 hours or longer is not recommended in temperatures below -20 degrees Fahrenheit, especially in high humidity situations. The ammo can still work, but maybe at a reduced level.

Black powder bullets are more sensitive to cold than smokeless cartridges.

Due to their chemical composition, pyrotechnic grenades are the least sensitive to colder temperatures.

Stored ammunition should be checked for physical integrity and a representative sample should function twice a year. Ammunition that has exceeded the 5 YEAR warranty should be replaced.

DISPOSAL OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

The following information is only intended to provide general information to our customers. It is extremely important that everyone who uses our chemical products complies with all applicable environmental laws and regulations. We encourage you to contact appropriate legal counsel or a governmental agency before disposing of our chemical products.

In 1976, Congress passed legislation entitled the Resource Conservations and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA). This law was intended to protect human health and the environment from careless disposal of “hazardous waste.”

Obsolete or otherwise unserviceable pyrotechnic articles are considered “hazardous waste” under RCRA and are assigned EPA hazardous waste code D00 1 because of their flammable nature. Disposal of these articles must be in accordance with all applicable federal and/or state laws. Many states have hazardous waste disposal programs that are much more stringent than federal laws. For this reason, you should check with the EPA Regional Office to determine how these laws apply to you.

Grenades are powerful explosive devices with an average blast radius of 5 to 20 meters. The first grenades were used in Europe in the 16th century. Grenades are also a common part of the modern military arsenal. The military still use them, but can civilians buy grenades?

Civilians can purchase grenades if they acquire the necessary licenses and permits. Grenades are classified as a Title II weapon and must be registered with the ATF. Sellers require a Federal Firearms License (FFL) or Federal Explosives License (FEL), while buyers require a Federal Explosives Permit (FEP).

See Also: Can Civilians Buy Flashbangs?

How to legally buy a grenade?

Grenades are only available to those who have the required papers. Most types of grenades are classified as destructive devices and Title II weapons regulated under the National Firearms Act (NFA).

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) is responsible for overseeing the transfer of Title II weapons. Selling a grenade may require the following conditions:

Seller must hold a Federal Firearms License (FFL) or Federal Explosives License (FEL).

The grenade must be registered with the ATF as an NFA firearm

Buyers without an FFL or FEL must obtain authorization from local law enforcement

The buyer must pay the NFA transfer tax

Title II transfer requires filing of ATF Form 4, which also requires approval from a local law enforcement agency. The buyer’s local police department or sheriff’s office will conduct a background check and may deny the application for any reason.

In addition to federal requirements, civilians must check state requirements. California, Delaware and New York ban title II gun ownership. Some other states only allow Title II guns, which belong to the Curious and Relics category, which includes guns manufactured before 1899.

The government also imposes a $200 tax stamp on each transfer. Due to the high cost and lengthy application process, most civilians are unlikely to qualify to purchase grenades. Law enforcement officials are unlikely to authorize the sale of a hand grenade, and there are no verifiable reports of such transactions.

What types of grenades are Type II weapons?

Almost all types of shells used by the military are classified as explosives regulations and are considered Type II weapons under the Gun Control Act 1968. The US military divides grenades into several categories:

fragmentation

chemical

Offensive

Not deadly

smoke

Work out

Of these types of grenades, only training grenades are available on the consumer market. Practice grenades, or dummy grenades, are inert devices that do not explode. The interior is hollowed out and contains a timed fuse. After throwing the grenade, the fuse will make a small but audible pop.

Dummy grenades are modeled after real grenades and are commonly used in military training. Civilians can find practice grenades at a variety of online retailers and army stocks.

Smoke grenades designed for the military are regulated in the same way as standard hand grenades. Sellers and buyers require the necessary licenses and permits from ATF. However, several manufacturers make non-military smoke grenades.

Civilian smoke grenades are classified as fireworks or pyrotechnics. They are often called smoke bombs. The Enola Gaye smoke grenade is a popular model available to commoners.

In most parts of the United States and United Kingdom, civilians must be at least 18 years of age to purchase smoke bombs. However, large smoke bombs like the Enola Gaye are not legal in some regions, including Canada and the state of California.

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Battery operated pineapple hand grenades…

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Can a civilian buy a grenade launcher?

A civilian is unlikely to get permission to buy a grenade launcher. Grenade launchers, like regular hand grenades, are classified as explosive devices. Civilians must submit documentation and obtain approval from their local law enforcement agency.

How much do grenades cost?

The most commonly used military hand grenade is the M67 grenade. The cost of a single M67 shell in 2021 was about $45. However, that is the price the Department of Defense (DoD) is paying for the grenade.

Grenades on the black market cost around $100 each. The average cost of a legal grenade legally sold in the US is unknown as there are no online records from the ATF approving the sale of hand grenades.

related posts

If there’s one trend that’s (literally) the bomb at weddings right now, it’s smoke bombs. These fun props take off in beautiful clouds of color, creating a dreamy backdrop that’s utterly ethereal. Not only do they put on an epic show that promises to make your wedding photos unforgettable, but they also offer a playful way to add a non-traditional and unexpected element to your wedding and bring it to life with a pop of color.

Choose from every color imaginable and customize a smoky effect to suit your personality as a couple. You can use a bold magenta to make a big statement, or mix purple and turquoise for a dreamy combination. Mix and match to match your theme or opt for a shade that contrasts with your surroundings. Even a lack of color looks stunning – a swirling white has an enchanting, mystical effect. Set them up in the far background for a swaying backdrop in the woods with an otherworldly vibe, or toss them in the air after saying “yes” to walk down a celebratory aisle.

Of course there are a few things to consider, particularly your surroundings – make sure you are using your wedding smoke bombs outdoors and take note of the temperature that day as well as the wind before you light them. And don’t forget to check with your venue first to make sure it’s okay to use them on property and that your photographer is adequately prepared to shoot with them. Remember: smoke bombs can stain so keep your distance from them if preserving your dress is important to you, but if you’re more on the trash-the-dress side, this is a perfect place to start.

Check out these gorgeous couples for inspiration.

Five photographers share their tips for creating the ultimate smoke bomb photos. Add color and texture to your photos with Smoke Bombs!

We spoke to five photographers who have experience with smoke bomb photography and asked them for their tips and ideas. See how these artists bring their paintings to life with plumes of smoke, vibrant colors and creative lighting!

Add vibrant colors to your images with smoke bombs

Smoke bombs come in a variety of colors. By mixing and matching tones, you can dramatically improve the color palette of any image. This series from Bruna Kitchen is a great example of how colorful smoke bombs can make subdued images pop.

Tips from Bruna kitchen photography

What do you and your customers love about these images?

Smoke bombs make all pictures and scenarios look so magical! They create a unique atmosphere for the shoot.

What are your top tips for smoke bomb photography?

Do not use smoke bomb indoors. Make sure the smoke bomb is not aimed at your client’s or model’s clothing. It can stain the outfits! Don’t place smoke bombs on dead grass. You can start a fire!

Amplify the romance

These images don’t need massive puffs of smoke to make an impact. Make your pictures dreamy and romantic with wafts of fog and fog-like layers of smoke.

Tips from Cait Fletcher Photography

What do you and your customers love about these images?

The color choice! Who doesn’t love a pop of color? In that one photo you’re about to see, the smoke even made a heart! It was destiny!

What are your top tips for smoke bomb photography?

1. Have spare smoke bombs. You should have enough in stock for all the photos you need!

2. Pay attention to the wind. Sometimes the wind can change and blow the smoke right in front of the subjects.

Smoke grenades tend to be pretty smelly – and they’re not healthy for your lungs! You may find it best to let the smoke evaporate for 10-20 seconds before placing your subjects in its path. At the very least, make sure the source itself isn’t too close to your customers.

The lighting makes these pictures even more fun!

Add in some off-camera flashes to create interesting shadows and shapes with your smoke! However, be careful not to use a camera flash fired directly at the smoke. It can bounce off thick clouds of smoke, completely obscuring your customers and smoothing the smoke texture appearance.

Tips from lavender bouquets photography

What do you and your customers love about it?

I think customers like them because it’s a newer trend and it’s a fun way to add a pop of color (or three) to an image. We like them because they are challenging! We use a lot of off-camera flash and the smoke diffuses the light, which can work for us or against us depending on the look we’re going for. Sometimes the photos turn out different than expected, but the result is always great!

What are your top tips for smoke bomb photography?

Buy from a reputable smoke bomb supplier. Read reviews on how long they last etc. Bring more than one smoke bomb as one of them could be a dud or they could burn out too quickly. Make sure your customers are okay with the fact that they might get some color from the smoke on their clothes. It’s best to wait until the end of a spin to blast the smoke bombs!

Create your own backdrop

Say goodbye to unsightly landscapes as you use smoke bombs to hide a hazy background. Be aware that most smoke bombs only last around 60 seconds, so be ready to fire the moment you have the look you want!

Tips from Chip Dizárd Studios

What do you and your customers love about these images?

We love that we can create a different background with two smoke colors!

What are your top tips for smoke bomb photography?

Bring an assistant. It’s hard to use smoke bombs alone! Make sure your assistant also knows how to use smoke bombs because you only get one chance. Choose a place that is not crowded. Smoke bombs attract a lot of attention, and you don’t need people looking through to see what’s going on!

Tell a stronger story

For particularly innovative story-based images, smoke bombs can lighten the mood and add drama. Combined with the right post-production, you have a finished photo that looks like it was shot on a film set.

Tips from Capture Wonder Photography

What are your top tips for smoke bomb photography?

Make sure your lighting and camera settings are perfect before detonating the smoke bomb. You only have 30-60 seconds to take the shots before the bomb goes off. Smoke is unpredictable and will waft between you and your subject. Instruct your subject to be aware of themselves and the camera. If they can’t see the camera, that means the camera can’t see them!

Additional tips on using smoke bombs for photography

Before you go ahead and try this out for yourself, set some safety guidelines in place so you can avoid mishaps when undertaking this particular type of creative photography. As well as the great tips shared by experts above, here are some additional insights related to these sessions.

Find the right guy

There are two types of smoke bombs for photography: wire grenades and can grenades. Wire pull grenades are easier to use than canned goods, which require a lighter. Although wire draws can be a bit expensive, they deliver more smoke, allowing you to get multiple shots.

Since the choice may depend on your smoke bomb photography style, you can choose either one. Here are some specifics to note:

Burn Time: Choose a product that gives you 60 to 90 seconds of active smoke.

Density: The density of the smoke affects the opacity of your images. Determine if you need sheer or misty coverage, or a fuller, more opaque effect.

Activation: Do you want the easy way to pull a wire, or would you rather use a lighter to ignite it?

pro tip

Enola Gaye is the world’s most popular and safest option. For starters, you can use the Enola Gaye WP40 smoke grenade. Commercial photography professionals give this brand excellent reviews. Their products produce colored smoke that enhances effects for television, film, photography and events.

safety first

Smoke grenades are generally safe to use around humans, although the smoke can cause eye or throat irritation. And like any pyrotechnic device, smoke grenades are explosive. Since sparks can occur, keep them away from clothing to avoid staining and never point them directly at anyone.

Also, avoid storing them in damp spaces like basements. Moisture can cause malfunctions inside the device, which can also lead to an unexpected explosion.

Remember not to use these devices near flammable objects. This is why pros advise staying outdoors — indoor smoke bomb photo shoots are risky. Avoid naturally dry or arid environments, especially in summer and early fall.

bring water

We all know that grenades can create smoke flares that can ignite plants or combustible materials. That’s why you should treat these like fireworks and always bring a bucket of water to the shoot just to be prepared.

If the smoke grenade becomes clogged for any reason, it may burst and emit sparks. When this happens, drop it into a metal bucket and get away to a safe distance. You must also cool it down with water before disposing of it.

Check the weather forecast

Wind is a smoke grenade’s worst enemy. While a light breeze can accentuate the colorful smoke, anything stronger will quickly dissipate the smoke. Be prepared to reschedule and reschedule your shoot if the weather is less than ideal.

know the law

Some local governments have regulations on photographing smoke bombs to avoid fire hazards. Check with local authorities and municipalities and the fire department to see if you need a permit. Some public places, like national parks, do not allow smoke bomb photography.

Teach your subject how to use a smoke grenade

Safety first! It is important to teach your customers and team how to use and handle smoke bombs. If someone holds one up for a photo, give them instructions on what to do if it gets too hot or seems to be malfunctioning.

Angle the smoke grenade away from your body and point it down. After you set off the smoke grenade, a lot of smoke can pour towards the subjects’ faces, which can cause their eyes to temporarily water. Just set clear expectations and prioritize safety.

Instruct your customers to turn their faces away from the natural flow of smoke. Reassure them that it’s okay to move and that they can also move the smoke bombs to avoid blowing smoke in their faces.

Experiment with shutter speeds

Smoke bomb photography usually relies on a fast shutter speed. If you want to capture the details and puffs of smoke, set your shutter speed between 1/800 and 1/2500 (or higher). Adjust ISO and aperture to compensate for fast shutter speeds.

The smoke moves with the breeze, so fast shutter speeds capture a dramatic scene. If you want a softer, blurred look, try a slower shutter speed so the motion blur results in a surreal and soft look.

Experiment and be flexible

Don’t be frustrated if you don’t get the photo you were hoping for on the first try! Plan on some iterations so you have room for error as you experiment and try different things.

To save yourself from wasting whole bombs, plan compositions and poses in advance. Take test shots before your clients pull the cord to set your exposure and focus.

Leave your own photography smoke grenade tips in the comments below!

Share with the ShootProof community:

Which smoke bombs are best for photos?

What safety precautions should photographers take?

How did your customers react to their own smoke bomb pictures?

Written by ANNE SIMONE | With BRUNA KITCHEN PHOTOGRAPHY, CAIT FLETCHER PHOTOGRAPHY, LAVENDER BOUQUET PHOTOGRAPHY, CHIP DIZARD STUDIOS, CAPTURE WONDER PHOTOGRAPHY

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The Mehlville Fire Protection District is warning residents about using pesticide bombs on gophers, moles and other rodents outside of homes or sheds. The bombs have caused fires in the district, including at least one earlier this year.

The outdoor smoke bombs, sometimes marketed under names like “Gopher Gasser” or “Rodent’s Revenge,” indicate on the label that they can cause fires and are therefore illegal in some states. The outer smoke bombs look like sticks of dynamite and can be thrown into underground animal burrows to kill them.

But many people don’t realize how easily the devices can cause fires, as they ignite if you drop them in the ground, said Brian Hendricks, Mehlville Fire Chief.

“People use pyrotechnic pest control for moles, voles, marmots and all burrowing animals — they look like a stick of dynamite, but they’re not that big, they’re about the size of a hot dog,” the chief said . “You have a fuse at the end and you light the fuse and it burns — it obviously shoots out a flame to get it hot enough to burn the propellant, and that propellant is this toxic mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide that You throw them down these holes, which creates a lot of smoke, but it also creates a lot of heat. And sometimes people make a mistake and put them under or too close to flammable buildings – sheds are big places that marmots like to dig under.”

Buildings are bursting into flames faster than people can control, Hendricks said.

By the time firefighters had to intervene, everything that was supposed to happen with the pesticide bombs went tragically wrong, Hendricks noted. Many people do not realize how quickly house fires can spread.

“What people don’t realize is that your vinyl siding is highly flammable when it reaches its ignition temperature. So you’ve unquestionably pinned one of the most flammable things to the side of your house — it’s basically plastic,” Hendricks said. “Once it raises the temperature and the fire starts low on the side of the house, it burns right through the house and then all the heat rises up and gets trapped in your eaves. what’s over your eaves vinyl material And then it’s in your attic.”

Charlotte Means, DVM, MLIS, DABVT, DABT, is Director of Toxicology at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC). She received her DVM and bachelor’s degrees from Oklahoma State University and a master’s degree in library and information science from the University of Oklahoma. dr Means worked in small animal practice and as a clinical medical librarian before joining the ASPCA APCC.

It’s the weekend of July 4th and you’re prepared for the many unscheduled appointments, from patients with gastroenteritis from hot dogs to patients with noise phobia. However, the patients you see at the end are neither anxious nor full of food.

In the exam room, Mrs. Smith explains that her dog ate firecrackers. A technician takes a call and reports that Mr. Jones is coming in – his dog has swallowed sparklers. Then the whole Doe family comes along with their dog: Fido chewed leftovers from the city fireworks this morning while walking by the river.

Should you be worried about these patients? hospitalize? Refer? How do you treat?

Welcome to Practical Toxicology, brought to you through a partnership between Today’s Veterinary Practice and the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) (aspcapro.org/about-animal-poison-control-center). This column provides practical clinical information for diagnosing and treating pets that have been exposed to potentially harmful substances.

The APC:

Provides 24-hour diagnosis and treatment recommendations from specially trained veterinary toxicologists

Protects and improves the lives of animals through toxicology education, advisory services and review of case data

Development and maintenance of AnTox, an animal toxicology database system that identifies and characterizes toxic effects of substances in animals

Works closely with Human Poison Control Centers to provide information on animal poisoning

Provides comprehensive veterinary toxicology advice to industrial, government and agricultural organizations. If you are treating a patient who needs emergency care for poisoning, call the APCC at 888-426-4435.

fireworks ingredients

Fireworks are a class of low blast pyrotechnic devices containing many different components (Table 1). To create a burn, firecrackers require:

Binder: Typically dextrin and rarely contributes to toxicity

: Typically dextrin and rarely contributes to toxicity Fuel : Typically black powder (gunpowder), a mixture of sulfur, carbon (charcoal), and potassium nitrate (saltpeter); Aluminum Powder (Flash Powder) can be used for brighter explosions

: Typically black powder (gunpowder), a mixture of sulfur, carbon (charcoal) and potassium nitrate (saltpeter); Aluminum Powder (Flash Powder) can be used for brighter explosions. Oxidizer: Produces oxygen to aid in fuel combustion; includes nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates

: Produces oxygen to support fuel combustion; contains nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates Reducing agent : Burns the oxygen provided by the oxidizer; often contains both sulfur and charcoal

: Burns the oxygen provided by the oxidizer; often contains both sulfur and charcoal Regulators: Controls the rate of the reaction using different metals

: Controls the rate of reaction using different metals Dye: Provides color but does not contribute to combustion.1

Chemical reactions during the combustion process affect the kinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity of various ingredients2-4; therefore, spent fireworks may have different compositions than unused fireworks.

Charcoals: Not All Created Equal Charcoal (carbon) in black powder consists of partially pyrolyzed (partially decomposed) cellulose from softwood. Activated charcoal (activated charcoal) is made specifically for medicinal purposes (i.e., gastrointestinal [GI] decontamination) by heating ordinary charcoal in the presence of a gas — a process that creates many internal pores that help trap chemicals in the Activated charcoal include charcoal.

types of fireworks

Common fireworks include firecrackers, smoke bombs, sparklers, snakes, and bottle rockets (Table 2), and these are the types of fireworks your patients are most likely to ingest.4,5

Legality of fireworks

Most states and cities have strict regulations governing the purchase and use of fireworks, distinguishing between consumer-purchase fireworks and licensed pyrotechnicians.

The United States government uses the United Nations classification system for shipping explosives to categorize fireworks: Class 1.3G includes most fireworks that require a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) permit for purchase . Class 1.4G consists of consumer fireworks which may contain a maximum of 50 mg of explosive.

Illegal consumer fireworks such as M-80 and M-100 firecrackers and cherry bombs are sometimes sold as legal consumer fireworks. To add to the confusion, illegal and legal fireworks may have similar names. Legal fireworks can be recognized by:

Manufacturer’s name on the item or box

Providing instructions for proper use and list of precautions.

Illegal fireworks are to be reported to ATF.5

clinical signs

In small animal practice, chlorate and barium cause most of the problems associated with ingesting fireworks. As previously mentioned, the composition of spent and unused fireworks can affect toxicity.

Unused (unexploded) fireworks can cause gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Unused fireworks can cause methemoglobinemia, along with vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, abdominal pain, and drooling. In addition to being local irritants that cause GI effects, chlorates are powerful oxidants that can oxidize red blood cells, leading to hemolysis and methemoglobin formation.

Spent fireworks from municipal fireworks cause more serious clinical symptoms. There is often a significant amount of spent ash, and the ash contains large amounts of more toxic firework components such as barium (Table 3).

Illegal fireworks are more likely to cause methaemoglobinaemia because they often contain high levels of chlorates (Table 3).

diagnosis

For most patients, medical history provides enough information to diagnose firecracker ingestion. However, if a symptomatic dog with an unknown history is presented, the possible differential diagnosis for methemoglobinemia includes ingestion of acetaminophen, onion or garlic, aniline dyes, naphthalene, and phenazopyridine. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis can be caused by parvoviral enteritis, arsenic and improper diet.

management

If a customer reports that the pet swallowed firecrackers, try to determine the following:

The brand of firework and quantity (e.g. a firework or a box)

Whether fireworks were a legal type of fireworks

Where the fireworks were purchased: Illegal fireworks can be purchased from unauthorized fireworks displays, in other states or countries (e.g. Mexico), from film/television production companies/suppliers, or over the internet.

Often the answers to these questions are unknown and treatment is based on clinical evidence.

Emesis induction

If the pet is asymptomatic and has been swallowed less than 1 hour ago, vomiting can be induced:

If the fireworks contain barium, magnesium sulfate will precipitate barium in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing further absorption.

precipitates barium in the gastrointestinal tract and prevents further absorption. If fireworks contain chlorates, administration of mineral oil may prevent absorption and speed up transit time through the gastrointestinal tract. However, administer mineral oil with caution; if the oil is aspirated, lipid pneumonitis may occur.

However, if ingredients are known to be corrosive, do not induce vomiting. Note that activated charcoal does not bind chlorates or heavy metals and is therefore not recommended.

intensive care

IV fluids can be used to maintain normal blood pressure and urine production, and saline diuresis increases barium excretion. If the animal is cyanotic, oxygen is recommended. Oxygen saturation and electrolytes, particularly potassium, should be monitored. Also do a complete blood count, measure liver and kidney function (baseline and at 24, 48 and 72 hours) and assess urine output.

Chlorate Toxicity

Chlorates are slowly cleared from the kidneys unchanged and can damage the proximal renal tubules, leading to renal vasoconstriction; Kidney enzymes may be elevated. Chlorates can also cause hyperkalemia.4

When chlorat toxicity is present, several options are available to help convert methemoglobin to hemoglobin.

methylene blue (10 mg/kg IV as a 2-4% solution); Do not replace methylene blue with new methylene blue.

(10 mg/kg IV as a 2 to 4 percent solution); Do not replace methylene blue with new methylene blue. If methylene blue is unavailable, N-acetylcysteine ​​(140 mg/kg IV or po; then 70 mg/kg IV or po Q 6 h for 5 to 7 treatments) may be tried.

(140 mg/kg IV or po; then 70 mg/kg IV or po Q 6 h for 5 to 7 treatments) may be attempted. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C; 10–20 mg/kg IV, SC or PO Q 4 H) helps convert methemoglobin to hemoglobin and can be used as an adjunct treatment to methylene blue or N-acetylcysteine. However, if aluminum is an ingredient in the fireworks, do not use ascorbic acid as it enhances aluminum absorption.

Additional therapies include:

Add sodium thiosulfate (2-5 g in 200 mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate PO or IV) to mineral oil for inactive chlorate ions.

(2-5 g in 200 ml 5% sodium bicarbonate PO or IV) to mineral oil to inactive chlorate ions. Administration of sodium bicarbonate (1 to 2 mEq/kg IV; titrate as needed) to shift potassium extracellularly; Then carefully monitor the acid-base status.

(1–2 mEq/kg IV; titrate up as needed) to shift potassium extracellularly; Then carefully monitor the acid-base status. Use of blood transfusions to treat hemolytic anemia.

barium toxicity

The primary treatment for barium toxicity is correction of marked hypokalemia.

Potassium chloride (not to exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/H IV) can be used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, hypokalemia, and barium-induced diarrhea.

(not to exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/H IV) may be used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, hypokalemia, and barium-induced diarrhea. In the presence of severe cardiac arrhythmias, measurement of troponin I levels is recommended, possibly followed by echocardiography and cage rest.2,6

Corrosive salts

If the fireworks ingested contained caustic salts, look out for oral and/or esophageal ulcers, which may go unnoticed for 12 hours or more. However, oral and esophageal burns from ingesting fireworks are rare.

Sucralfate slurries (0.25 to 1 g po Q 6 to 8 h) and famotidine (0.5 to 1 mg/kg po SC, IM, or IV) can be used to treat gastric irritation.

(0.25-1 g PO Q 6-8 H) and (0.5-1 mg/kg PO, SC, IM or IV) can be used to treat gastric irritation. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole (0.5 to 1 mg/kg po Q 24 h) can also be used, especially in esophagitis.

B. omeprazole (0.5–1 mg/kg po Q 24 h), especially in esophagitis, can be used. Opioids should be given as needed to relieve pain from oral and esophageal ulcers.

should be administered to treat oral and esophageal ulcer pain as needed. Soft or liquid food should be fed. In patients with severe ulcers, an esophagostomy or gastrotomy tube may be needed.

should be fed. In patients with severe ulcers, an esophagostomy or gastrotomy tube may be needed. Because of the risk of bacterial translocation, a broad-spectrum antibiotic should be given.

prognosis and recovery

Most patients who have ingested firecrackers respond well to symptomatic and supportive treatment. Recovery usually takes 24 to 72 hours (10 to 14 days for oral or esophageal burns). Choking on fireworks is just one more reason to keep dogs safe indoors during celebrations that end with a bang.

APCC = Animal Poison Control Center; ATF = Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; GI = gastrointestinal

Different colored smoke

Does each smoke color have its own benefit? Like using green for one thing and purple for another. Please inform me.

M18 Colored smoke grenade with purple smoke fill.

Diagram and cross-section of the M18 colored smoke grenade (yellow smoke fill shown).

Smoke rising from an M18 colored smoke grenade with green smoke fill.

The M18 Colored Smoke Grenade is a US Army grenade used as a surface-to-surface or surface-to-air signaling device, a target or landing zone marker device, or a screening device for unit maneuvering.

history [edit]

The M18 was developed in 1942 during World War II and completed in November of that year. It was intended to replace the M16 smoke grenade, which didn’t burn as long and didn’t burn as vividly. It was designated Standard Edition in the fall of 1943. Both were produced at the same time as the M16 production lines were already being established when the M18 was introduced. The M16 was available in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and black. The M18 was originally going to be made in the same colors, including white, but it was decided to limit it to four colors (red, yellow, green and purple) for the sake of simplicity. The M16 was declared restricted standard in 1944 but was still available when declared obsolete in the early 1990s.

The violet colored smoke grenade was used in the theater because of its vivid color; previously it was only used for training in the United States. Its smoke was more toxic than the other color blends and was removed from inventory after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s.

The green colored smoke grenade was still used in Southeast Asia because the jungle undergrowth was a different color and would still stand out against it. It was discovered that the green smoke drove away swarming bees [citation needed].

When a ground element was emitting smoke to identify its location for aircraft, the aircraft was not told the color, it was identified the color it saw. This prevented the VC/NVA from popping smoke of the same color to confuse the aircraft while monitoring the frequency. For added security, the colors were sometimes identified as cherry (red), lime (green), lemon or banana (yellow), or grape (purple).

Model 18 Colored Smoke Grenade Color/Markings: Olive green body with a pale green band and markings, the top painted red, yellow, green or purple to indicate the smoke color and the name of the color on the side.

In World War II, the M18 had a light gray body with a yellow band and markings and the top was smoke colored.

Body: Sheet steel cylinder with four emission holes at the top and one at the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. Igniter Assembly: M201A1 pull ring igniter. A “mousetrap” type fuze with a delay of 1.2 to 2.0 seconds. The ignition ignites the filler material and expels it from the grenade body. Bulking agent: 11.5 ounces (326 grams)[1] of colored smoking blend. Available in red, green, yellow or purple. Weight: 19 ounces (539 grams) [1] Security Clip: No. Range: Can be thrown 35 meters (115 feet) by an average soldier. Duration: The grenade creates a cloud of colored smoke for 50 to 90 seconds (0.85-1.5 minutes).

Potential danger[ edit ]

Both the white AN-M8 and the colored M18 pose a risk of fire when used in a dry environment. Spent smoke grenade canisters will remain hot for some time after they have burned out and should not be picked up with bare hands.

The smoke is harmful if inhaled for a long time; New smoking mixtures are being developed that are less toxic. In enclosed spaces, smoke displaces oxygen and can cause respiratory or oxygen deprivation.

Media usage[edit]

The use of purple M18 smoke grenades can be seen during the “Purple Haze” scene in the film Apocalypse Now (1979).

See also[edit]

References[edit]