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G-DRAGON \u0026 Jennie – BLACK (Color Coded Lyrics)
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black – Wiktionary tiếng Việt
to beat black and blue: Xem Beat. to give someone a black look: Lườm nguýt người nào. he is not so balck as he is painted: Nó cũng không đến nỗi …
Source: vi.wiktionary.org
Date Published: 3/5/2021
View: 3127
Black – Wikipedia
Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and gray.
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Date Published: 9/10/2022
View: 6608
Nghĩa của từ Black – Từ điển Anh – Việt
black crimes: những tội ác ghê tởm: black economy: kinh doanh chui: to beat black and blue. Xem beat · to give someone a black look: lườm nguýt người nào …
Source: tratu.soha.vn
Date Published: 4/20/2022
View: 4582
Black Rouge Việt Nam
Bộ sưu tập son Black Rouge Air Fit Velvet Tint chưa bao giờ ngưng độ hot mỗi khi ra mắt sản phẩm mới, khiến các cô nàng đam mê mỹ phẩm phải đổ gục đứ đừ. Đặc …
Source: blackrouge.vn
Date Published: 10/25/2021
View: 5583
BLACK – nghĩa trong tiếng Tiếng Việt – từ điển bab.la
He is soon forced to face a dark evil from ancinet times as it plans to capture a powerful artifact of black magic. more_vert.
Source: www.babla.vn
Date Published: 7/7/2022
View: 7380
black – Wiktionary tiếng Việt
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Wikipedia
Darkest color due to absence or absorption of light
This article is about color. For other uses, see Black (disambiguation)
Black is a color created by the absence or total absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color with no hue, like white and gray.[1] It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white were often used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus the Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority since the Middle Ages and is therefore still often worn by judges and magistrates today.
Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings.[3] It was used as the color of the underworld in ancient Egypt and Greece.[4] In the Roman Empire it became the color of mourning and over the centuries it has been commonly associated with death, evil, witches and magic. By the 14th century it was worn by kings, clergymen, judges and government officials across much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century and a high fashion color in the 20th century. According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the ending, mystery, magic, power, violence, fear, evil, and elegance.[6]
Black is the most commonly used ink color for printing books, newspapers and documents because it offers the highest contrast to white paper and is therefore the easiest to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens.[7] As of September 2019, the darkest material is being made by MIT engineers from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes.[8]
Etymology[ edit ]
The word black comes from Old English blæc (“black, dark”, also “ink”), from Proto-Germanic *blakkaz (“burned”), from Proto-Indo-European *bhleg- (“to burn, gleam, luster, flash”), from base * bhel- (“to shine”), cognate with Old Saxon blak (“ink”), Old High German blach (“black”), Old Norse blakkr (“dark”), Dutch blaken (“to burn”), and Swedish bläck (“ink”). More distant relatives are Latin flagrare (“flame, glow, burn”) and Ancient Greek phlegein (“burn, scorch”). The ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors if they were of the same intensity. Kuanos could mean either dark blue or black.[9] The ancient Romans had two words for black: ater was a dull, matte black, while niger was a luminous, saturated black. Ater has disappeared from the vocabulary, but Niger was the source of the country name Nigeria[10], the English word Negro, and the word for “black” in most modern Romance languages (French: noir; Spanish and Portuguese: negro; Italian: nero ; Romanian: negru).
There were also two words for black in Old High German: swartz for matt black and blach for bright black. These are parallelized in Middle English by the terms swart for matt black and blaek for bright black. Swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became modern English black. The former is related to the words used for black in most modern Germanic languages alongside English (German: schwarz, Dutch: Zwart, Swedish: svart, Danish: sort, Icelandic: svartr).[11] In heraldry, the word used for the black color is sable,[12] named for the black fur of the sable, an animal.
art [edit]
Prehistoric[ edit ]
Black was one of the first colors used in art. The Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by Paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began using charcoal and later achieved darker pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide.[9]
antiquity [edit]
For the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations; the color of fertility and the rich black earth flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal and offered protection to the dead from evil. For the ancient Greeks, black represented the underworld, separated from the living by the river Acheron, whose waters ran black. Those who committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest plane. In the center was the palace of Hades, king of the underworld, where he sat on a black ebony throne. Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century B.C. They began making black-figure pottery, and later red-figure pottery, using a highly original technique. In the case of black-figure pottery, the artist painted figures with a glossy clay slip on a red clay pot. When the pot was fired, the figures painted with the slip turned black on a red background. Later they reversed the process and painted the spaces between the figures with glue. This created rich red figures against a glossy black background.[13]
In the social hierarchy of ancient Rome, purple was the color reserved for the emperor; Red was the color worn by soldiers (red coats for the officers, red tunics for the soldiers); White was the color worn by the priests and black was worn by craftsmen and artisans. The black they wore was not deep and rich; The vegetable dyes used to create black were not fixed or permanent, so the blacks often faded to gray or brown.
In Latin, the word for black, ater, and to darken, atere, was associated with cruelty, brutality, and evil. They were the root of the English words “atrocious” and “atrocity”.[15] Black was also the Roman color of death and mourning. In the 2nd century B.C. Roman magistrates began wearing a dark toga, called a toga pulla, at funeral ceremonies. Later, under the Empire, the family of the deceased also wore dark colors for a long time; then, after a banquet at the end of the mourning, exchanged the black toga for a white one. In Roman poetry, death was called the Hora Nigra, the black hour.[9]
The German and Scandinavian peoples worshiped their own goddess of the night, Nótt, who crossed the sky in a chariot drawn by a black horse. They also feared Hel, the goddess of the dead, whose skin was black on one side and red on the other. They also held the raven sacred. They believed that Odin, the king of the Norse pantheon, had two black ravens, Huginn and Muninn, who served as his agents, traveling the world, watching and listening for him.[16]
Postclassic[ edit ]
In the early Middle Ages, black was commonly associated with darkness and evil. In medieval paintings, the devil was usually depicted in human form, but with wings and black skin or hair.[17]
12th and 13th centuries [ edit ]
In fashion, black did not have the prestige of red, the color of nobility. It was worn by Benedictine monks as a sign of humility and penance. In the 12th century, a famous theological dispute broke out between the Cistercian monks, who wore white, and the Benedictines, who wore black. A Benedictine abbot, Pierre the Venerable, accused the Cistercians of excessive pride in wearing white instead of black. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, replied that black was the color of the devil, hell, “death and sin”, while white represented “purity, innocence and all virtues”.[18]
Black symbolized both power and secrecy in the medieval world. The symbol of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany was a black eagle. The black knight in medieval poetry was an enigmatic figure who hid her identity, which was usually shrouded in secrecy.[19]
Invented in China, black ink was traditionally used for writing in the Middle Ages for the simple reason that black was the darkest color and therefore offered the greatest contrast to white paper or parchment and was therefore the easiest to read. It became even more important in the 15th century with the invention of the printing press. A new type of ink, printer’s ink, was created from soot, turpentine and walnut oil. The new ink made it possible to spread ideas to a mass audience through printed books and to popularize art through black-and-white engravings and prints. Because of its contrast and clarity, black ink on white paper continued to be the standard for printing books, newspapers, and documents; and for the same reason, black text on a white background is the most common format used on computer screens.[7]
Italian painter Duccio di Buoninsegna depicted Christ driving out the devil, covered with bristly black hair (1308–11).
The 15th-century painting of the Last Judgment by Fra Angelico (1395–1455) showed Hell with a living black devil devouring sinners.
Portrait of a Benedictine monk (1484)
The Black Knight in a miniature painting of a medieval romance, Le Livre du cœur d’amour épris (c. 1460)
Gutenberg Bible (1451–1452). Black ink was used to print books because it offered the greatest contrast to the white paper and was the clearest and easiest color to read.
14th and 15th centuries [ edit ]
In the early Middle Ages, princes, nobles, and the rich usually wore bright colors, particularly scarlet cloaks from Italy. Black was rarely part of a noble family’s wardrobe. The only exception was the fur of the sable. This shiny black fur, from an animal from the marten family, was the finest and most expensive fur in Europe. It was imported from Russia and Poland and used to decorate the robes and robes of kings.
In the 14th century the status of black began to change. First, high-quality black dyes came onto the market, enabling garments to be a deep, rich black. Judges and government officials began wearing black robes as a sign of the importance and seriousness of their positions. A third reason was the passage of costliness laws in some parts of Europe, which prohibited the wearing of expensive clothing and certain colors by all but members of the nobility. The famous bright scarlet cloaks from Venice and the peacock blue fabrics from Florence were reserved for the nobility. The wealthy bankers and merchants of northern Italy responded by switching to black robes and dresses made from the most expensive fabrics.[20]
The move to the stricter but more elegant black was quickly embraced by royalty and nobility. It started in northern Italy, where the Duke of Milan and the Count of Savoy and the rulers of Mantua, Ferrara, Rimini and Urbino began to dress in black. It then spread to France, led by Louis I, Duke of Orleans, younger brother of King Charles VI. from France. It moved to England at the end of the reign of King Richard II (1377–1399), where the entire court began to wear black. In 1419–20, black became the color of the powerful Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. It moved to Spain where it became the color of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles V and his son Philip II of Spain (1527–1598). European rulers saw it as the color of power, dignity, humility and moderation. By the end of the 16th century it was the color worn by almost all of Europe’s monarchs and their courts.[21]
modern [edit]
16th and 17th centuries [ edit ]
While black was the color of the Catholic rulers of Europe, it was also the emblematic color of the Protestant Reformation in Europe and the Puritans of England and America. John Calvin, Philip Melanchthon, and other Protestant theologians denounced the richly colored and decorated interiors of Roman Catholic churches. They saw the color red, worn by the pope and his cardinals, as the color of luxury, sin and human folly.[22] In some northern European cities, mobs attacked churches and cathedrals, smashing stained glass windows and defacing statues and decorations. In Protestant doctrine, dress should be sober, simple, and discreet. Light colors were banned and replaced by black, brown and grey; Women and children were recommended to wear white.[23]
In the Protestant Netherlands, Rembrandt used this sober new palette of blacks and browns to create portraits with faces emerging from the shadows, expressing the deepest human emotions. The Catholic painters of the Counter-Reformation, like Rubens, went in the opposite direction; They filled their paintings with bright and rich colors. The new Baroque churches of the Counter-Reformation were usually gleaming white inside and filled with statues, frescoes, marble, gold and brightly colored paintings to appeal to the public. But European Catholics of all classes, like Protestants, eventually adopted a sober wardrobe that was primarily black, brown, and gray.[24]
Swiss theologian John Calvin condemned the bright colors worn by Roman Catholic priests and the colorful decoration of churches.
Exalt Mather, an American Puritan minister (1688).
American Pilgrims in New England Going to Church (Painting by George Henry Boughton, 1867)
Rembrandt, Self-Portrait (1659)
Black lacquered suit of German armor made circa 1600. As with many outfits, black is used in the piece to contrast with lighter colours.[25]
In the second half of the 17th century, Europe and America experienced an epidemic of fear of witchcraft. People widely believed that the devil appeared at midnight in a ceremony called the Black Mass or Black Sabbath, usually in the form of a black animal, often a goat, dog, wolf, bear, deer, or rooster, accompanied by theirs familiar spirits, black cats, snakes and other black creatures. This was the origin of the popular superstition about black cats and other black animals. In medieval Flanders, black cats were thrown out of the belfry of the Cloth Hall of Ypres to ward off witchcraft in a ceremony called Kattenstoet.[26]
Witch trials were common in both Europe and America during this period. During the infamous Salem witch trials in New England in 1692–93, one of the accused was accused of being able to transform himself into a “blue-capped black thing” and others of having familiars in the form of a black dog, a black cat, and a black bird.[27] Nineteen men and women were hanged as witches.[28]
An English witch-hunt manual (1647), showing a witch with her familiar spirits
Black cats have been accused for centuries of being witches’ house spirits or bringing bad luck.
18th and 19th centuries [ edit ]
In the 18th century, during the European Age of Enlightenment, black declined as a fashion color. Paris became the fashion capital and pastels, blue, green, yellow and white became the colors of the nobility and upper class. But after the French Revolution, black became the dominant color again.
Black was the color of the industrial revolution, powered primarily by coal and later oil. Thanks to coal smoke, the buildings of the big cities of Europe and America gradually turned black. By 1846 the industrial area of the West Midlands of England was “commonly referred to as the ‘Black Country'”.[29] Charles Dickens and other writers described the dark streets and smoky skies of London, and they were vividly illustrated in French engravings by the artist Gustave Doré.
A different kind of black was an important part of the Romantic movement in literature. Black was the color of melancholy, the dominant theme of romance. The novels of this period were full of castles, ruins, dungeons, storms and meetings at midnight. The leading poets of the movement were usually depicted dressed in black, usually with an open-necked white shirt and a shawl slung carelessly over one shoulder. Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron helped create the enduring stereotype of the romantic poet.
The invention of inexpensive synthetic black dyes and the industrialization of the textile industry meant that quality black clothing became available to the general public for the first time. In the 19th century, black gradually became the most popular color of business attire for upper and middle classes in England, the Continent and America.
Black dominated literature and fashion in the 19th century and played a large role in painting. James McNeill Whistler made color the subject of his most famous painting, Arrangement in gray and black number one (1871), better known as Whistler’s Mother.[30]
Some 19th-century French painters had a low opinion of black: ‘Reject black,’ said Paul Gauguin, ‘and that mixture of black and white they call grey. Nothing is black, nothing is grey.”[31] But Édouard Manet used blacks for their strength and dramatic effect. Manet’s portrait of the painter Berthe Morisot was a study in black that perfectly captured her spirit of independence. The black gave strength and immediacy to the painting; he even changed her green eyes to black to enhance the effect.[32] Henri Matisse quoted the French impressionist Pissarro as saying: “Manet is stronger than all of us – he made light with black.”[33]
Pierre-Auguste Renoir primarily used bright black in his portraits. When someone told him black wasn’t a color, Renoir replied, “What makes you think that? Black is the queen of colors. I’ve always detested Prussian Blue. I’ve tried replacing black with a mix of red and blue, I’ve tried using cobalt blue or ultramarine, but I’ve always come back to ivory black.”[34]
Vincent van Gogh used black lines to outline many of the objects in his paintings, such as the bed in the famous painting of his bedroom. set them apart. His painting of black crows over a cornfield, painted shortly before his death, was particularly stirring and haunting. In the late 19th century, black also became the color of anarchism. (See Political Movements section.)
20th and 21st centuries [ edit ]
In the 20th century, black was the color of Italian and German fascism. (See Political Movements section.)
In art, black regained some of the territory it had lost in the 19th century. Russian painter Kazimir Malevich, a member of the Suprematist movement, created Black Square in 1915 and is widely considered to be the first purely abstract painting. He wrote: “The painted work is no longer just the imitation of reality, but is this very reality … It is not a demonstration of skill, but the materialization of an idea.”[36]
Black was also appreciated by Henri Matisse. “When I didn’t know what color to put down, I put down black,” he said in 1945. “Black is a force: I used black as ballast to simplify construction… Ever since the Impressionists made it seem there has been continuous progress, playing an increasingly important role in color orchestration, comparable to that of the double bass as a solo instrument.”[37]
In the 1950s, black became a symbol of individuality and intellectual and social rebellion, the color of those who did not accept established norms and values. In Paris, it was worn by Left Bank intellectuals and artists such as Juliette Gréco, and by some members of the Beat movement in New York and San Francisco. Black leather jackets were worn by motorcycle gangs like the Hells Angels and street gangs on the fringes of society in the United States. Black as the color of rebellion has been celebrated in films like The Wild One starring Marlon Brando. By the late 20th century, black was the emblematic color of punk subculture, punk fashion, and goth subculture. Goth fashion, which emerged in England in the 1980s, was inspired by Victorian-era mourning dresses.
In menswear, black has gradually ceded its dominance to navy blue, particularly in business suits. Black evening dresses and formal wear in general were worn less and less. In 1960, John F. Kennedy was the last American president to wear formal attire; President Lyndon Johnson and all his successors were inaugurated in business suits.
Women’s fashion was revolutionized and simplified in 1926 by French designer Coco Chanel, who published a drawing of a simple black dress in Vogue magazine. She famously said: “A woman only needs three things: a black dress, a black sweater, and on her arm a man she loves.”[38] French designer Jean Patou also followed suit by launching a black collection in 1929 created. [39] Other designers contributed to the little black dress trend. Italian designer Gianni Versace said, “Black is the quintessence of simplicity and elegance,” and French designer Yves Saint Laurent said, “Black is the liaison that unites art and fashion.”[38] One of the most famous black dresses of the century was designed by Hubert de Givenchy and worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany’s.
The American civil rights movement of the 1950s was a struggle for political equality for African Americans. It evolved into the Black Power movement in the late 1960s and 1970s, popularizing the slogan “Black is Beautiful”.
The Black Square (1915) by Kazimir Malevich is considered the first purely abstract painting (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow).
The gothic model Lady Amaranth. Gothic fashion was inspired by British Victorian mourning costumes.
science [edit]
physics [edit]
In the visible spectrum, black is the result of the absorption of all colors. Black can be defined as the visual impression that occurs when no visible light reaches the eye. Pigments or dyes that absorb light instead of reflecting it back to the eye “look black”. However, a black pigment can result from a combination of several pigments that together absorb all colors. When appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light that it has been referred to as “black”. This provides two superficially opposite but actually complementary descriptions of black. Black is the absorption of all colors of light or an exhaustive combination of several pigment colors.
In physics, a black body is a perfect absorber of light, but by a thermodynamic rule it is also the best emitter. Therefore, the best radiative cooling outside of sunlight is to use black paint, although it is important that it is also black in the infrared (a near-perfect absorber). In elementary science, far ultraviolet light is called “black light” because, although invisible itself, it causes many minerals and other substances to fluoresce.
The absorption of light is opposed to transmission, reflection and diffusion, whereby the light is only deflected, making objects appear transparent, reflective or white. A material is said to be black when most of the incident light is absorbed evenly throughout the material. Light (electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum) interacts with the atoms and molecules, converting the energy of the light into other forms of energy, mostly heat. This means that black surfaces can act as thermal collectors, absorbing light and generating heat (see Solar Thermal Collector).
As of September 2019, the darkest material consists of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. The material was grown by MIT engineers and is reported to have a 99.995% absorption rate for incident light.[8] This surpasses all formerly darkest materials including Vantablack, which has a peak absorption rate of 99.965% in the visible spectrum.[41]
chemistry [edit]
pigments[edit]
The earliest pigments used by Neolithic man were charcoal, red ocher, and yellow ochre. The black lines of the cave art were drawn with resin using the tips of burnt wooden torches.[42] Different charcoal pigments were made by burning different woods and animal products, each producing a different tone. The charcoal was ground and then mixed with animal fat to make the pigment.
Wine black was made by burning the cut branches of grapevines in Roman times. It could also be made by burning the remains of the crushed grapes that were collected and dried in an oven. According to historian Vitruvius, the depth and richness of the black produced matched the quality of the wine. The best wines produced a black with a bluish tinge, the color of indigo.
The 15th-century painter Cennino Cennini, in his famous Handbook for Artists, described how this pigment was made during the Renaissance: “…there is a black made from the tendrils of grapevines. And these tendrils must be burned. And when they have been burned, pour some water on them and quench them, and then grind them in the same way as the other black. And this is a lean and black pigment and one of the perfect pigments that we use.”[43]
Cennini also noted that “there is another black made from roasted almond shells or peaches, and this is a perfect, fine black.” [43] Similarly fine blacks were produced by burning the pits of peaches, cherries, or apricots. The powdered charcoal was then mixed with gum arabic or the yolk of an egg to make a paint.
Different civilizations burned different plants to make their charcoal pigments. The Inuit of Alaska used charcoal mixed with seal blood to paint masks and wooden objects. The Polynesians burned coconuts to make their pigment.
Lampblack was used as a pigment for painting and frescoes. as a dye for fabrics and in some societies to make tattoos. The 15th-century Florentine painter Cennino Cennini described how it was made during the Renaissance: “…take a lamp full of linseed oil and fill the lamp with the oil and light the lamp. Then, lit, place them under a thoroughly clean pan, making sure the flame of the lamp is two or three fingers from the bottom of the pan. The smoke coming from the flame hits the bottom of the pan and pools and thickens. Wait a little. Take the pan and brush that pigment (i.e. that smoke) on paper or in a pot with something. And there is no need to mulch or grind it because it is a very fine pigment. Refill the lamp with the oil and place it under the pan several times, and make as much as necessary in this way.” [43] The same pigment was used by Indian artists to paint the Ajanta Caves and as a dye in the ancient Japan used.[42]
was used as a pigment for painting and frescoes. as a dye for fabrics and in some societies to make tattoos. The 15th-century Florentine painter Cennino Cennini described how it was made during the Renaissance: “…take a lamp full of linseed oil and fill the lamp with the oil and light the lamp. Then, lit, place them under a thoroughly clean pan, making sure the flame of the lamp is two or three fingers from the bottom of the pan. The smoke coming from the flame hits the bottom of the pan and pools and thickens. Wait a little. Take the pan and brush that pigment (i.e. that smoke) on paper or in a pot with something. And there is no need to mulch or grind it because it is a very fine pigment. Refill the lamp with the oil and place it under the pan several times and make as much as needed in this way.” The same pigment was used by Indian artists to paint the Ajanta Caves and as a dye in ancient Japan. Ivory black, also known as bone charcoal, was originally made by burning ivory and mixing the resulting charcoal powder with oil.The color is still made today, but ivory is replaced with common animal bones.
, also known as bone charcoal, was originally made by burning ivory and mixing the resulting charcoal powder with oil. The color is still made today, but ivory is replaced with common animal bones. Mars Black is a black pigment made from synthetic iron oxides. It is commonly used in watercolor and oil painting. It takes its name from Mars, the god of war and patron saint of iron.
Dyes [ edit ]
High-quality black dyes were not known until the mid-14th century. The most common early dyes were made from the bark, roots, or fruits of various trees; usually walnuts, chestnuts or certain oaks. The blacks produced were often more gray, brown, or bluish. The cloth had to be dyed several times to darken the color. One solution used by dyers was to add some iron filings rich in iron oxide to the dye, which gave a deeper black. Another was to dye the fabric dark blue first and then black.
Eventually a much richer and deeper black dye was found, made from the oak apple or “gall nut”. The gall nut is a small round tumor that grows on oak and other tree species. They range in size from 2 to 5 cm and are caused by chemicals injected by the larvae of certain species of gall wasps in the Cynipidae family.[44] The dye was very expensive; For a very small amount of dye, a large amount of gall nuts was needed. The gall nuts, which provided the best dye, came from Poland, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. From around the 14th century, dye made from gall nuts was used for the clothing of the kings and princes of Europe.[45]
Another important source of natural black dyes from the 17th century onwards was the logwood tree or Haematoxylum campechianum, which also produced reddish and bluish dyes. It is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae, native to southern Mexico and northern Central America.[46] The modern nation of Belize grew out of English logging camps in the 17th century.
Synthetic black dyes have largely replaced natural dyes since the mid-19th century. One of the most important synthetic blacks is nigrosine, a mixture of synthetic black dyes (CI 50415, Solvent black 5) made by heating a mixture of nitrobenzene, aniline, and aniline hydrochloride in the presence of a copper or iron catalyst. Its main industrial uses are as colorants for paints and varnishes and in felt-tip inks.[47]
Inks [ edit ]
The first known inks were made by the Chinese and date back to the 23rd century BC. They used natural plant dyes and minerals such as graphite ground with water and applied with an ink brush. Early Chinese inks similar to the modern ink pen have been found, dating to 256 BC. Dated at the end of the Warring States period. They were made from soot, usually produced by burning pine wood, mixed with animal glue. To make ink from an ink stick, the stick is continuously rubbed against an ink stone with a small amount of water to create a dark liquid, which is then applied with an ink brush. Artists and calligraphers could vary the thickness of the resulting ink by decreasing or increasing the intensity and time of ink grinding. These inks produced the delicate shading and subtle or dramatic effects of Chinese brush painting.[48]
Indian ink (or “Indian Ink” in British English) is a black ink that was once commonly used for writing and printing, and is now more commonly used for drawing, particularly when inking comics and comics. The manufacturing technique probably comes from China. Ink has been used in India since at least the 4th century BC. used where it was called Masi. In India, the black color of ink came from bone char, tar, pitch, and other substances.[49][50]
The ancient Romans had a black writing ink they called atramentum librarium.[51] Its name comes from the Latin word atrare, which means to make something black. (This was the same root as the English word atrocious.) It was usually made from soot like ink, although one variety called Atramentum elephantinum was made by burning the ivory of elephants.[52]
Gall nuts were also used to make fine black writing ink. Iron gall ink (also known as iron gall ink or oak gall ink) was a purplish-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from gall nut. It was the standard writing and drawing ink in Europe from about the 12th to the 19th century and remained in use well into the 20th century.
Wine charcoal and compressed charcoal sticks. Charcoal, along with red and yellow ochre, was one of the first pigments used by Paleolithic man.
A Chinese ink pen in the shape of lotus flowers and blossoms. Ink sticks are used in Chinese calligraphy and brush painting.
Ivory black, or bone char, a natural black pigment made by burning animal bones.
The oak apple or gall nut, a tumor growing on oak trees, was the main source of black dye and black writing ink from the 14th to the 19th centuries.
The industrial production of lampblack, produced by the manufacture, collection, and refining of carbon black, in 1906.
astronomy [edit]
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity prevents everything, including light, from escaping. [53] General relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Surrounding a black hole is a mathematically defined boundary called the event horizon, which marks the point of no return. It’s called “black” because it absorbs all light that hits the horizon and reflects nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics. [54] [55] Stellar-mass black holes are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole forms, it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes with millions of solar masses can form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist at the centers of most galaxies. Although a black hole is itself black, infalling material forms an accretion disk, one of the brightest types of objects in the Universe.
General relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will warp spacetime into a black hole. Surrounding a black hole is a mathematically defined boundary called the event horizon, which marks the point of no return. It’s called “black” because it absorbs all light that hits the horizon and reflects nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics. Stellar-mass black holes are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole forms, it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes with millions of solar masses can form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist at the centers of most galaxies. Although a black hole is itself black, infalling material forms an accretion disk, one of the brightest types of objects in the Universe. Blackbody radiation refers to the radiation emanating from a body at a given temperature, with all incident energy (light) being converted to heat.
Black skies refer to the appearance of space when emerging from Earth’s atmosphere.
Image of the galaxy NGC 406 from the Hubble Space Telescope
The night sky as seen from Mars, with the two Martian moons visible, taken by NASA’s Spirit Rover.
Outside the Earth’s atmosphere, the sky is black day and night.
An illustration of the Olbers paradox (see below)
Image of Messier 87’s central black hole taken by the Event Horizon Telescope.
Why the night sky and space are black – Olbers’ paradox
The fact that space is black is sometimes referred to as the Olbers paradox. Since the universe is full of stars and is believed to be infinitely large, one would theoretically expect that the light from an infinite number of stars would be enough to brightly illuminate the entire universe at all times. However, the background color of space is black. This contradiction was first noted in 1823 by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, who questioned why the night sky was black.
The currently accepted answer is that while the universe is infinitely large, it is not infinitely old. It is thought to be around 13.8 billion years old, so we can only see objects as far away as light can travel in 13.8 billion years. Light from more distant stars has not reached Earth and cannot help make the sky bright. Also, as the universe expands, many stars are moving away from Earth. As they move, the wavelength of their light lengthens due to the Doppler effect, shifting toward red or even becoming invisible. As a result of these two phenomena, there is not enough starlight to make space anything but black.[56]
The daytime sky on Earth is blue because light from the sun strikes molecules in Earth’s atmosphere and scatters light in all directions. Blue light is scattered more than other colors and reaches the eye in greater amounts, causing the daytime sky to appear blue. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
The night sky on Earth is black because the part of the Earth that experiences the night faces away from the Sun, the Sun’s light is blocked by the Earth itself, and there is no other bright nighttime light source nearby. Therefore, there is not enough light to undergo Rayleigh scattering and make the sky blue. Because there is virtually no atmosphere to scatter the light, the moon’s sky is black day and night. This also applies to other places without an atmosphere, such as B. Mercury.
biology [edit]
The American crow is one of the most intelligent of all animals. [57]
American black bear (Ursus americanus) near Riding Mountain Park, Manitoba, Canada
The black mamba of Africa is one of the most venomous snakes and the fastest moving snake in the world.
The black widow spider, or Latrodectus, The females often eat their male mates after mating. Females’ venom is at least three times more potent than males’, rendering a male’s self-defense bite ineffective.
A black panther is actually a melanistic leopard or jaguar, the result of an excess of melanin in its skin caused by a recessive gene.
culture [edit]
In China, the color black is associated with water, one of the five fundamental elements believed to compose all things. and with winter, cold, and the direction north, usually symbolized by a black turtle. It is also associated with clutter, including the positive clutter that leads to change and new life. When the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, took power from the Zhou Dynasty, he changed the imperial color from red to black, saying that black obliterated red. Only with the appearance of the Han dynasty in 206 BC. red was restored as the imperial color.[58]
Japanese men traditionally wear a black kimono with some white trim on their wedding day
In Japan, black is associated with mysteries, the night, the unknown, the supernatural, the invisible, and death. Combined with white, it can symbolize intuition.[59] In 10th and 11th century Japan, it was believed that wearing black could bring bad luck. It was worn at court by those who wanted to break away from the established powers or who had renounced material possessions.[60]
In Japan, black can also symbolize experience, as opposed to white, which symbolizes naivety. The black belt in martial arts symbolizes experience, while a white belt is worn by beginners.[61] Japanese men traditionally wear a black kimono with some white trim on their wedding day.
In Indonesia, black is associated with depth, the subterranean world, demons, catastrophes and the left hand. However, when black is combined with white, it symbolizes harmony and balance.[62]
Political movements[edit]
Anarchism is a political philosophy, most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which holds that government and capitalism are harmful and undesirable. The symbol of anarchism was usually either a black flag or a black letter A. More recently it is usually represented with a bisected red and black flag to emphasize the movement’s socialist roots in the First International. Anarchism was most popular in Spain, France, Italy, Ukraine and Argentina. There were also small but influential movements in the United States and Russia. In the latter, the movement initially allied itself with the Bolsheviks.[63]
The Black Army was a collection of anarchist military units that fought in the Russian Civil War, sometimes siding with the Bolshevik Red Army and sometimes for the opposing White Army. It was officially known as the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine and was under the command of anarchist Nestor Makhno.
Fascism. The Blackshirts (Italian: camicie nere, ‘CCNN) were fascist paramilitary groups in Italy in the period immediately after World War I and up to the end of World War II. The blackshirts were officially known as the Volunteer Militia for National Security (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN).
Inspired by the black uniforms of the Arditi, Italy’s elite World War I stormtroopers, the fascist blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as a military tool of his political movement.[64] They used violence and intimidation against Mussolini’s opponents. The emblem of the Italian fascists was a black flag with fasces, an ax in a bundle of sticks, an ancient Roman symbol of authority. Mussolini came to power in 1922 with his March on Rome with the blackshirts.
Black was also adopted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. Red, white, and black were the colors of the flag of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918. In Mein Kampf, Hitler declared that they were “revered colors expressing our homage to the glorious past.” Hitler also wrote that “the new flag…should prove itself as a large poster” because “in hundreds of thousands of cases a really conspicuous emblem can be the first cause to arouse interest in a movement”. The black swastika was meant to symbolize the Aryan race, which according to the Nazis “always was and always will be anti-Semitic”. eventually Hitler’s personal design was adopted.[66] Black became the color of the uniform of the SS, the Schutzstaffel or “Defense Corps”, the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, and was worn by SS officers from 1932 until the end of World War II.
The Nazis used a black triangle to symbolize anti-social elements. The symbol originated in Nazi concentration camps, where every prisoner had to wear one of the Nazi concentration camp badges on their jacket, the color of which categorized them according to “their kind”. Many Black Triangle prisoners were either mentally handicapped or mentally ill. The homeless were just as much a part of this as alcoholics, Roma, work-shy people, prostitutes, draft evaders and pacifists.[67] More recently, the black triangle has been adopted as a symbol in lesbian culture and by disabled activists.
Black shirts were also worn by the British Union of Fascists before World War II and by members of fascist movements in the Netherlands.[68]
Patriotic Resistance. The Freikorps Lützow, made up of volunteer German students and academics who fought Napoleon in 1813, could not afford to make special uniforms and so adopted black as the only color with which to dye their civilian clothes without the original color . In 1815, students began flying a red, black, and gold flag, which they believed (erroneously) to have been the colors of the Holy Roman Empire (the Imperial flag had actually been gold and black). In 1848 this banner became the flag of the German Confederation. In 1866, Prussia unified Germany under its rule and introduced the colors red, white, and black of its own flag, which remained the colors of the German flag until the end of World War II. In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany reverted to the original flag and colors of the students and professors of 1815, which is the flag of Germany today.[69]
military [edit]
Hussar from the 5th Hussar Regiment (von Ruesch) 1744 with the skull and crossbones on the mirliton.
Black was a traditional color of cavalry and armored or mechanized troops. German armored troops (Panzerwaffe) traditionally wore black uniforms, and even in others a black beret is common. In Finland, black is the symbol color for both armored troops and combat engineers, and military units of these specialties have black flags and unit insignia.
The black beret and the color black is also a symbol of special forces in many countries. Soviet and Russian OMON special police and Russian Naval Infantry wear a black beret. A black beret is also worn by the military police of the Canadian, Czech, Croatian, Portuguese, Spanish and Serbian armies.
The silver-on-black skull and crossbones symbol and a black uniform were used by Hussars and Black Brunswickers, the German Panzerwaffe and Nazi Schutzstaffel, and the US 400th Rocket Squadron (crossed rockets), and continue to be used with the Estonian Kuperjanov used battalion.
religion [edit]
In Christian theology, black was the color of the universe before God created light. In many religious cultures, from Mesoamerica to Oceania to India and Japan, the world was created out of a primordial darkness.[70] In the Bible, the light of faith and Christianity is often contrasted with the darkness of ignorance and paganism.
In Christianity, the devil is often referred to as the “prince of darkness”. The term was used in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost, published in 1667, which referred to Satan, seen as the embodiment of evil. It is an English translation of the Latin expression princeps tenebrarum, which appears in the fourth-century Acts of Pilate, in the 11th-century hymn Rhythm de die mortis by Pietro Damiani[71] and in a sermon by Bernard of Clairvaux[ 72] from the 12th century. The phrase also occurs in King Lear by William Shakespeare (c. 1606), Act III, Scene IV, l. 14: “The prince of darkness is a gentleman.”
Priests and pastors of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches commonly wear black, as do monks of the Benedictine order, who regard it as the color of humility and penance.
In Islam, black plays an important symbolic role alongside green. It is the color of the Black Standard, the banner said to have been carried by Muhammad’s soldiers. It is also used as a symbol in Shi’a Islam (announcing the arrival of the Mahdi) and as a flag of the adherents of Islamism and Jihadism.
In Hinduism, the goddess Kali, goddess of time and change, is depicted with black or dark blue skin. wears a necklace adorned with severed heads and hands. Her name means “The Black One”. According to Hindu mythology, it destroys anger and passion and its followers should refrain from meat or intoxication. [73] [74] [75] Kali does not eat meat, but it is the order of the śāstra that those who cannot give up meat-eating may sacrifice a goat, not a cow, a small animal before the goddess Kali, on the amāvāsya (New Moon) Day, night, not day, and they can eat it.
Kali does not eat meat, but it is the order of the śāstra that those who cannot give up meat-eating may sacrifice a goat, not a cow, a small animal, day and night, on the amāvāsya (new moon) before the goddess Kali, not day, and they can eat it. In paganism, black represents dignity, power, stability, and protection. The color is often used to banish and release,[76] or bind negative energies. An athame is a ceremonial blade, often black-handled, used in some forms of witchcraft.[77]
sports [edit]
The New Zealand national rugby union team is nicknamed the All Blacks in reference to their black outfits and the color is also shared by other New Zealand national teams such as the Black Caps (cricket) and the Kiwis (rugby league).
, in reference to their black outfits, and the color is also shared by other New Zealand national teams such as the Black Caps (cricket) and the Kiwis (rugby league). Association football referees traditionally wear all-black uniforms, but other uniform colors can be worn nowadays.
In auto racing, a black flag signals a driver to pit.
In baseball, “the black” refers to the batter’s eye, a blacked-out area around the midfield bleachers that is painted black to give the batters a decent background for pitched balls.
A large number of teams have black-colored uniforms, even if the team does not typically feature that color. Many believe that the color sometimes confers a psychological advantage on its wearers. Black is used by numerous professional and collegiate athletic teams
Idioms and expressions[edit]
Eponym of the phrase “black sheep”
Associations and Symbolism[ edit ]
mourning [edit]
In the west, black is commonly associated with mourning and mourning, and is usually worn at funerals and memorial services. In some traditional societies, for example Greece and Italy, some widows wear black for the rest of their lives. In contrast, white is a color of mourning in much of Africa and parts of Asia such as Vietnam.
In Victorian England, the colors and fabrics of mourning were specified in an unofficial dress code: “Non-reflective black paramatta and crepe for the first year of deepest mourning, followed by nine months of matte black silk, heavily trimmed with crepe, and then three months, as crepe.” was thrown away. Paramatta was a fabric of combined silk and wool or cotton; Crepe was a rough black silk fabric with a ruffled appearance created by heat. Widows were allowed to change into the colors of semi-mourning, such as grey, and lavender, black and white, for the last six months.”[83]
A “black day” (or week or month) usually refers to a tragic date. The Romans marked Fasti days with white stones and Nefasti days with black ones. The term is often used to commemorate massacres. The black months include Black September in Jordan, when large numbers of Palestinians were killed, and Black July in Sri Lanka, the killing of members of the Tamil population by the Sinhala government.
In the financial world, the term often refers to a dramatic fall in the stock market. For example, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the October 29, 1929 stock market crash that marked the beginning of the Great Depression, is referred to as Black Tuesday and was preceded by Black Thursday, a downturn on October 24 of the previous week.
Darkness and evil[edit]
In western popular culture, black has long been associated with evil and darkness. It is the traditional color of witchcraft and black magic.
In the book of Revelation, the last book in the New Testament of the Bible, the four horsemen of the apocalypse are said to herald the apocalypse before the Last Judgment. The rider representing the famine rides a black horse. The vampire of literature and film, like Count Dracula from the novel by Bram Stoker, was dressed in black and could only move at night. The Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz became the archetype of witches for generations of children. While witches and wizards spread real fear in the 17th century, in the 21st century children and adults dressed up as witches for Halloween parties and parades.
Power, Authority, and Solemnity[ edit ]
Black is often used as the color of power, law and authority. In many countries, judges and prosecutors wear black robes. This custom began in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Jurists, magistrates and certain other court officials in France began to wear long black robes during the reign of Philip IV of France (1285–1314) and in England since the time of Edward I (1271–1307). The custom spread to the cities of Italy around the same time, between 1300 and 1320. The judges’ robes resembled those of the clergy and represented the law and authority of the king, while those of the clergy represented the law of God and the authority of the church.[84]
Until the 20th century, most police uniforms were black, until they were largely replaced by a less menacing blue in France, the United States, and other countries. In the United States, police cars are often black and white. The counterinsurgency units of the Basque Autonomous Police in Spain are known as Beltzak (“Blacks”) after their uniform.
Black is now the most common color for limousines and government officials’ official cars.
Black formal wear is still worn at many formal occasions or ceremonies, from graduations to formal balls. Graduate gowns are copied from the robes worn by university professors in the Middle Ages, which in turn were copied from the robes worn by the judges and priests who often taught at the early universities. The mortarboard worn by graduates is modeled on a square cap called a beret worn by medieval professors and clergymen.
Functionality[ edit ]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, many large and small machines and devices were painted black to emphasize their functionality. These included telephones, sewing machines, steamboats, railroad locomotives, and automobiles. The Ford Model T, the first production car, was only available in black from 1914 to 1926. Of transportation, only airplanes were rarely painted black.[85]
Black house color is growing in popularity as Sherwin-Williams reports that in 2018, Tricorn Black was the sixth most popular exterior color in Canada and the 12th most popular color in the United States.[86]
Ethnography[ edit ]
The term “black” is often used in the West to describe people whose skin color is darker. In the United States, it is particularly used to describe African Americans. The terms for African Americans have changed over the years, as evidenced by the categories of the U.S. Census, which is conducted every decade.
The first US census in 1790 used only four categories: free white men, free white women, other free persons, and slaves.
Bei der Volkszählung von 1820 wurde die neue Kategorie “farbig” hinzugefügt.
In der Volkszählung von 1850 wurden Sklaven nach Besitzer aufgelistet, und ein B bedeutete schwarz, während ein M “Mulatte” bedeutete.
Bei der Volkszählung von 1890 waren die Rassenkategorien Weiß, Schwarz, Mulatte, Quadron (eine Person, die zu einem Viertel schwarz ist); Octoroon (eine Person, die ein Achtel schwarz ist), Chinesisch, Japanisch oder Indianer.
Bei der Volkszählung von 1930 sollte jeder mit schwarzem Blut als “Neger” aufgeführt werden.
Bei der Volkszählung von 1970 wurde erstmals die Kategorie „Neger oder Schwarze“ verwendet.
Bei der Volkszählung von 2000 und 2012 wurde die Kategorie „Schwarzer oder Afroamerikaner“ verwendet, definiert als „eine Person, die ihren Ursprung in einer der Rassengruppen in Afrika hat“. Bei der Volkszählung 2012 bezeichneten sich 12,1 Prozent der Amerikaner als Schwarze oder Afroamerikaner.[87]
Schwarz wird im Vereinigten Königreich auch häufig als Rassenbeschreibung verwendet, da die ethnische Zugehörigkeit erstmals bei der Volkszählung von 2001 gemessen wurde. Bei der britischen Volkszählung von 2011 wurden die Einwohner gebeten, sich selbst zu beschreiben, und die angebotenen Kategorien umfassten Schwarze, Afrikaner, Karibische oder Schwarze Briten. Andere mögliche Kategorien waren afrikanisch-britisch, afrikanisch-schottisch, karibisch-britisch und karibisch-schottisch. Von der gesamten britischen Bevölkerung bezeichneten sich im Jahr 2001 1,0 Prozent als Schwarze Karibik, 0,8 Prozent als Schwarzafrikaner und 0,2 Prozent als Schwarze (andere).[88]
In Kanada können sich Volkszählungsteilnehmer als Schwarze identifizieren. Bei der Volkszählung von 2006 gaben sich 2,5 Prozent der Bevölkerung als Schwarze zu.[89]
In Australien wird der Begriff Schwarz in der Volkszählung nicht verwendet. Bei der Volkszählung von 2006 identifizierten sich 2,3 Prozent der Australier als Aborigines und/oder Inselbewohner der Torres Strait.
In Brasilien bittet das brasilianische Institut für Geographie und Statistik (IBGE) die Menschen, sich als branco (weiß), pardo (braun), preto (schwarz) oder amarelo (gelb) auszuweisen. 2008 bezeichneten sich 6,8 Prozent der Bevölkerung als „preto“.[90]
Gegenteil von weiß [ bearbeiten ]
Schwarz und Weiß wurden oft verwendet, um Gegensätze zu beschreiben; besonders Licht und Dunkelheit und Gut und Böse. In der mittelalterlichen Literatur stand der weiße Ritter meist für Tugend, der schwarze Ritter für etwas Mysteriöses und Finsteres. In amerikanischen Western trug der Held oft einen weißen Hut, der Bösewicht einen schwarzen.
In dem ursprünglichen Schachspiel, das in Persien oder Indien erfunden wurde, wurden die Farben der beiden Seiten variiert; Ein iranisches Schachspiel aus dem 12. Jahrhundert im New Yorker Metropolitan Museum of Art hat rote und grüne Figuren. Aber als das Spiel nach Europa importiert wurde, wurden die Farben, die der europäischen Kultur entsprachen, normalerweise schwarz und weiß.
Studien haben gezeigt, dass etwas, das in schwarzen Buchstaben auf Weiß gedruckt wird, bei den Lesern mehr Autorität hat als jede andere Druckfarbe.
In Philosophie und Argumenten wird das Thema oft als schwarz-weiß beschrieben, was bedeutet, dass das vorliegende Thema dichotomisiert ist (zwei klare, gegenüberliegende Seiten ohne Mittelweg).
Helden in amerikanischen Western, wie der Lone Ranger, trugen traditionell einen weißen Hut, während die Schurken schwarze Hüte trugen.
Verschwörung [Bearbeiten]
Schwarz wird allgemein mit Geheimhaltung in Verbindung gebracht.
Elegante Mode [Bearbeiten]
Schwarz ist die Farbe, die in Europa und den Vereinigten Staaten am häufigsten mit Eleganz in Verbindung gebracht wird, gefolgt von Silber, Gold und Weiß.[92]
Schwarz wurde erstmals im 17. Jahrhundert an den Höfen Italiens und Spaniens zu einer modischen Farbe für Männer in Europa. (Siehe Geschichte oben.) Im 19. Jahrhundert war es die Mode für Männer sowohl in der Geschäfts- als auch in der Abendgarderobe in Form eines schwarzen Mantels, dessen Schöße bis zu den Knien reichten. Abends war es Brauch der Männer, die Frauen nach dem Abendessen zu verlassen, um in einen speziellen Raucherraum zu gehen, um Zigarren oder Zigaretten zu genießen. Das führte dazu, dass ihre Fracks schließlich nach Tabak rochen. Der Legende nach ließ Edward VII., damals Prinz von Wales, 1865 von seinem Schneider eine spezielle kurze Smokingjacke anfertigen. Aus dem Smoking wurde dann der Smoking. Der Legende nach waren die ersten Amerikaner, die die Jacke trugen, Mitglieder des Tuxedo Club im Staat New York. Danach wurde die Jacke in den USA als Smoking bekannt. Der Begriff “Rauchen” wird noch heute in Russland und anderen Ländern verwendet.[93] Der Smoking war bis in die 1930er Jahre immer schwarz, als der Herzog von Windsor begann, einen Smoking zu tragen, der ein sehr dunkles Mitternachtsblau war. Er tat dies, weil ein schwarzer Smoking im künstlichen Licht grünlich aussah, während ein dunkelblauer Smoking schwärzer als Schwarz selbst aussah.[92]
Für die Damenmode war der entscheidende Moment die Erfindung des einfachen schwarzen Kleides von Coco Chanel im Jahr 1926. (Siehe Geschichte.) Danach wurde ein langes schwarzes Kleid für formelle Anlässe getragen, während das einfache schwarze Kleid für alles andere verwendet werden konnte. Der Designer Karl Lagerfeld erklärte, warum Schwarz so beliebt war: „Schwarz ist die Farbe, die zu allem passt haben sich verändert, aber das schwarze Kleid hat seine Stellung als unverzichtbares Element der Damengarderobe nicht verloren. Der Modedesigner Christian Dior sagte: „Eleganz ist eine Kombination aus Vornehmheit, Natürlichkeit, Sorgfalt und Schlichtheit“,[92] und Schwarz verkörperte Eleganz.
Der Ausdruck „X ist das neue Schwarz“ bezieht sich auf den neuesten Trend oder eine Modeerscheinung, die für die Dauer des Trends als Basic der Garderobe gilt, da Schwarz immer in Mode ist. Der Satz hat sich verselbstständigt und ist zum Klischee geworden.
Viele Interpreten sowohl populärer als auch europäischer klassischer Musik, darunter die französischen Sängerinnen Edith Piaf und Juliette Gréco sowie der Geiger Joshua Bell, haben bei Auftritten auf der Bühne traditionell schwarz getragen. Ein schwarzes Kostüm wurde normalerweise als Teil ihres Images oder ihrer Bühnenpersönlichkeit gewählt, oder weil es nicht von der Musik ablenkte, oder manchmal aus politischen Gründen. Country-Western-Sänger Johnny Cash trug auf der Bühne immer Schwarz. 1971 schrieb Cash das Lied „Man in Black“, um zu erklären, warum er sich in dieser Farbe kleidete: „Uns geht es sehr gut, nehme ich an / In unserem Streak von Blitzautos und schicken Klamotten / Aber nur damit wir daran erinnert werden diejenigen, die zurückgehalten werden / Vorne sollte ein Mann in Schwarz sein.”
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Anmerkungen und Zitate [Bearbeiten]
Bibliography[edit]
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