Blackjack Plant Mosquito Repellent? Trust The Answer

When I was growing up, my mother made tsine (blackjack hands) for my siblings and me. As children we despised it! Although she told us how healthy it is. I guess the fact that we’d see them picking in the garden or yard, our minds have already registered that it’s ‘Masora’ (weeds), so it can’t possibly be food! Fast forward when I was older and tried the dried version and loved it, surprisingly my kids too! I made the fresh version and everyone loved it too!

Blackjack leaves are very high in fiber, which helps in managing diabetes, maintaining a healthy heart (preventing cardiovascular disease), and maintaining a healthy digestive system, among other things. So go ahead and give this recipe a try.

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Medium pot

wooden spoon

dulcimer

Sharp knife

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abstract

Article preview Top Background Blackjack (Figure 1) falls under the following taxonomic tree (Bartolome, Villaseñor & Yang, 2013): Figure 1. Blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.) taxonomic tree Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Phylum: spermatophytes

Subphylum: angiosperms

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Asterale

Family: Asteraceae

Genus: Bidens

Species: Bidens pilosa

Blackjack (bidens pilosa l.) grows naturally throughout the world, particularly in tropical regions, as a perennial herb and is used in many parts of the world to treat ailments such as diarrhea, indigestion, wounds and respiratory infections. Blackjack’s agricultural and pharmaceutical benefits have been well studied by scientists, prompting several suggestions for its use as a source of dietary supplements and alternative antibiotics. Additionally, blackjack is edible but is underutilized for food purposes. In this article, the author discusses the pros and cons of blackjack and makes the case for considering promoting its use for food.

blackjack

Black Jack (Bidens pilosa) is an edible vegetable and is also used in medicine, as fodder, herbal tea and as a spice. All parts, the aerial parts (leaves, flowers, seeds and stems) and/or the roots, fresh or dried, are used as ingredients in traditional medicines.

It is commonly prepared as a dry powder, decoction, maceration, or tincture. To take advantage of the health benefits of the plant. The leaves can be eaten raw like green vegetables, or they can be cooked and prepared with other dishes like cabbage to create a tasty and healthy meal that’s loaded with an array of health benefits. The leaves are also used to brew blackjack tea and juice. Despite the wide variety of uses, some communities still regard the plant as just a weed.

nutrient composition

Beta Carotene, Vitamin E, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium, Iron, Protein. Also contains anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-gastrointestinal bacterial coumarins, flavonols and stilbenoids (flavonoids), phytosterols, polyacetylenes and triterpenes and saponins.

1. Antidiabetic:

Blackjack is high in fiber, a nutrient that makes insulin effective in controlling blood sugar. It also has a lot of antioxidants and they too are involved in regulating blood sugar.

2. Belly Fat Reduction And Cardiovascular Health:

The fiber found in abundance in blackjack is extremely beneficial for heart health. Fiber is known to lower bad cholesterol while raising good cholesterol, and this type of cholesterol balance prevents plaque build-up in blood vessels, significantly reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke and promoting heart health in general.

Additionally, the fiber provided by Black Jack minimizes belly fat, the most dangerous form of fat to carry. Belly fat, also called visceral fat, surrounds vital organs like the heart and liver. This situation dramatically increases the risk of heart disease, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, cancer and other chronic diseases. By keeping belly fat at bay, blackjack is a huge boost to overall cardiovascular health.

The antioxidants in blackjack also help keep the cardiovascular system healthy. Studies continue to show a strong link between a diet high in antioxidants and very low rates of cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, cholesterol abnormalities and stroke.

3. Natural Mouthwash:

Due to the plant’s antiseptic properties, plant extract can also be used as a natural mouthwash to combat odor-causing germs, as well as gum and mouth pain. Can therefore be used as a gargle for mouth blisters.

4. Wound Treatment:

The juice from crushed leaves of Bidens pilosa is used to speed blood clotting in fresh wounds.

5. Earache Treatment:

A decoction of leaves is used to treat earache; Juice from the plant is put in the ear to treat ear infections.

6. Dewormer:

The plant is also used to make herbal tea, which is taken as a general drink or to treat worms and gas.

7. Antibacterial, Antiseptic, Antimicrobial and Antidysenteric:

Used for conditions such as foot and mouth disease, angina, menstrual cramps, hepatitis, laryngitis, hemorrhoids, internal and external inflammation, toothache, indigestion, wounds, lacerations, upset stomach from food poisoning, sore throat, swelling, high blood pressure, and jaundice.

8. Anti-Malaria Headache:

Serves as a diuretic and contains antimalarial properties. Also used against headaches.

9. Treating Opportunistic Infections:

Bidens pilosa can be used to treat opportunistic infections that occur as a result of HIV/AIDS infection. It is a natural antibiotic that successfully treats antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This is because it is made up of hundreds of complex compounds that bacteria cannot develop resistance to.

10. Prostate Function:

Bidens pilosa is possibly the best herb for prostatic hypertrophy as it normally decreases the irritability of the membrane in both the urinary tract and rectum, and after consistent use causes notable shrinking of the prostate and imparts better tone to its connective tissues.

Bidens increases the kidneys’ efficiency in removing uric acid from the blood; Reducing the likelihood of a gout attack.

11. Gastritis And Ulcers:

It also acts as a tonic and preventative for gastritis and ulcers, diarrhea and ulcerative colitis.

12. Healthy Digestion:

Black Jack promotes healthy digestion due to its high fiber content. Fiber is known to improve bowel regularity, as well as prevent and relieve constipation. Fiber intake stimulates the movements of the digestive muscles and generally improves the functioning of these muscles, preventing acid reflux, bloating and many other digestive disorders. When indigestion persists for a long time, the risk of more serious problems, such as cancer of the esophagus and stomach, increases.

Fiber aids digestion by minimizing the growth of colon polyps. These are abnormal growths inside the colon and can become cancerous if left untreated. This partly explains why colon cancer is very rare in people who eat lots of high-fiber foods.

Other ways that fiber in Black Jack promotes healthy digestion include fighting off hemorrhoids and acting as a probiotic by providing a suitable environment for healthy gut bacteria to multiply and function properly. These bacteria are essential for healthy digestion and general well-being.

13. Blackjack and Cancer:

Blackjack also has powerful anti-cancer properties. Again, fiber plays a leading role in fighting cancer by preventing insulin resistance, a condition that increases the risk of cancer, especially hormone-related cancers like breast and prostate cancer. Insulin resistance occurs when insulin’s ability to control blood sugar is impaired.

The high antioxidant content in blackjack is another reason why this vegetable is a powerful weapon against cancer. Antioxidants protect cells from damage caused by harmful carcinogenic radicals. By controlling cellular damage, antioxidants are able to minimize systemic inflammation as well, and this refers to heating, redness, and swelling in various parts of the body in response to cellular damage. Continuous inflammation is a big problem because it increases the risk of cancer enormously.

In addition to preventing cancer, the antioxidants in blackjack are powerful enough to stop cancer growth and kill cancer cells. The antioxidants and various nutrients in Black Jack are actually carcinogenic. Various studies indicate that antioxidants disrupt the circulation of cancer cells, which proves to be crucial in weakening cancer.

Blackjack has a collection of various antioxidants, and the main ones are beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E. In addition to performing antioxidant activities, these nutrients keep the immune system very strong and allow the body to quickly recognize and destroy cancer cells.

With such a potent anti-cancer profile, Black Jack is an excellent food choice for the prevention and treatment of breast, prostate, colon and any type of cancer. High cancer rates can be directly linked to unhealthy diets that lack vegetables like blackjack.

14. Anti-Inflammatory And Cognitive Function:

The anti-inflammatory powers of this vegetable also provide protection against cognitive decline. This means that eating blackjack can prevent memory loss associated with aging and chronic diseases like diabetes. Anti-inflammatory properties also significantly reduce the likelihood of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and lupus.

15. Anti Aging:

The antioxidants in Black Jack slow aging and may reduce the appearance of wrinkles. Blackjack is also believed to fight bacterial and fungal infections.

So next time you want to get rid of the above diseases and conditions, look no further, just look in your yard!!!

Blackjack dish recipe

ingredients

2½ bundles of blackjack hands

2 onions

1 carrot

1½ tablespoons cooking oil

¼ teaspoon salt

method

Wash leaves thoroughly and cut off unwanted parts. Peel, wash and dice the carrots and onions. Heat oil in a saucepan and sauté onions until translucent. Add salt and blackjack, stirring constantly. Add carrots and continue to stir the mixture over the heat until all the ingredients are soft and cooked through.

This dish can be served with thick porridge, rice or yams.

Black Jack Tee

Blackjack tea recipe

ingredients

1 handful of ripe blackjack leaves

5 cups of water

sugar (optional)

method

Wash leaves thoroughly, cut and discard damaged parts. Cut leaves into small pieces. Boil water in a saucepan, add the prepared leaves and simmer until brown in color. Strain the tea and pour into a thermos or teapot.

NB: The information contained in this article should not be used for self-medication purposes. Always consult a doctor or herbalist before using herbal remedies for specific medical conditions. Proper identification of a particular plant before use is very important! Consult a botanist.

In South Africa, 45% of adults suffer from high blood pressure. dr Tracy Nelwamondo, a doctor, was fed up with treating her patients endlessly for lifestyle diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and obesity.

Her new motto is “plates not pills” and guides her patients to be aware of what they are putting into their bodies before pills are the only remaining option. One of their secret ingredients is a weed that is often overlooked as a nuisance and prickly pest, or pulled from gardens when viewed as an eyesore: blackjacks.

When this plant is boiled, it makes a delicious and nutritious tea that has antihypertensive properties. This means that boiling some blackjack in hot water will lower your high blood pressure. dr Nelwamondo also uses blackjacks in their pesto, cakes and cookies.

Watch this video to learn more:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOCpdOd9qYs&t=7s

Throughout history, Africans have relied on superfoods for their diet and folk medicine to offset a variety of ailments. Now modern science confirms what has been known in traditional African medicine for centuries about various medicinal properties of native African foods. The following examples illustrate different ways that native African foods benefit health.

baobab

Baobab is scientifically known as Adansonia digitata, while local names include kremetartboom, isimuku, umshimulu, isimuhu, ximuwu, mowana, and muvhuyu. Baobab leaves, pulp and seeds are edible. The pulp is a rich source of hydrating electrolytes like potassium and calcium and is used to treat dehydration due to diarrhea and other causes. An oral rehydration solution is made by simply dissolving baobab fruit powder in plain water.

Packed with vitamin C and several antioxidants, baobab is simply age-defying. Vitamin C is important for the production and maintenance of collagen, which gives the skin a youthful appearance and minimizes visible signs of aging such as wrinkles. In addition, the antioxidant activities of vitamin C and other nutrients protect the body’s cells from damage that leads to premature aging.

Baobab is also a powerful anti-cancer food. Antioxidant nutrients, including vitamin C, are also involved here. They seek out and neutralize harmful radicals involved in the formation and progression of cancer. Baobab also provides omega-3 fats, which are highly concentrated in the seeds. Various scientific studies show that consuming foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids is crucial for maintaining cognitive vitality. Cognitive function refers to mental tasks required for processing information and solving problems. These skills include memory, learning ability and language skills.

Other benefits associated with eating baobab include healthy blood pressure, controlled blood sugar, optimal heart health, and reduced risk of stroke. Baobab is also reported to be liver friendly and capable of preventing and repairing damage to the organ.

Baobab leaves are rather hard to come by, but the fruit can be found in markets and health food stores. With a proven long shelf life, baobab is also enjoyed out of season and far from where it was grown. Some estimates put the shelf life of baobab fruit at four years. Baobab pulp can be eaten as is or dissolved in water or milk. The seeds are eaten raw or roasted. They can also be ground into a paste to thicken stews.

figs

Figs have multiple health benefits. Traditionally, they are used to treat sexual dysfunction and sexually transmitted diseases. Figs are also good for regulating blood pressure due to the presence of potassium, fiber and other important nutrients. Potassium controls blood pressure by maintaining the proper balance of body fluids. Another benefit of fiber relates to digestive health. High in fiber, figs keep the digestive system healthy by relieving constipation, relieving bloating, preventing hemorrhoids, and minimizing the risk of colon cancer. Additionally, figs help balance cholesterol levels, maintain healthy bones, and support healthy vision.

Fig leaf tea has strong anti-inflammatory properties and works perfectly against bronchitis and arthritis. In addition, fig leaves are said to possess exceptional anti-diabetic properties, leading to massive health improvements in people battling diabetes. In addition, fig leaves fight cancer and minimize harmful blood fats known as triglycerides. Eating figs and drinking fig leaf tea also calms nerves, an effect that makes figs useful for promoting sound sleep and warding off stress and anxiety.

Figs are eaten fresh or dried. Because they’re naturally sweet, figs make a healthy option for sweetening oatmeal; just chop some figs and add cooked oats. And there’s more to fig leaves than healthy tea; They can be eaten with vegetables and also serve as a wrap for grilling or steaming food, especially seafood.

sorghum

Sorghum is another wonder food and incorporating it into your diet has major benefits. The fiber and antioxidants in sorghum are helpful in fighting various types of cancer. When it comes to colon cancer, fiber works by suppressing colon polyps, which are abnormal growths inside the colon. These growths can become cancerous if left unchallenged. Compounds in sorghum also block the proliferation of colon cancer cells.

In addition, sorghum is a rich source of magnesium, which plays an essential role in maintaining a strong skeletal system, regulating blood pressure, preventing stroke, and fighting diabetes. In addition, magnesium relaxes nerves, an effect that promotes proper sleep, relieves stress and reduces anxiety.

Sorghum can only retain all of these health properties when eaten as a whole grain, in its whole or unprocessed form, as it occurs naturally. That means the sorghum grain should retain the edible outer layer, or bran, which is high in fiber, antioxidants, and several other nutrients.

bambara nuts

Bambara nuts belong to the legumes and are often found in traditional African dishes. Local names for bambara nuts are jugo bean, ditloo marapo, indlubu, hlanga, njugo, nduhu, phonda, and tindhluwa. Bambara nuts are particularly high in high-quality protein, and they’re also packed with B vitamins, which are essential for maintaining overall health. B vitamins lower blood levels of homocysteine, a hormone linked to various conditions such as stroke, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, thyroid disease and a generally weakened immune system. In addition, B vitamins play a key role in helping the body manage stress.

Bambara nuts also have a healthy dose of fiber and this property is a key reason why bambara nuts are good for keeping your bowels moving. Also included is calcium, which makes bambara nuts good for keeping the skeletal system strong and preventing bone-related diseases like osteoporosis.

Bambara nuts, eaten fresh or dried, are sold in African markets and a number of grocery stores. Fresh bambara nuts are boiled or roasted and eaten as a snack, while dried nuts are typically cooked along with a grain feed such as dried corn. From a nutritional perspective, combining dried bambara nuts with a grain-based diet results in a complete protein meal. Although bambara nuts are high in protein, they lack certain protein building blocks or amino acids that are needed by the human body. Grain products are rich in the same amino acids that bambara nuts lack. However, grains are also deficient in amino acids, which are abundant in bambara nuts. This amazing combination of dishes also shows how nutritionally balanced typical African dishes are.

Black socket

The black jack plant that grows as a weed is scientifically known as Bidens pilosa. In Malawi, Blackjack is called Muxiji and Gewone Knapseherel. Traditionally, blackjack has been used to alleviate various health conditions including sexually transmitted diseases, malaria and urinary tract infections.

Blackjack is also known for its immense anti-cancer powers. Fiber, antioxidants, plant compounds known as sterols, and various nutrients in blackjack fight cancer at all stages, from preventing the disease to inhibiting cancer growth or killing cancer cells. Various studies have also linked blackjack to a dramatically reduced risk of heart disease, cholesterol abnormalities, diabetes, high blood pressure, and many other ailments.

Blackjack leaves are prepared and eaten like any other leafy green vegetable. It’s important to note that blackjack contains beta-carotene and vitamin E, which are fat-soluble nutrients. In order for these nutrients to be properly absorbed, healthy oil must be added. Alternatively, an oily health food like peanuts or avocado can be eaten along with the vegetables. Another way to enjoy the benefits of this magnificent plant is to drink herbal tea made from fresh or dried leaves or flowers. Blackjack is sold in various markets throughout the season.

Conclusion

Even though native African foods are becoming a thing of the past in an urbanized world, these foods are still as health-promoting as ever. And a key advantage of wild foods is that they are completely free of genetic modification, chemical fertilizers and pesticides that most conventionally grown foods are exposed to.

Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended to replace medical advice, diagnosis or treatment

Not only are these weeds irritating to horses, they can also injure them, warns Dr. Mac.

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The common blackjack (Bidens pilosa) is well known to horse owners in South Africa. There can be few of us who haven’t spent ages pulling them out of our clothes after trekking the steppe to catch horses in early winter. According to legend, this weed, like the khakibos, was brought to South Africa with the feed of horses imported from South America during the Boer War. However, the plant is listed as native to tropical Africa, so it may have been in South Africa at the time.

It grows easily on troubled land or after fires and in areas such as manure heaps or paddocks where soil nitrogen levels are high. Common blackjack is an annual plant that belongs to the daisy family. When young, the leaves are flat and dark purple-green. The white, yellow-centred, daisy-like flowers and their strikingly long, thin stalks appear in late summer to fall. They mature into star-shaped fruiting bodies. The typical blackjacks that attach themselves to passing animals and humans radiate outward as 1 cm long seeds topped by two or three sharp awns.

After fruiting, the plant dries up completely – even the roots become brittle. This is a mechanism for promoting “zoochory” – the dispersal of seeds through animal or human movement. If the seeds get caught by a passing animal, the whole plant is easily pulled out of the ground and dragged along. Stems break off, depositing seeds all over the grazing area. Although Bidens pilosa is generally considered a weed, the leaves can be cooked and eaten.

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Blackjacks that get caught in a horse’s forelock can be very irritating, and the animal will toss its head if you try to remove them. The spikes can hurt the eyes, so it is better to keep the forelock short. Blackjacks can also get caught in the long hair behind the manacles and shackles, causing chronic irritation and lameness. After cutting out the tangles, trim the hair and treat the skin with antibiotic creams.

In severe cases, you can use an Epsom salt poultice to pull the barbs out before treating the area with Betadine.

It is very important to regularly inspect headgear and horse blankets for blackjacks as riding them can dig deep into the skin and cause small sores. These can become so painful that a horse rears or bucks when saddling or mounting.

LOCATION BLACKJACK WA

BLACKJACK SERIES

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial skeleton, ferrihydritic typical hapcloryands

TYPICAL PEDON: Blackjack, extremely gritty, sandy loam woodland in center, on a 65 percent northeast orientation at an elevation of 3,230 feet in a Pacific silver fir/vanilla leaf foamflower plant assemblage. (As of August 25, 1996, the soil was consistently wet. Colors refer to wet soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are apparent field textures.)

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed needles, leaves, twigs, fragments of cones and fragments of wood; abrupt smooth border. (0.5 to 2 inches thick)

A–1 to 5 inches; dark tan (10YR 3/4) extremely gritty medial sandy loam, light tan (10YR 6/4) dry; faint very fine and fine granular and faint very fine and fine sub-edged blocky structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly greasy; common very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 45 percent gravel, 15 percent cobblestone; strongly acidic (pH 5.4); clear wavy border. (3 to 6 inches thick)

Bw1–5 to 14 inches; dark tan (10YR 4/6) extremely gritty medial sandy loam, very light brown (10YR 7/4) dry; faint very fine and fine sub-edged blocky and faint very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly greasy; common very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 50 percent gravel, 10 percent cobblestone; moderately acidic (pH 5.6); clear wavy border.

Bw2 – 14 to 22 inches; dark tan (10YR 4/6) extremely gritty medial sandy loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; faint very fine and fine sub-edged blocky and faint very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly greasy; common very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 55 percent gravel, 10 percent cobblestone; moderately acidic (pH 5.6); clear wavy border.

Bw3 – 22 to 29 inches; dark tan (10YR 4/6) extremely gritty medial sandy loam, very light brown (10YR 7/4) dry; faint very fine and fine sub-edged blocky and faint very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly greasy; common very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 60 percent gravel; moderately acidic (pH 5.8); clear wavy border.

Bw4 – 29 to 36 inches; dark yellow-brown (10YR 4/6) extremely gritty medial fine sandy loam, very light brown (10YR 7/4) dry; weak very fine, fine and medium subangular blocky and weak very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly greasy; common very fine, fine and medium and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores; 60 percent gravel, 5 percent cobblestone; moderately acidic (pH 5.8); clear wavy border.

Bw5 – 36 to 41 inches; dark yellow-brown (10YR 3/6) extremely gritty medial fine sandy loam, very light brown (10YR 7/4) dry; weak very fine, fine and medium subangular blocky and weak very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly greasy; common very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores; 60 percent gravel, 5 percent cobblestone; moderately acidic (pH 5.8); clear wavy border. (34 to 50 inches thick)

BC – 41 to 53 inches; dark tan (10YR 3/6) extremely gritty sandy loam, very light brown (10YR 7/4) dry; weak very fine, fine and medium subangular blocky and weak very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 60 percent gravel, 5 percent cobblestone; moderately acidic (pH 6.0); abrupt wavy border. (0 to 15 inches thick)

R–53 inches; hard metasedimentary rock.

TYPE LOCATION: Clallam County, Washington approximately 1 mile north of Pine Mountain, approximately 2025 feet east and 2110 feet south of the northwest corner of Section 35, T. 29 N., R. 10W. (Latitude 47 degrees 58 minutes 00 seconds N., Longitude 123 degrees 57 minutes 22 seconds W.)

RANGE OF CHARACTERISTICS: The mean annual soil temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F. The mean summer soil temperature is 45 to 47 degrees F. The mean winter soil temperature is 40 to 44 degrees F. The difference between mean summer and mean summer and mean winter Soil temperature is 3 to 5 degrees F. These soils are typically moist and dry for 0 to 30 consecutive days in the soil moisture control section; Udic moisture regime. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to over 60 inches. The particle size control section exhibits Andean soil characteristics and 40% to 90% by volume rock fragments. The Andean soil material has an estimated wet bulk density of 0.70 to 0.90 g/cm³, acid oxalate extractable aluminum plus half the acid oxalate extractable iron of 2 to 3 percent, phosphate retention of 85 to 100 percent and 15 bar water retention of 15 to 30 percent for air-dried samples. The particle size control interval contains 5 to 18 percent clay and 40 to 60 percent sand, estimated at the site. It has 1 to 2 cmol/kg aluminum. Iron extractable by acid oxalate is 1.5 to 3.0 percent.

The A horizon has a hue of 10 YR or 7.5 YR wet and dry, a value of 3 or 4 wet and 6 or 7 dry, and a chroma of 4 or 6 wet. It has 10 to 20 percent organic matter.

The Bw horizon has a hue of 10YR, 7.5YR and 2.5Y wet and 10YR and 2.5Y dry, a value of 3 to 5 wet and 6 or 7 dry and a chroma of 4 or 6 wet and 3.4 or 6 dry. It is extremely gritty medium sandy loam, extremely gritty medium fine sandy loam, very gritty medium fine sandy loam, or very gritty medium sandy loam. It has 1 to 10 percent organic matter with less than 7 percent below a depth of 10 inches from the mineral soil surface.

The BC horizon (under 40 inches) lacks Andean soil characteristics (bulk density at 0.90 to 1.20 g/cc). Organic matter is less than 1 to 2 percent.

COMPETITION SERIES: These are the Balcher, Fahnestock, Kahkwa, Mueller, Musgrove, Sorethumb, Sniderpeak, Stonybrook and Tylerpeak series. Balcher soils are deep to dense glacial soil. Tylerpeak, Sniderpeak, Stonybrook and Sorethumb soils are moderately deep to bedrock. Mueller soils are dry (less than 70 inches of rainfall) for 30 to 45 consecutive days. Fahnestock and Musgrove soils are overly basaltic and have a difference in mean annual summer and winter soil temperatures of 6 to 9 degrees F. Kahkwa soils are very deep and are located in glaciated mountain valleys.

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: Blackjack floors are located on mountain slopes. Gradients are 20 to 100 percent. The soils formed in colluvium and residuum of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. Elevations are 2700 to 3500 feet. Average annual rainfall is 95 to 120 inches. The average annual temperature is 41 to 43 degrees F. The frost-free season is 120 to 150 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the soils of Constance, Huntcreek and the competing soils of Kahkwa and Sorethumb. Constance soils are on converging mountain walls and are flat. Huntcreek soils are found in glacial valleys and are moderately deep to tillage.

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; moderate permeability

USE AND VEGETATION: Timber production, wildlife habitat, recreation and watershed. Native vegetation is Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, Alaskan huckleberry, three-leaf foamflower, queencup pearl lily, five-petal bramble, starry false Solomon’s seal, Bundberry dogwood, western sword fern, false lily-of-the-valley, deerfoot vanilla leaf, and deer fern.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Olympic Mountains, West Slopes, Clallam County, Washington; MLRA 3rd series is small scale.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon

Established series: Clallam County, Washington, 2000; Olympic National Forest.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are the following:

Ocher Epidon

Cambodian Horizon – 5 to 53 inches

Andean soil characteristics – 1 to 40 inches

Lithic contact – 53 in

PSCS – 1 to 41 inches

All depths to diagnostic horizons and other features are measured from the top of the first mineral horizon.

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