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Table of Contents
How do you judge a debate competition?
- Directly addressed the topic.
- Understood the basic issue.
- Clearly explained their position.
- Made a convincing case, complete with specific evidence.
- Explained the other side’s weaknesses.
- Responded directly to the other side’s critique.
How do you conclude a debate?
- Restate your topic and why it is important,
- Restate your thesis/claim,
- Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
- Call for action or overview future research possibilities.
What are the criteria for debate?
- Organization & Clarity: Main arguments and responses are outlined in a clear and orderly way. …
- Use of Argument: Reasons are given to support the resolution. …
- Use of cross-examination and rebuttal: …
- Presentation Style:
What is the first rule of debate?
The debate begins with an affirmative first-speaker constructive speech, followed by a negative; then an affirmative and negative second-speaker constructive speech, respectively.
How do you give points in a debate?
- Introduction. Express your message and why it’s important to your audience, as well as yourself.
- Statement of fact. Break down the general thesis of your argument into smaller parts. …
- Confirmation, or proof. …
- Refutation. …
- Conclusion.
Wikipedia
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“After reading this article, I felt even more confident that I could perform well in my condition
What to say in closing remarks?
- Indicate that the speech is close to the end. …
- Give a rundown of your speech/presentation. …
- Make eye-contact. …
- Don’t make the closing remarks lengthy. …
- Don’t end with a simple ‘Thank You” …
- Don’t add new material out of no where. …
- The fitting remark.
Wikipedia
A closing statement is the last sentence, paragraph, or closing part of your speech or presentation. They are also referred to as “closing remarks”.
In a speech/presentation, the beginning and the end are 2 essential points. It leaves an impression on the audience and makes your speech/presentation eloquent.
We wrote an article about opening lines in speech writing. Read this article to learn how to get your speech off to a great start.
Every speech or presentation has a goal and something to take away from it. The point is that if you don’t end your speech appropriately, the main essence of your speech/presentation will be forgotten and scattered just as quickly.
The final note is your last chance to innovate and make up for the missing pieces, if any.
The limit of your closing statement must be between 10% and 15% of your speech. For example, if your speech is a 7-minute speech, your closing statement must be at least a minute long.
The purpose of the concluding remarks
The main purpose of closing remarks is to let the audience know that the speech should end. It helps to briefly summarize your speech and highlight the main points of your speech.
In addition, research suggests that audiences often remember the ending more accurately than the entire speech.
A powerful conclusion does 40% of your work. It is also not easy to write a “concluding remark”. You have to think and choose the right words that hit hard and leave a mark. Here’s a detailed video we made with some amazing closing lines to inspire your own speech:
Some closing remarks dos
The speaker needs to keep a few things in mind regarding the format of the speech. Here are some tips that will help the speaker finish their speech.
Indicate that the speech is about to end
An experienced speaker will always signal that the speech is about to end so the audience is mentally ready for closure. For example: In a novel, the author uses the epilogue as a tool to let the readers know that the story will soon be over.
Summarize your speech/presentation
Sometimes it’s possible that readers may have missed some points while you were speaking or they may have wandered off during your speech. So, at the end, provide a brief synopsis of your points and this will reinforce the message of your speech.
As mentioned above, the closing statement or part of your speech is your last chance to make an impression on the audience. So confident eye contact can let the audience know a lot more than just words could convey.
It will also make your call to action more effective and influential.
If you find eye contact difficult (like me), here are some alternatives you can use to give the illusion that you’re making eye contact without actually having to:
Some Don’ts of Closing Remarks
Some things should be avoided when writing your closing remarks for a speech or presentation. Below are the most important things for the speaker to keep in mind.
Don’t make the concluding remarks long
If the speaker does not add a closing remark, the speech would look incomplete and end abruptly. Also, try not to make the closing remarks too long, this may bore the audience and they may lose interest.
The audience may also be unable to distinguish the main points and confuse what is important and what is not.
Don’t end with a simple “thank you”
Saying a dry and simple “thank you” at the end of your speech to be polite is not very convincing. It’s a very mundane way to end your speech. You need to get your point across, so be creative.
Don’t add new material from scratch
The addition of new material in the closing remarks that is not mentioned in the speech will surprise the audience. The audience may not be able to process what happened. Therefore, in your concluding remarks, only mention the points that have already been raised.
types of concluding remarks
You want your closing remarks to be such that the audience can get a flashback of the entire presentation or speech with exactly what you said at the end. These may change according to what type of presentation it is.
The appropriate remark
What is it?
The appropriate remark is the most basic remark of all. It’s to the point, decisive and direct. The idea of your presentation is conveyed by this remark.
The appropriate remark summarizes your speech mainly in sweet and simple words with no added spice at the end.
Example of an appropriate remark
Here is an example of a speech where Emma Watson closes her speech with an appropriate remark. As I mentioned above, this speech is to the point and crucial. The idea of gender equality was conveyed very clearly and directly through her closing remarks.
The motivating remark
What is it?
The motivational remark is used when the speaker uses motivational quotes, phrases or even dialogue for that matter. The goal is to leave the audience with a “motivated to do something” mark.
This remark is intended to re-motivate your audience for your speech/presentation. When the speaker finishes their speech, it should have such an impact that they will remember your words and do something with that motivation.
Motivational speeches can be given on a variety of topics. We wrote an article on How to Give a Leadership Motivational Speech to Students. You can check it to get a better idea. This is just an example of how to do it.
Example of a motivational remark
This speech by Jeremy Anderson just leaves a mark that will leave you sitting straight and energized. It motivates the audience to know their worth and not let them down.
The explanatory note
What is it?
In this type of remark, the speaker shares their anecdotes, their own experiences, or has a very relatable ending to their speech. The main purpose of such an ending is to allow the audience to connect with the speaker on a deeper level and know exactly what they are saying.
It’s a kind of congenial contact with the audience. We wrote an article about storytelling approaches that you can use in your speech or presentation. This article gives you an insight why storytelling is so important, what different techniques are used.
Example of an explanatory note
In this speech, Priyanka Chopra shares her own experiences and anecdotes for people to connect with, which makes her speech so much more interesting and inspiring.
The thoughtful remark
What is it?
The contemplative remark makes the audience think about what was said. His goal is to get the audience to think about all the factors like the lesson, the topic of the speech and the wavelength during the presentation/speech.
The speaker can emphasize “what the audience is thinking” and leave it there to figure out their thoughts.
Example of a thoughtful remark
President Obama concludes his speech on the death of bin Laden with a thoughtful remark that makes the audience think.
“In closing, let me say to the families who lost loved ones on 9/11 that we have never forgotten your loss, nor have we wavered in our commitment to do everything possible to prevent another attack on our shores. Tonight, let’s reflect on the sense of unity that existed on 9/11. I know it’s frayed sometimes. But today’s achievement is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the American people. The cause of securing our country is not complete. But tonight we are reminded once again that America can do anything we set our minds to. This is the story of our story, be it the pursuit of prosperity for our people or the struggle for equality for all our citizens; our commitment to standing up for our values abroad and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place. Let’s remember that we can do these things not just because of wealth or power, but because of who we are: one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” President Obama in his death speech by Bin Laden
The propositional remark
What is it?
In this remark, the speaker concludes with advice for the audience. It’s more subjective than objective. This is more of a suggestion/tip.
Example of a propositional remark
Michelle Obama’s speech offers advice to students on how to succeed in life. Her closing remarks suggest that what matters is not whether you went to an Ivy League or a public school, what matters is the hard work you put in that brings you closer to success.
The rhetorical remark
What is it?
The rhetorical remark has to do with a question that doesn’t really need an answer. The speaker leaves the audience hanging with this question.
The speaker has no intention of expecting an answer from the audience, nor does he want one. He just wants the audience to think about what he said and think about it.
Rhetoric is used in many forms and orators use rhetoric in their speeches to high impact. Here are 4 ways you can use rhetorical devices in your speech to make it powerful.
Example of a rhetorical remark
“After all, that is what this election is about. Are we engaging in a politics of cynicism or a politics of hope?” President Obama speaking at the 2004 Democratic National Convention
The funny remark
What is it?
One of the best things that will help make your speech effective and interactive is humor. It brightens the environment and acts as a tool to break the ice between the speaker and the audience.
Adding humor to your speech will make the audience lively and enthusiastic. If you make the audience laugh at the end of your speech, you leave a positive mark and they will most likely make a good impression of you and your words.
Humor can be one of the most powerful tools in a speech, especially for a closing statement, when used properly.
Skilled speakers often use humor throughout their speech and end up with a humorless thought, leaving the audience serious. Such a sudden change has a powerful effect.
Example of a funny remark
In this speech by Dananjaya Hettiarachchi, he uses humor to close a speech by successfully summarizing the title and summarizing the content of his speech.
The factual remark
What is it?
In this type of remark, the speaker ends with some facts related to his or her speech and presentation. Adding facts at the end reinforces your speech. Facts in the form of tables, graphics and diagrams are presented in a way that is easy to understand and visually appealing.
Facts can sometimes seem boring if not presented appropriately. To learn which facts to add to a speech and which not to, follow our article “11 Steps to Add Facts to a Speech Without Getting Bored”.
Example of a factual remark
Given below is a paradigm of a pie chart. The presenter can add their facts according to the topic and research of their talk.
call to action
What is it?
This is the most common remark and can be used in most concluding remarks. Call-to-action simply asks your audience to step forward and take action on the topic of your speech.
Make your CTA direct and don’t imply it can lead to confusion.
Why is it a must, you might ask? This is because the audience may have listened to your speech in full, but unless you take the initiative and are open, not everyone is compelled to take action.
Example of a call to action
In this speech, Leonardo DiCaprio urges the audience and the people to take action to put a price tag on carbon emissions and end government subsidies to coal, gas and oil companies.
The activity note
What is it?
This closing remark can be unique to the audience. This type of remark allows the speaker to engage in an activity that helps the audience understand the topic of the speech with an act of creativity.
For example, the speaker can use their talents to present their message through them. For example, sing, do a trick or play a quiz with the audience.
Example of an activity note
Sparsh Shah, a 13-year-old boy who ends his inspirational speech with a song and rap, wants to tell the audience that nothing is impossible in life. He uses music as a concluding remark to end his speech in an encouraging way.
Scenarios for closing remarks
Closing remarks for a meeting/conference
Meetings are often mandatory compared to presentations or speeches. They can be called at any time and are mostly informal. While a conference is formal and has a specific time and place where it is conducted.
But in both, the purpose is to plan and execute. So end your closing remarks with action.
For example, repeat the actions that need to be performed so the actions stay fresh and can be easily recalled.
Here’s a pro tip, don’t drag the meeting/conference over time and then rush up to close the conference. Then there is no space for your concluding remarks and much remains unsaid, even if you manage to close the meeting/conference in a hurry.
Closing remarks for a school activity
As the title suggests, the concluding remarks for a school activity is for school children, so try not to use too many technical terms or make it complicated. Keep the comments simple and fun.
Here the speaker can use the activity remark mentioned under the types of closing remarks. It’s creative, engaging, and as such, children will associate with fun activities rather than boring long remarks.
For example: the speaker can use the question and answer method to complete or play a quiz and include any points mentioned in their speech/activity.
Closing remarks after a workshop
Workshops have the intention to teach and the audience to learn. So make your concluding remarks interactive. You can ask questions like “What is your conclusion from this workshop?”
This makes the audience reflect on what they learned throughout the workshop.
Another way to finish is to ask the audience to fill out the feedback form and provide step-by-step instructions.
Closing remarks for a webinar/zoom meeting
Because a Zoom meeting/webinar is a virtual platform, there is a chance that the speaker may not see all of the audience or “participants” in the meeting, but everyone can see the speaker.
So this can also turn out to be a disadvantage for the speaker, but don’t let that discourage you.
In your closing remarks you can add a zoom function to know how many of them are listening. Before closing the webinar, leave your Twitter or Facebook addresses so the audience can contact you with questions on those platforms.
Closing remarks for a speech
A ceremony tends to be a large-scale event with too many decorations, music and arrangements.
However, remember that these things aren’t what the audience wants to leave, so what you say last is the end of what they take away. Therefore, you can use any of the above types of closing remarks in a ceremony.
For example – you can use “The Closing Note” where you can share your own story to make your closing statement relatable and two-sided.
Some last words
Closing remarks are important in speech writing because without a closing remark, your speech will seem incomplete. In order to leave satisfied, the speaker must frame their speech with the perfect ending and time it accordingly.
Closing remarks can be of different types, but using the right closing remark depending on the situation and the time can make a big difference in your speech.
Are you still looking for inspiration? Check out this video we made on the closing remarks:
What is the best sentence to end a debate?
Tell your judges how to vote. Provide a simple statement, such as, “After reviewing the information about this topic, you must vote to affirm the topic.” Continue by explaining the specific weakness in your opponent’s argument.
Wikipedia
Complete your arguments by making your closing statements on your case. Use a citation if you have one available that summarizes your final argument or closes your case. Double-check your notes and make sure you’ve addressed all of your opponents’ arguments and closed your case. If you find an argument your opponent made that you didn’t address, address it before you finish your speech.
Explain the key points in your case as an overview for your judges. You can do this by repeating each of your main points or by making a general statement about your case. For example, if you are arguing for basic human rights over national interests, you might want to make a brief general statement about the urgency of human rights and society’s responsibility to consider them first. While your speech addressed this general statement with more direct information, the general statement shows your judges that you understand your issue and care about your overall case.
Tell your judges how to vote. Make a simple statement, e.g. B. “After reading the information on this topic, you must vote to confirm the topic.” Proceed by explaining the specific weakness in your opponent’s argument. As an example, you can say: “Our opponents today have failed to challenge our most important issue, which is the value of human rights and their essential place in a virtuous society.” Identify and emphasize which points your opponents did not raise the importance of these issues.
Use specific voice inflections to indicate that you’re moving on to the end of your speech. Move your notes away from you and face the judges squarely as you outline your case and explain weaknesses in your opponent’s case. Speak more slowly than you would during your actual speech, and use the tempo change to help your judges remember your closing statements. Practice your final intonation, lower your voice, and slow down your speech as you make your final comments.
How do you write a strong closing statement?
- Factual Evidence. How it supports your case.
- Factual Evidence. How it supports your case.
- Factual Evidence. How it supports your case. Comments on the credibility of witnesses: How do the puzzle pieces of evidence and testimony fit into a compelling whole?
Wikipedia
To the jury, you have seen and heard the factual evidence in this case. I want to go through the key evidence presented today with you.
1. Factual Evidence
As it supports your case
2. Factual Evidence
As it supports your case
3. Factual Evidence
As it supports your case
Notes on Witness Credibility:
How do the pieces of the puzzle of evidence and testimonies fit together to form a convincing whole? This is your narrative of what happened.
Conclusion: Why should the jurors decide for your client?
What are rebuttals in a debate?
rebuttal Add to list Share. When two people debate, one of them makes an argument, and the other follows with a rebuttal, which, plainly put, is the “no, you’re wrong and this is why” argument.
Wikipedia
When two people debate, one makes an argument and the other follows with a rebuttal, which, simply put, is the argument “no, you’re wrong and that’s why.”
We often associate refutation with arguments in the courtroom or public debates that take place around election time, but the word really can apply to any situation where an argument is being made and someone disagrees and explains why. Sports fans, for example, like to argue about the likely winner of an upcoming game, and if you argue why your friend is wrong, offer a rebuttal to their argument.
Do and don’ts of debate?
- Always wear formal clothes.
- Try to reach the venue ten minutes before the actual time.
- Confirm your location before the debate starts.
- Cross check all your details with the official score sheet.
- Stand in front of timekeeper and chairman.
- Applaud each participant.
Wikipedia
Always wear formal attire.
Try to reach the venue ten minutes before the actual time.
Confirm your location before the debate begins.
Check all your details with the official score sheet.
Stand in front of the timekeeper and the chairman
Applaud each participant.
How do you start an introduction for a debate?
The best way to start a debate is to open with a bold rhetorical question, a touching personal story that’s relevant to your argument, or a shocking statistic. Once you have your audience’s attention, define the key terms you’ll be using in your debate and summarize your case.
Wikipedia
What is a good introduction for a negative first speaker?
Community Response
Start by almost refuting the affirmative team. As part of your introduction, say something against their arguments, pause and continue with more direct rebuttals. For example, if the topic is that social media should be accessible to children in 5th grade and you are dismissive, you could say something like, “Little children, people who haven’t even faced the real dangers of life , should be plagued by predators and cyberbullies on social media. Ladies and gentlemen, that encourages the opposition, and we as a negative team…” and then proceed to specific rebuttals.
What are the rules for debate competition?
- The team supporting the motion must not shift its point of view. …
- If a speaker makes a statement, they must be able to provide evidence or reasons to support the statement.
- Facts presented in a debate must be accurate.
- Speakers may not bring up new points in a rebuttal speech.
Wikipedia
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How do you judge?
The secret is to reserve judgment and take your time. Observe them in certain situations; look at how they react. Listen to them talking, joking, laughing, explaining, complaining, blaming, praising, ranting, and preaching. Only then will you be able to judge their character.
Wikipedia
A truly chilling example is O’Toole’s book in Bowman entitled Dangerous Instincts: How Gut Instincts Betray Us. It was discovered that a perfectly respectable, charming, well-dressed neighbor had installed a torture chamber in his garage where he systematically abused kidnapped women. This is an extreme example, but it shows how much we can be deceived by a person’s outward appearance, manners and demeanor.
So what can you do? You want to be able to assess personal qualities when you come into contact with colleagues, new acquaintances, and new friends who may even become lifelong partners. You want to know if they:
honest
Reliable
competently
friendly and compassionate
able to take the blame
be able to hold out
humble and humble
peaceful and can control anger.
The secret is to withhold judgment and take your time. Observe them in certain situations; see how they react. Listen to them talk, joke, laugh, explain, complain, blame, praise, scold and preach. Only then can you judge their character. This isn’t foolproof, but if you follow these 10 ways, you have a pretty good chance of not ending up in an abusive relationship.
1. Is anger common?
All too often, angry reactions that may seem excessive are a sign that there are underlying issues. Don’t think that any person who just snaps and throws their weight around mentally and physically is just reacting normally. Everyone has occasional tantrums while driving or when things go wrong.
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But if this is an almost daily occurrence then you need to find out why and maybe avoid that person. Too often, anger escalates into violent and aggressive behavior. You don’t want to be around someone who believes that violence can solve personal or global problems.
2. Can you observe acts of kindness?
How often do you see this person as kind and considerate? Are they giving money to beggars, donating to charity, volunteering, or simply showing that they are willing to share the planet with about 7 billion other people?
I was shocked when one of my guests was never kind to the weak and disadvantaged in our city. She was supposedly a religious person, but I began to doubt the sincerity of her beliefs.
“The best indicator of a person’s character is how they deal with people who cannot do them any good and how they deal with people who cannot defend themselves.” Abigail van Buren
3. How does this person take the blame?
You may know that he/she is to blame for a mistake in the office or even for not showing up on a date on time. Check out her reaction. When they start blaming other coworkers or the traffic, that’s a sign they’re not ready to take responsibility for their mistakes.
4. Don’t use Facebook as an indicator.
You’ll be relieved to know that graphology (the study of that forgotten skill of handwriting) is no longer considered a reliable test of a person’s character. Thankfully, Facebook doesn’t stalk either. A study showed that the use of profanities, sexual innuendos, and gossip on Facebook are not reliable indicators of a candidate’s character or future workplace performance.
5. Read their emails.
Now reading the person’s email is a much better idea. Studies show that using the following can indicate certain personality traits:
Too many exclamation marks can betray a sunny disposition
Common mistakes can indicate apathy
Using smileys is the only way a person can smile at you
There may be some formality in using the third person
Too many question marks can show anger
Excessive use of capital letters is considered shouting. They’re a total no-no when it comes to netiquette, but a surprising number of people still use them.
6. Watch out for the braggarts.
Listen to people while they talk. How often do they mention their accomplishments, promotions, awards, and achievements? If this happens frequently, it is a sure sign that this person has an exaggerated idea of their accomplishments. They are unlikely to be humble or show humility. What a shame! Another person to avoid.
7. Look for evidence of perseverance.
A strong indicator of determination and tenacity is when a person remains persistent and never gives up when they really want to achieve a goal in life. Look for evidence that they keep going despite tremendous hardship.
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Great achievements by scientists and inventors are all characterized by perseverance. We only have to think of Einstein, Edison (who failed thousands of times) and Nelson Mandela for inspiration. The US Department of Education has no doubt that determination, tenacity, and perseverance will be the key success factors for youth in the 21st century.
8. Your empathy score is high.
Listen as they talk about the less fortunate members of our society like the poor, immigrants and the disabled. Do you notice that they speak compassionately about these people? The fact that they mention her at all is a strong indicator of empathy.
People without empathy will never talk about the disadvantaged. They will rarely ask you a question about a difficult time or relationship. They usually turn the conversation back to themselves. These people lack empathy and are, in extreme cases, psychopaths who never show feelings towards their victims.
9. Learn how to be socially interactive.
We are social animals and that is what makes us so uniquely human. If a person is isolated or a loner, this can be a negative indicator of their character. You want to get to know a person who knows trust, honesty and loyalty. The only way to practice these great qualities is to actually interact socially. The big advantage is that you can share problems and celebrate success and joy together.
“In solitude one can acquire everything except character.” Stendhal
10. Avoid toxic people.
These people try to control others and often cannot come to terms with their own mistakes. Typical behavior and conversations may involve:
envy or jealousy
Criticism of partners, colleagues and friends
Complaining about their own lack of success
Blaming others for their own bad luck or failure
obsession with themselves and their problems
Listen to these people and you will quickly realize that you must avoid them at all costs because their negativity will drag you down. Furthermore, as much as you would like to help them, you are not qualified to do so.
Now that you’ve looked at some of the best ways to judge a person, what about yourself? How do others see you? Why don’t you do Dr. Phil’s quiz and find out. can you take it
Featured Photo Credit: Jacek Dylag via unsplash.com
Judges Feedback in Debate
See some more details on the topic debate judge comments sample here:
How to Judge Debates
Save commentary on what could be improved for feedback – debaters will become confused if, for example, judges begin to explain an alternative argument they …
Source: www.debating.org.nz
Date Published: 1/30/2021
View: 452
Sample Lincoln-Douglas Ballot – Maine Forensic Association
Attached is a sample Lincoln-Douglas ballot that has been prepared to assist inexperienced judges in proving helpful written comments for debaters and.
Source: www.maineforensic.org
Date Published: 10/18/2021
View: 2519
Advice for judges – Debating Matters
YOUR ROLE AS A DEBATING MATTERS JUDGE · Debate Timing & Structure and points to conser at each stage · Opening Presentation · Judges’ questions · Audience …
Source: debatingmatters.com
Date Published: 9/18/2021
View: 5956
How to Judge Speech & Debate
Debate. There are several modes of speaking (events) for both IE’s and Debate. … Here are samples of common positive comments/constructive criticisms…
Source: www.speechoregon.org
Date Published: 9/2/2022
View: 4393
MSHSAA – Debate Judge Instruct
After the debate, the Judge should complete the ballot, seal it in the envelope, … Sample ballots are available for Policy Debate, Lincoln-Douglas Debate, …
Source: www.mshsaa.org
Date Published: 10/11/2021
View: 3437
Classic Debate Judge Instructions – Ngin
The judge should comment of areas of strength and areas for … These samples are from a topic which asked students to debate whether or not the US should …
Source: cdn3.sportngin.com
Date Published: 8/20/2022
View: 2140
Judge Training Materials – My Site
Welcome to My Judge Training Page! Below you will find the outline from my … sample-lincoln-douglas-debate-ballot-comments.pdf. File Size: 1609 kb.
Source: www.sherylkaz.com
Date Published: 2/6/2021
View: 6013
How to Judge a Debate: 12 Steps (with Pictures)
Area. These tips have increased my understanding and prepared me better. ”
…”
“I’m from Gbarnga City, Liberia and am preparing to host a debate between two community colleges in my project
DEBATE GRADING RUBRIC
Consistently unclear and disorganized
Sure in some parts, but not all
Largely clear and orderly in all parts
Main arguments and answers are presented in a clear and orderly manner.
Few or no real arguments, or all arguments given had significant problems
Some decent arguments but some significant problems
Lots of good arguments made, with only minor problems
Consistently very strong and convincing arguments
The decision is justified
2. Use of argument:
Poor cross-examination or rebuttal, failure to point out problems in the confirming team’s position, or failure to defend against attacks.
Decent cross-examination and/or rebuttal, but with some significant problems
Good cross-examination and rebuttal, with only minor slips
Excellent cross-examination and defense against the corroborating team’s objections
Identification of weaknesses in the affirmative team’s arguments and ability to defend against attacks.
3. Use of cross-examination and rebuttal:
4. Presentation Style: Tone of voice, clarity of expression, precision of arguments all contribute to holding the audience’s attention and convincing them of the team’s argument.
All stylistic features were used convincingly
Most stylistic features were used convincingly
Few stylistic features were used convincingly
Wikipedia
Formal conversation, often between opposing viewpoints, on a topic
“Debater” redirects here. For the artificial intelligence project, see project debaters
13th-century illustration of a Jew and a Christian debating in a work by the Jewish convert Petrus Alphonsi
A debate is a process that involves a formal discourse on a specific topic, often with a moderator and an audience. In a debate, arguments are made for often opposing points of view. Debates have historically taken place in public assemblies, academic institutions, debate halls, coffee houses, competitions, and legislative assemblies.[1] Debate has also been conducted for educational and recreational purposes,[2] usually in conjunction with educational institutions and debating clubs.[3] These debates value logical consistency, factual accuracy, and emotional appeal to an audience. [citation needed] Modern forms of competitive debate also include rules for participants to discuss and decide the scope of the debate (how the debate is judged). ).[citation required]
history [edit]
A Debate Among Scholars, Razmnama Illustration
Debate in various forms has a long history and can be traced back to the philosophical and political debates of ancient Greece, such as Athenian democracy or Shastrartha in ancient India. Modern forms of debating and the establishment of debating clubs emerged in the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.
Formation of debating clubs
Debate tonight: whether a man’s wig should be dressed in honey or mustard! A 1795 cartoon satirizing the content of debates. A 1795 cartoon satirizing the content of debates.
Trinity College Dublin has two of Europe’s oldest debating clubs: The Phil, founded in 1683, and The Hist, 1770, inspired by a debating club founded by Edmund Burke in 1747. Debating clubs emerged in London in the early 18th century and soon became a prominent part of London social life.[4] Although debating clubs had existed in London since at least the 1740s, they were exclusive and secret societies. By the mid-18th century, however, London was fostering a vibrant debating society culture, largely due to the increasing membership of London’s growing middle class.[4] The topics of debate covered a wide range of subjects, while the debating clubs admitted participants of all genders and social backgrounds, making them an example for the wider public of the Age of Enlightenment.[5] Debating clubs were a phenomenon associated with the concomitant rise of the public sphere,[6] a sphere of discussion separate from traditional authorities and open to all, functioning as a platform for criticism and the development of new ideas and philosophies.[7]
Many subjects were discussed in the London debating societies of the 18th century. This is a cover page for a eulogy to marriage and family life, c. 1780
John Henley, a clergyman,[8] founded an oratory in 1726 with the main purpose of “reforming the manner in which such public presentations should be conducted.”[9] He made extensive use of the printing industry to promote his events oratorio and is therefore a ubiquitous part of the London public. Henley was also instrumental in the construction of the debating club: he added two platforms to his space in London’s Newport borough to allow for the staging of debates and structured the entrances to allow for the collection of entries. These changes were further implemented when Henley moved his business to Lincoln’s Inn Fields. The public was now willing to pay for entertainment, and Henley took advantage of this increasing commercialization of British society.[10] By the 1770s debating clubs were firmly established in London society.[11]
The year 1785 was crucial: The Morning Chronicle announced on March 27:[12]
The anger at the public debate is now evident in all quarters of the metropolis. Aside from the oratorical gatherings at Carlisle House, Masonic Hall, the Forum, the Spring Gardens, the Cassino, the Miter Tavern, and other polite haunts for debate, we hear that new schools of eloquence are preparing to open in St. Giles, Clare-Market , Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag Fair, Duke’s Place, Billingsgate and The Back of the Borough.
In 1780, 35 differently named societies offered and hosted debates for between 650 and 1200 people.[13] The debate question was introduced by a president or moderator, who then governed the discussion. Speakers were given a certain amount of time to present their point of view and at the end of the debate a vote was taken to make a decision or to adjourn the issue for further debate.[14] Speakers were not permitted to slander or insult other speakers, or to deviate from the subject at hand, again illustrating the value that late eighteenth-century debaters placed on politeness.[11]
Student Debating Clubs[edit]
Princeton University in what would become the United States was home to a number of short-lived student debating clubs in the mid-17th century. The American Whig Society at the university was co-founded in 1769 by future revolutionary James Madison.
The Dialectical and Philanthropic Societies were founded in 1795 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and are still active. They are considered the first of the post-revolutionary debating clubs. [citation required]
The first student debating society in Britain was the St Andrews Debating Society, founded in 1794 as the Literary Society. The Cambridge Union Society was founded in 1815 and claims to be the oldest continuously operating debating society in the world.[15]
Over the next few decades, similar debate societies emerged at several other prominent universities, including the Oxford Union, the Yale Political Union, and the Conférence Olivaint.
Political debate[edit]
Parliamentary debate[edit]
In parliaments and other legislative bodies, members debate proposed legislation before voting on resolutions that become legislation. Debates are usually conducted by proposing a law or amendments to a law, known as amendments. Parliamentary-style debates are structured with two opposing sides, the opposition leader (LO) and the government (GOV).[16] After each side has been given a chance to speak, Members are allowed to reply to the opposing side’s points, after which Members of Parliament discuss the proposal and cast their votes for or against such legislation.[16] The first example of a parliamentary debate took place in Liverpool in 1882.[17]
Although Great Britain invented the system of parliamentary debate, they are not the only modern country to use a parliamentary system. Countries now using a parliamentary system and parliamentary debates include Canada, Italy, Japan, Latvia, the Netherlands and New Zealand.[18]
Emergency debate[ edit ]
In some countries (e.g. Canada[19] and the UK[20]), MPs can request debates on urgent matters of national importance. If the Speaker grants such a request, an urgent debate is normally held before the end of the next day of the session.
In jurisdictions where holders of high political office, such as the president or prime minister, are elected, candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a general election campaign.
US Presidential Debates[ edit ]
Since the general election of 1976, debates between presidential candidates have been part of the US presidential campaign. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or college level, the participants and format are not independently defined. Yet in a campaign season heavily dominated by television advertising, talk radio, sound bites and scriptwriting, they still offer citizens a rare opportunity to see and hear the most important candidates side by side. The format of presidential debates, while defined differently in each election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants from asking questions of one another and limiting discussion of certain issues to short periods of time.
The presidential debates were originally moderated by the League of Women Voters in 1976, 1980, and 1984, and the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) was established in 1987 by the Republican and Democratic parties. The main purpose of the Presidential Debate is to sponsor and produce debates for the Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates of the United States and to conduct research and educational activities related to the debates of the Presidential Debates 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020.
However, in announcing its withdrawal from supporting the debates, the League of Women Voters stated that it was withdrawing “because the demands of the two campaign organizations would commit fraud on American voters.” [21] 2004, the Citizens Debate Commission was formed in hopes of creating an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with a more voter-centric role in defining participants, format and rules.
Competition debates[ edit ]
In competitive debates, teams compete against each other and are declared winners based on a list of criteria usually based on the concepts of “content, style and strategy”.[22] There are numerous types of competitive debates, organizations and rules.
Competition debates are held at local, national and international levels.[23]
In schools and colleges, competitive debating often takes the form of a competition with explicit rules. It can be conducted by one or more judges or adjudicators. One side supports the proposed status quo (also known as the “affirmative” or “pro” side) and one opposes the proposed status quo (also known as the “negative” or “contra” side). the resolution. The pro side will try to support the solution; the other side must sufficiently refute these arguments. Both sides have to take and defend their own positions and will often debate both sides during a competition.
forms of competitive debate
Australasia Debates[ edit ]
The Australasian style of debate consists of two teams of three people debating an issue. The theme is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with “That” or “This house,” for example, “That cats are better than dogs” or “This house should collect taxes.” Most of the themes are usually specific to local Australian regions to stimulate participant and audience interest.[24]
Each of the six speakers (three positive and three negative) speak to each other in turn, beginning with the positive team. The order of speaking is as follows: first affirmation, first negation, second affirmation, second negation, third affirmation, and finally third negation.[25] The debate ends with a closing statement from the last speaker on each team. “Points of Information” (an interrupting question or statement), more commonly known as “POIs”, are used in debates at the Australian and New Zealand secondary school level.
The context in which the Australasian debate style is used varies, but in Australia and New Zealand it is primarily used at the primary and secondary school levels.[26]
European square debate[ edit ]
This is a Parisian-style inspired format with four teams always featuring France, United Kingdom, Germany, and then another major European nation (e.g. Russia). These “nations” then face each other as part of two broad coalitions in a political debate on European issues.[27][28] Each team consists of two speakers (the prime minister and the foreign minister). The debate begins with the first speaker from France, followed by the first speaker from Germany (opposite side), followed by the second speaker from France and the second speaker from Germany. The debate continued with the UK first speaker, followed by the Russian first speaker, and continued with their respective second speakers. Each debater speaks for 5 minutes. The first and the last minute are protected time: no points of information may be queried. During the remainder of the speech, the speaker can be interrupted by Points of Information (POIs) from the other countries (debaters from France and Great Britain can post POIs to debaters representing Germany and Russia, and vice versa). The format forces each debater to develop a winning strategy while respecting the coalition. This format was developed jointly by the Franco-British Comparative Project[29] and Declan McCavanna, FDA Chair[30] and included France, UK, Germany, Russia and Italy.
Spontaneous speaking[edit]
Spontaneous speaking is a style of debate that involves no advance planning and two teams with a first and second speaker. While a majority of the judges allow the debaters to cite current events and various statistics, the only research allowed is the articles given to the debaters along with the resolution just before the debate.[31] The debate begins with a positive constructive speech by the first speaker, followed by a negative one; then a positive or negative constructive speech from the second speaker. Each of these speeches lasts six minutes, followed by two minutes of cross-examination. There is then a positive and negative refutation of the first speaker and a negative and positive refutation of the second speaker. These speeches are each four minutes long. During the rebuttals, no new points can be introduced into the debate.[31]
This style of debate typically focuses on three main points of contention (although a team can use more or fewer). For the affirmative side to win, all negative claims must be defeated and all affirmative claims must be allowed to stand. Most of the information presented in the debate needs to be included or “tagged out” in support of one of these claims. Much of spontaneous speaking is similar to public forum debate and political debate. However, in several areas, particularly in the United States, extemporaneous speech is considered a form of speech considered separate from debate, or even a form of debate involving multiple types of events.[32]
Spontaneous debate[edit]
Improvised debates are a relatively informal style of debate compared to other highly structured debate formats. Similar to impromptu debate, the topic for the debate is given to the participants between fifteen and twenty minutes before the debate begins. The debate format is relatively simple; Each team member from each side takes turns speaking for five minutes. There follows a 10-minute discussion period, similar to the “open cross-examination” time of other formats, and then a 5-minute break (comparable to the preparation time of other formats). After the break, each team gives a 4-minute rebuttal.[31]
Spontaneous debates are often viewed more as public speaking, as speeches can range between stand-up routines and the reputation of nations, depending on the topic given to the participants. At the beginning of the event, participants receive a list of abstract topics and create a speech on their chosen topic.[31]
Jes debates[ edit ]
This style of debate is particularly popular in Ireland at secondary school level. [According to whom?] The format was developed [when?] in Coláiste Iognáid (Galway) over the last ten years and has five speakers: two teams and a single one. Sweep Speaker’ on each side. [clarification needed] Speeches last 4:30 minutes with 30 seconds of protection from POIs at each end of the debate. The decision depends on the BP (British Parliament) assessment, [further explanation needed], but with special recognition of principled debate. A ten-minute open house will also be decided. Traditionally, the motion is always against the final vote.
Lincoln-Douglas debate [ edit ]
The Lincoln-Douglas debate is primarily a form of the United States high school debate (although there is a college Lincoln-Douglas debate) and is named for the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. [citation needed] It is a one-on-one event that applies philosophical theories to real-world problems. The debaters usually switch sides from round to round, either as “affirmative”, which upholds the resolution, or “negative”, which attacks it. The resolution, which changes every two months and generally asks whether a particular policy or action equates to a particular value.
Although established as an alternative to political debate, there has been a strong movement to adopt certain techniques that have their origins in political debate. The traditional L-D debate tries to be free of political debate “jargon”. Lincoln-Douglas speech rates can range from conversational pace to well over 300 words per minute. [citation needed] This technique of fast-talking is often referred to as straddling and is also widely used in political debates.
Debate mace[edit]
The Mace debate style is widespread in the UK and Ireland at school level and consists of two teams of two people debating a motion that one team proposes and the other opposes.[33] Each speaker delivers a seven-minute speech in sequence; 1st Proposal, 1st Objection, 2nd Proposal, 2nd Objection. After the first minute of each speech, members of the opposing team can request a Point of Information (POI). If the speaker accepts, they may ask a question. POIs are used to attack a speaker at a weak point or to argue against something the speaker said.[34] After all four debaters have spoken, the debate will open in which members of the audience will question the teams. Finally, one speaker from each team speaks for 4 minutes. In these summary speeches, the speaker answers questions posed by the Word and the opposition before summarizing his own key points. The MACE debate format is beginner-friendly and prepares students for BP’s parliamentary debate (which it is modeled after).[34]
mock trial[ edit ]
United Nations model[ edit ]
Moot court[edit]
Oxford-style debate[ edit ]
Derived from the Oxford Union debating society of the University of Oxford, Oxford-style debating is a competitive debate format with a clearly assigned motion proposed by one side and rejected by another. Oxford-style debates follow a formal structure that begins with viewers voting ahead of the debate on the motion, which is either for, against, or a tie. Each panelist presents a seven-minute opening statement, after which the moderator answers audience questions with challenges between panels.[35] Finally, each panelist delivers a two-minute closing argument, and the audience casts their second (and final) vote to compare with the first.[36] A winner is then determined either by majority or by which team moved more viewers between the two votes.[37]
Parisian-style debate[edit]
At the Paris debate, two teams of five debate a specific motion. One team tries to defend the move while the other team attacks the move. The debate is judged on the quality of the arguments, the strength of the rhetoric, the charisma of the speaker, the quality of the humour, the ability to think independently and the ability to work in a team. Although this format is used specifically in France, debates are commonly held in English.
The first speaker of the proposal (Prime Minister) opens the debate, followed by the first speaker of the opposition (shadow Prime Minister), then the second speaker of the proposal, and so on.
Each speaker speaks for 6 minutes. After the first minute and before the last minute, the opposing team’s debaters can ask for points of information, which the speaker can accept or decline at will (although he should accept at least two). [citation required]
The French Debating Federation[30] organizes its national debating championship in this style.[38]
Parliamentary debate[edit]
Parliamentary debate is conducted under rules originally derived from British parliamentary procedure, although parliamentary debate now has several variations including American, Brazilian, British, Canadian and German forms. It offers competition from individuals in a multi-person environment. It borrows terms such as ‘government’ and ‘opposition’ from the British Parliament (although the term ‘proposal’ rather than ‘government’ is sometimes used in UK debates).[39]
Parliamentary debate is practiced worldwide and many international variations have been created. The most important event in the world of parliamentary debate is the World Universities Debating Championship. This tournament will be conducted in the traditional British parliamentary debate style.[40]
Parliamentary Debate (American) [ edit ]
In the United States, the American Parliamentary Debate Association is the oldest national parliamentary debate organization based on the East Coast and affiliated with the Ivy League.[41] The more recently founded National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is now the largest collegial sponsor. [according to who?]
Parliamentary debate (Brazilian) [ edit ]
The Brazilian parliamentary debate includes a “proposal team” that will support the motion and an “opposition team” that will reject the motion. In contrast to the British parliamentary debate, the Brazilian debate uses the term “proposal” instead of “government” since [Brazil] has a congressional government rather than [parliament].[42] Therefore, teams can either support or oppose the issue in the session of Congress. [citation needed] Therefore, speakers at the debate are called “First Member of the Proposal”, “First Member of the Opposition”, “Second Proposal”. etc.
It is the most common competitive debate style used in Brazil. It is used in the official competitions of the Instituto Brasileiro de Debates (Brazilian Debate Institute). At Parli Brasil, each speaker speaks for 7 minutes, with a 15-second tolerance after that. After the first minute and before the last minute, the other team’s debaters can ask for points of information, which the speaker can accept or reject at will (although he should accept at least one). [citation needed] Another key difference between the Brazilian scene and the World Cups is that Brazilian tournaments present issues weeks before the tournament, with the motion not being presented until 15 minutes before the debate, as is usual with BP. Some tournaments like GV Debate and Open de Natal also change this. The presence of issues makes some differences in strategy compared to general parliamentary debate.
However, there is no unique model in Brazil as many club debates arose before the formation of “Parli Brazil” and not all have changed their rules. This is the case, for example, with the UFC Debate Society founded in 2010 in Fortaleza (“Sociedade de Debates da UFC”).[43] In 2013 the UFRN Debate Society was founded and made some changes based on the old “Clube de Debates de Natal”.[44] The “Parli Brazil” model only began its activities in 2014 with the holding of the I Brazilian Championship of Debates in the city of Belo Horizonte, the second edition in the city of Fortaleza, and the third is scheduled to take place in the city of Florianópolis.[45] Since then they have also been founded as UFSC Debate Society (“Sociedade de Debates da UFSC”)[46] in 2014 and UFRJ Debate Society (“Sociedade de Debates da UFRJ”)[47] on 25 June 2015 and others.
Parliamentary debate (British) [ edit ]
Four teams are involved in the UK Parliament (BP) debate: two ‘proposal’ teams, who support the motion, and two ‘opposition’ teams, who oppose it (with one team opening the debate and one on each page closes).[48] Each side’s closing team must either introduce a new point or improve on a previous point by the opening team. In a round of competition, teams are ranked first through fourth, with first-placed team receiving 3 points, second-placed 2, third-placed 1, and fourth-placed no points. This is the style used by the World Universities Debating Championship (WUDC).[40]
But even within the United Kingdom, the British parliamentary style is not used exclusively; The English-Speaking Union (ESU) holds national championships for both universities (John Smith Memorial Mace) and schools (ESU Schools Mace) (including representation from Ireland) in a unique “Mace” format named after the competition , although there are numerous standalone BP competitions run throughout the year by universities and schools across the UK and Ireland.[34]
Parliamentary debate (Canadian) [ edit ]
The Canadian Parliament’s debate style includes a “government” team and an “opposition” team. On the “Government” side, there is the “Prime Minister” and the “Minister of the Crown”. On the “opposition” side, there is the “opposition leader” and the “shadow minister”. However, unlike a cross-examination-style debate – another predominant style of debate in Canada – the parliamentary debate incorporates parliamentary rules and allows breaks for points of order.
In very few cases, the request may be squirrelable. [citation required] This means that the assigned proposal is not intended for debate and can even be a quote from a movie or a song.” The team then “turns” the proposal into something debatable by making a series of logical connections between the proposed one motion and the one proposed for debate. This makes the debate similar to a prepared debate for the government team and an impromptu debate for the opposition team.
In Canada, debating tournaments may involve a mixture of parliamentary and cross-examination style debate, or be entirely of one style or the other. Contest debates will be held in English, French or bilingually – with approximately 50% of the content required in each language.[citation needed]
Parliamentary Open Debate [OPD] (German) [ edit ]
The open parliamentary debate (OPD) is a German competitive debate format. It was developed by the debating club Streitkultur Tübingen and used for the first time in a tournament in 2001.[49] It aims to combine the advantages of parliamentary debates and public debates: each of the two teams has three speakers, in addition the debate includes three independent “free speakers”. Clubs using OPD exist in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy.[50]
Political debate[ edit ]
Political debate is a fast-paced form of speech most commonly found in the United States. The policy debate consists of two teams of two opposing a resolution (usually a proposed policy for the United States federal government). [citation needed] Affirmative teams generally come up with a proposal to implement the resolution. The negatives will either attempt to refute or undermine that plan, or demonstrate that the opportunity cost of their opponent’s plan is so high that it should not be pursued. Die Grundsatzdebatte wird manchmal auch als Kreuzverhör-Debatte (abgekürzt Kreuz-X) bezeichnet, da nach jeder konstruktiven Rede eine dreiminütige Fragerunde folgt. [citation required]
Öffentliche Debatte [Bearbeiten]
Öffentliche Debatte kann einfach eine Debatte durch die Öffentlichkeit oder in der Öffentlichkeit bedeuten. Der Begriff wird auch für einen bestimmten formalen Debattenstil in einem Wettbewerbs- oder Bildungskontext verwendet. Zwei Zweierteams treten in sechs Argumentationsrunden gegeneinander an und halten überzeugende Reden zu einem bestimmten Thema.[51]
Öffentliches Forum debattieren [ bearbeiten ]
„Public Forum“-Debatten kombinieren Aspekte sowohl der politischen Debatte als auch der Lincoln-Douglas-Debatte, machen sie aber für die breite Öffentlichkeit leicht verständlich, indem sie kürzere Redelängen, das Fehlen von Jargon und längere Frageperioden haben, die als „Kreuzfeuer“ bezeichnet werden Debattierer interagieren. Diese Form der Debatte ist auch darauf ausgelegt, aktuelle Angelegenheiten anzusprechen, mit Themen, die sich monatlich ändern und sich sowohl mit der US-Politik als auch mit internationalen Themen befassen. Diese Form der Debatte findet sich vor allem in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die Kerngrundlage dieser Art von Debatte ist, dass jeder berechtigt ist, Richter für die Debatte zu werden, im Gegensatz zur Grundsatzdebatte oder der Lincoln-Douglas-Debatte, die mehr Erfahrung in der Debatte erfordert, um zu urteilen.
Tibetisch-buddhistische Debatte [Bearbeiten]
Dies ist eine traditionelle buddhistische Form des Debattierens, die von früheren indischen Formen beeinflusst wurde.[52] Dieser in Tibet weitgehend entwickelte Stil umfasst zwei Personen, von denen einer als Herausforderer (Fragesteller) und der andere als Verteidiger (Antworter) fungiert. Die Debattierer müssen sich auf ihr Auswendiglernen der Lehrpunkte, Definitionen, Illustrationen und sogar des gesamten Textes verlassen, zusammen mit ihrem eigenen Maß an Verständnis, das sie durch Unterricht und Studium gewonnen haben.
Zu Beginn einer Debatte klatscht der stehende Herausforderer in die Hände und rezitiert die Keimsilbe von [Manjushri], „Dhih“. Manjushri ist die Manifestation der Weisheit aller Buddhas und als solche die besondere Gottheit der Debatte. [Wem zufolge?]
Ein Merkmal des tibetisch-buddhistischen Debattierstils sind die Handgesten der Debattierer. Wenn der Herausforderer zum ersten Mal seine Frage an den sitzenden Verteidiger stellt, wird seine rechte Hand über der Schulter auf Kopfhöhe gehalten und die linke Hand mit nach oben gerichteter Handfläche nach vorne gestreckt. Am Ende ihrer Aussage setzt der Herausforderer Akzente, indem er laut in die Hände klatscht und gleichzeitig mit dem linken Fuß aufstampft. Sie ziehen dann sofort ihre rechte Hand mit nach oben gehaltener Handfläche zurück und halten gleichzeitig ihre linke Hand mit nach unten gerichteter Handfläche vor. Diese Bewegung des Zurückziehens und Klatschens wird mit dem Fluss der Bewegungen eines Tänzers ausgeführt. [Neutralität ist umstritten] Das Ausstrecken der linken Hand nach dem Klatschen symbolisiert das Schließen der Tür zur Wiedergeburt im hilflosen Zustand der zyklischen Existenz. [Neutralität ist umstritten] Die Zeichnung Rücken und Aufrichten der rechten Hand symbolisiert den Willen, alle fühlenden Wesen aus dem Daseinskreislauf zu erheben und sie in der Allwissenheit der Buddhaschaft zu etablieren. Die linke Hand repräsentiert „Weisheit“ – das „Gegenmittel“ zur zyklischen Existenz. Die rechte Hand repräsentiert „Methode“ [nach wem?] – die altruistische Absicht, erleuchtet zu werden, motiviert durch große Liebe und Mitgefühl für alle fühlenden Wesen. Das Klatschen repräsentiert eine Vereinigung von Methode und Weisheit.[53]
Turncoat-Debatte [ bearbeiten ]
In this style of debating, the same speaker shifts allegiance between “For” and “Against” the motion. It is a solo contest, unlike other debating forms. Here, the speaker is required to speak for 2 minutes “For the motion”, 2 minutes “Against the motion”, and finally draw up a 1-minute conclusion in which the speaker balances the debate. At the end of the fifth minute, the debate will be opened to the house, in which members of the audience will put questions to the candidate, which they will have to answer. In the Turncoat format, emphasis is on transitions, the strength of argument, and the balancing of opinions.[clarification needed]
International groups and events [ edit ]
Asian Universities Debating Championship [ edit ]
United Asian Debating Championship is the biggest university debating tournament in Asia, where teams from the Middle East to Japan [54][55] come to debate. It is traditionally hosted in Southeast Asia, where participation is usually highest compared to other parts of Asia.[56]
Asian debates are largely an adaptation of the Australasian format. The only difference is that each speaker is given 7 minutes of speech time, and there will be points of information (POI) offered by the opposing team between the 2nd to 6th minutes of the speech. This means that the 1st and 7th minute is considered the ‘protected’ period where no POIs can be offered to the speaker.[55]
The debate will commence with the Prime Minister’s speech (first proposition) and will be continued by the first opposition. This alternating speech will go on until the third opposition. Following this, the opposition bench will give the reply speech. In the reply speech, the opposition goes first and then the proposition. The debate ends when the proposition ends the reply speech. 4 minutes is allocated for the reply speech, and no POI’s can be offered during this time.[citation needed]
International Public Debate Association [ edit ]
The International Public Debate Association (IPDA), inaugurated on February 15, 1997, at St. Mary’s University (Texas) in San Antonio, Texas, is a national debate league currently active primarily in the United States. Among universities, it is unlikely that IPDA is the fastest growing debate association within the United States.[citation needed] Although evidence-based arguments are used, the central focus of IPDA is to promote a debate format that emphasizes public speaking and real-world persuasion skills over the predominant use of evidence and speed.[according to whom?] To further this goal, IPDA predominantly uses lay judges in order to encourage an audience-centered debate style.[citation needed] Furthermore, although the main goal of the debater is to persuade the judge, IPDA also awards the best speakers within each tournament.
IPDA offers both “team debating” where two teams, consisting of two people, debate and individual debate. In both team and individual debate a list of topics are given to the two sides thirty minutes before the start of the round. A negotiation ensues to pick a topic. The sides, one affirming the resolution and one negating the resolution, then prepare an opening speech, a cross-examination of the other side, and closing remarks for the round.
While most member programs of the International Public Debate Association are associated with colleges or universities, participation in IPDA tournaments is open to anyone whose education level is equivalent to high school graduate or higher.[according to whom?]
World Universities Peace Invitational Debate (WUPID) [ edit ]
WUPID is an invitational tournament that employs the BP or Worlds format of debating. It invites the top 30 debating institutions in accordance with the list provided by the World Debate Website administered by Colm Flynn. If any or some of the teams cannot participate then replacements would be called in from the top 60 teams or based on strong recommendations from senior members of the University Debating community.[citation needed]
WUPID was first held in December 2007, with Sydney University being crowned champion. The second installation in 2008 saw Monash taking the trophy home. The third WUPID was held in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in December 2009. The first two tournaments were co-hosted by Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UNIKL).[citation needed]
WUPID was the brainchild of Daniel Hasni Mustaffa, Saiful Amin Jalun, and Muhammad Yunus Zakariah. They were all former debaters for UPM who took part at all possible levels of debating, from the Malaysian nationals to the World Championship.[citation needed]
Youth Debate [ edit ]
In youth debate, students typically either have classroom debates moderated and graded by teachers or they participate as pairs in inter-school debate competitions.
Structure[edit]
Classroom debate [ edit ]
In classroom debates, the topics of the debate are related to course content and material and during the debate, students on either side put forth arguments and proposals relating to class content as well as defenses of their own argument against the opposing side.[57] The teacher and peers of the students participating in the debate make up the judging panel and upon conclusion of the debate, the winners are announced and students are given constructive feedback about how well they understood the course material and how effective their arguments were.[57]
Debate tournaments [ edit ]
Inter-school youth debate tournaments typically follow the format of Policy debate with teams of two participating in three to five debate rounds about any topic and each round lasting around 90 minutes.[58] Groups and organizations for youth that are under the nation-wide Urban debate league follow this model of debate.
Potential Benefits and Outcomes [ edit ]
The main goals of classroom debate and inter-school debate tournaments are to encourage youth participation in debate, help students develop their communication and listening skills and ability to draw from given information, as well as to make and defend against arguments with logical and rational thinking.[59] Another goal of youth debate is to serve underrepresented school districts and populations and to provide students in those areas with the tools and skills to succeed in their academics and in society.[60] In fact, a major population of young students that are part of debate leagues are Black, Latinx, or receiving some form of financial assistance.[61] Classroom debates and debate tournaments also provide spaces for youth to make their voices heard on public issues such as climate change, voter disenfranchisement, and immigration.[60]
Several researchers state that participation in extracurricular activities like debate brings positive benefits for children including increased standardized test scores and better behavioral performance.[61] Other researchers argue that there is no conclusive evidence that proves that there is a direct correlation between student participation in extracurriculars and behavioral or academic progress.[62][63] Despite this, many debate organizations believe that extracurricurals, debate in particular, indeed have positive behavioral, social, and academic impacts on children like the Boston Debate League, a Boston-based organization that hosts debate competitions for middle and high-schoolers, stating that their mission is “to integrate argumentation and competitive debate into public schools in Boston to develop critical thinkers ready for college, career, and engagement with the world around them.”[64]
Other forms of debate [ edit ]
Online debating [ edit ]
With the increasing popularity and availability of the Internet, differing opinions arise frequently.[citation needed] Though they are often expressed via flaming and other forms of argumentation, which consist primarily of assertions, formalized debating websites do exist. The debate-style varies from site to site, with local communities and cultures developing. Some sites promote a contentious atmosphere that can border on “flaming” (the personal insult of your opponent, also known as a type of ad hominem fallacy), while others strictly police such activities and strongly promote independent research and more structured arguments.[citation needed]
debate.org, debatewise.org, debatepedia.org and idebate.org are known as debate portals.[65] Rulesets on various sites usually serve to enforce or create the culture envisioned by the site’s owner, or in some more open communities, the community itself.[citation needed] Policing post content, style, and structure combine with frequent use of “reward” systems (such as reputation, titles, and forum permissions) to promote activities seen as productive while discouraging unwelcomed actions.[citation needed] These cultures vary sufficiently that most styles can find a home. Some online debate communities and forums practice Policy Debate through uploaded speeches and preset word counts to represent time limits present in the physical debate.[66] These virtual debates typically feature long periods of theoretical prep time, as well as the ability to research during a round.
Originally most debate sites were little more than online or bulletin boards. Since then, site-specific development has become increasingly common in facilitating different debate styles.[citation needed]
Debate shows [ edit ]
Debates have also been made into a television show genre.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
International high-school debating
International university debating
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