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The density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).This statement means one cubic centimetre volume of brass has a mass of 8.4 g.Density of Brass is 8530 kg/m3.
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Brass density values, grouped by weight and shown as value of density, unit of density.
| 8.4 | g/cm³ |
|---|---|
| 124.21 | g/tbsp |
| 41.4 | g/tsp |
| Material | Density ( pounds / cubic inch ) |
|---|---|
| Brass | 0.3048 |
| Cast Iron | 0.26 |
| Copper | 0.321 |
| Lead | 0.409 |
Table of Contents
What does 1 cubic inch of brass weigh?
| Material | Density ( pounds / cubic inch ) |
|---|---|
| Brass | 0.3048 |
| Cast Iron | 0.26 |
| Copper | 0.321 |
| Lead | 0.409 |
What is the density of brass?
The density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).
What do you mean by density of brass is 8.4 g/cm 3?
This statement means one cubic centimetre volume of brass has a mass of 8.4 g.
What is the density of brass in KG?
Density of Brass is 8530 kg/m3.
Wikipedia
Brass is the generic term for a range of copper-zinc alloys. Brass can be alloyed with zinc in varying proportions resulting in a material with different mechanical, corrosive and thermal properties. Increased amounts of zinc impart improved strength and ductility to the material. Brasses with a copper content greater than 63% are the most ductile of all copper alloys and are formed by complex cold working operations. Brass has higher formability than bronze or zinc. Brass’s relatively low melting point and fluidity make it a relatively easy material to cast. The surface color of brass can range from red to yellow to gold to silver depending on the zinc content. Some of the most common applications for brass alloys are costume jewelry, locks, hinges, gears, bearings, hose couplings, ammo cases, car radiators, musical instruments, electronic packaging and coins. Brass and bronze are common construction materials in modern architecture and are mainly used for roofing and facade cladding due to their appearance.
summary
Name Brass phase solid at STP Density 8530 kg/m3 Tensile strength 315 MPa Yield strength 95 MPa Young’s modulus 110 GPa Brinell hardness 100 BHN Melting point 677 °C Thermal conductivity 120 W/mK Heat capacity 380 J/g K Price $5/kg
density of brass
In words, the density (ρ) of a substance is the total mass (m) of that substance divided by the total volume (V) occupied by that substance. The usual SI unit is kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). The English standard unit is pounds of mass per cubic foot (lbm/ft3).
The density of brass is 8530 kg/m3.
Example: density
Calculate the height of a brass cube weighing one ton.
Solution:
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m/V
Since the volume of a cube is the cube of its sides (V = a3), the height of that cube can be calculated:
The height of this cube is then a = 0.489 m.
material density
Mechanical properties of brass
Materials are often chosen for various applications because they exhibit desirable combinations of mechanical properties. For structural applications, material properties are critical and engineers must take them into account.
strength of brass
In materials mechanics, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without fracture or plastic deformation. The strength of materials essentially considers the relationship between external stresses applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. The strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without breaking or plastic deformation.
Ultimate tensile strength
The tensile strength of cartridge brass – UNS C26000 is about 315 MPa.
Tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. This corresponds to the maximum stress that a tensioned structure can withstand. Tensile strength is often abbreviated to “tensile strength” or even “ultimate tensile strength”. When this voltage is applied and maintained, rupture occurs. This value is often well above the yield point (up to 50 to 60 percent more than the yield point for some types of metal). When a ductile material reaches its ultimate strength, it undergoes necking where the cross-sectional area locally decreases. The stress-strain curve does not contain a higher stress than the breaking strength. Even if the deformations can continue to increase, the stress usually decreases after reaching the final strength. It’s an intense quality; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the specimen. However, it depends on other factors such as B. the preparation of the sample, the presence or absence of surface defects and the temperature of the test environment and the material. The tensile strength ranges from 50 MPa for aluminum to 3000 MPa for very high-strength steels.
profitability
The yield strength of cartridge brass – UNS C26000 is about 95 MPa.
The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Yield strength or yield strength is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically, while yield strength is the point at which non-linear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. Before the yield point, the material deforms elastically and returns to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is exceeded, some of the deformation is permanent and irreversible. Some steels and other materials exhibit a behavior called the yield point phenomenon. Yield strengths range from 35 MPa for low-strength aluminum to more than 1400 MPa for very high-strength steels.
Young’s modulus of elasticity
The modulus of elasticity of cartridge brass – UNS C26000 is about 110 GPa.
The modulus of elasticity is the modulus of elasticity for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity range of a uniaxial deformation and is usually determined by tensile tests. Up to a limit stress, a body can regain its dimensions after unloading. The applied stresses cause the atoms in a crystal to move from their equilibrium position. All atoms are shifted by the same amount and still maintain their relative geometry. When the stresses are removed, all the atoms return to their original positions and no permanent deformation occurs. According to Hooke’s law, stress is proportional to strain (in the elastic regime) and the slope is Young’s modulus. The modulus of elasticity is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain.
hardness of brass
The Brinell hardness of cartridge brass – UNS C26000 is approximately 100 MPa.
The Rockwell hardness test is one of the most common indentation hardness tests developed for hardness testing. Unlike the Brinell test, the Rockwell tester measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (large load) compared to the depth of penetration of a preload (small load). The low load establishes the zero position. The main load is applied and then removed while the secondary load is still maintained. The Rockwell hardness number is calculated from the difference in penetration depth before and after application of the main load. That is, penetration depth and hardness are inversely proportional. The main benefit of Rockwell hardness is the ability to display hardness values directly. The result is a dimensionless number, notated as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc., where the last letter is the appropriate Rockwell scale.
The Rockwell C test is performed with a Brale penetrator (120° diamond cone) and a main load of 150 kg.
Example: strength
Assume a plastic rod which is made of brass. This plastic rod has a cross-sectional area of 1 cm2. Calculate the tensile force required to reach the maximum tensile strength for this material, which is: UTS = 315 MPa.
Solution:
The stress (σ) can be equated to the stress per unit area or the force (F) applied per cross-sectional area (A) perpendicular to the force as:
Therefore, the tensile force required to reach the ultimate tensile strength is:
F = UTS x A = 315 x 106 x 0.0001 = 31,500 N
strength of the material
elasticity of materials
hardness of materials
Thermal properties of brass
Thermal properties of materials relate to the response of materials to changes in their temperature and to the application of heat. When a solid absorbs energy in the form of heat, its temperature increases and its dimensions increase. But different materials respond differently to the application of heat.
Heat capacity, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity are properties that are often critical in the practical use of solids.
melting point of brass
The melting point of cartridge brass – UNS C26000 is around 950°C.
In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a state where the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium.
thermal conductivity of brass
The thermal conductivity of cartridge brass – UNS C26000 is 120 W/(m.K).
The heat transfer properties of a solid material are measured by a property called thermal conductivity k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies to all matter regardless of its state (solid, liquid or gas), so it is also defined for liquids and gases.
The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends on the pressure. In general:
Most materials are nearly homogeneous, so we can usually write k = k(T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y and z directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.
Example: Calculation of heat transfer
Thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat (in watts) that is transferred through a square area of material of a given thickness (in meters) due to a temperature difference. The lower the material’s thermal conductivity, the greater the material’s ability to resist heat transfer.
Calculate the heat flow rate through a wall with an area of 3 m x 10 m (A = 30 m2). The wall is 15 cm thick (L 1 ) and is made of brass with a thermal conductivity of k 1 = 120 W/m.K (poor thermal insulator). Assume the inside and outside temperatures are 22 °C and -8 °C and the convective heat transfer coefficients on the inside and outside are h 1 = 10 W/m2K and h 2 = 30 W/m2K , respectively. Note that these convection coefficients are particularly highly dependent on ambient and indoor conditions (wind, humidity, etc.).
Calculate the heat flow (heat loss) through this wall.
Solution:
As previously written, many of the heat transfer processes involve compound systems and even a combination of conduction and convection. With these composite systems, it is often useful to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient, which is referred to as the U-factor. The U-factor is defined by an expression analogous to Newton’s law of cooling:
The overall heat transfer coefficient is related to the overall thermal resistance and depends on the geometry of the problem.
Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer through the plane wall and ignoring radiation, the total heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as follows:
The total heat transfer coefficient is then: U = 1 / (1/10 + 0.15/120 + 1/30) = 7.43 W/m2K
The heat flow can then be easily calculated as: q = 7.43 [W/m2K] x 30 [K] = 222.91 W/m2
The total heat loss through this wall is: q loss = q . A = 222.91 [W/m2] x 30 [m2] = 6687.31 W
melting point of materials
thermal conductivity of materials
What is the weight of brass?
| Substance | kg/m3 | |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminium | 2,720 | |
| Brass: | – Red | 8,720 |
| – Yellow | 8,480 | |
| – Forging | 8,400 |
Wikipedia
Miscellaneous substance kg/m3 lbs/ft3 asbestos 2,800 175 beeswax 950 59 bones 2000 125 Kampfer 1000 62 charcoal 550 34 tone 2.600 162 glass 2,800 175 Gum Arabic 925 58 Ivory 1.925 120 Leyse) (400 87 ICE 55 ocher 3,500 219 paper 950 59 paraffin 900 56 pitch 1,075 67 porcelain 2,400 150 rock salt 2,175 136 gum, hard 1,200 75 gum, soft 1,100 69 sugar 1,600 100 wax (paraffin) 1,800 112 metal, 20 lb/7 brass : – Red 8.720 545 – Yellow 8.480 530 – Forge 8.400 525 bronze 8.960 560 1,280 1.205 iron – pure 13.520 845 Nickel 8.880 555 Platinum 21.440 Silver 10.480 655 silver, sterling 10.320 steel – cold 8,000 500 – cob 760 485 – Tungsten 8.080 505 – Pileless 8.000 500 Tin – Pure Tin 7.264 45 4 – Tin Babbit 7.520 470 Titanium 4.480 280 Tungsten 19.280 1.205 Zinc 7.120 445 Wood Substance kg/m3 lbs/ft3 Apple 825 5 825 25 Apple 825 Bamboo 400 25 Cedar 550 34 Ebony 1,200 75 Lign um-vitae 1,325 83 Mahogany 650 41 Oak 900 56 White Pine 500 31 Yellow Pine 600 37 Teak Indian 875 55 Teak African 975 61 Willow 600 37 Note: These figures are for seasoned wood only. Green wood is much heavier due to its water content. Wood heavier than 1,000 kg/m3 will not float in water. Stone substance KG/M3 LBS/FT3 ACHAT 2700 169 ALABASTER 2775 173 AMBER 1100 69 BIOTITITT 3050 191 brick 1600 100 Calamine 4475 2,000 188 KLEIDE 2000 125 Tinabar 8100 87 Coke 1000 200 20025 176 87 COKE 1000 62 Diamant 3200 200 200. Feldspat 2650 166 Flint 2625 164 Galena 7450 466 granate 3675 granite 2725 170 Hämatit 5125 Magnetite 5125 320 Marble 2725 170 Opal 2200 309 curd 2650 166 Sandstone 2700 309 Quarkz 225 2222222222222222225250 2250 141 SOAPSTONE 2700 0. TOPZ 3550 166 SOPSTONE 2250 141 SOAPSTONE 2700 0. TOPZ 3550 166 SOPSTONE 225.
Note:
The weights given in these tables are necessarily approximate; The variation within a substance class can be large. I took an average weight per cubic meter for a given substance and rounded it to the nearest 25 kilograms. The exception is the metal table, since there are rarely large differences in weight between different batches of the same metal, I have given the weight per cubic meter fairly accurately.
Weights in lbs/ft3 have been calculated as 1/16 kg/m3 and rounded to the nearest pound, which should be accurate enough for roleplaying purposes.
Of course, the chances of ever having to calculate the weight of a diamond in cubic feet or meters are infinitesimal, but you never know……..
Which is heavier brass or copper?
Brass vs copper: Weight
The specific gravity of both metals is then compared as a fraction of heavier or lighter density. Having done this, we discovered that copper Is the heaviest with a density of 8930 kg/cu. m. On the other end, brass ranges in density based on its elemental component from 8400 up to 8730 kg/cu.
Wikipedia
An example of two metals that are often confused are copper and brass. When both metals are placed side by side, it can be noticed that copper and brass look vaguely similar. However, there is a slight color difference, it takes a lot of expertise to distinguish the two. To avoid making the wrong choice for your project, educating yourself can be crucial to a successful project. Here is some helpful information to tell the difference between copper and brass.
Is brass high density?
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Density Table of Metals and Alloys.
| Item | Grade | Density (g/cm 3) |
|---|---|---|
| Pure copper | 8.9 | |
| Brass | 59, 62, 65, 68 | 8.5 |
| 80, 85, 90 | 8.7 | |
| 96 | 8.8 |
Wikipedia
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Which is denser brass or steel?
Free-Cutting Brass is eight percent denser than steel, so to make the same 1,000 pieces in brass consumes 314 lbs. (142.4 kg) of half-inch hex rod, 91 lbs.
Wikipedia
Suppose the brass rod is $1.08/lb; that leaded steel costs $0.42/lb; that brass shavings have a recycling value of $0.88/lb and steel shavings have none, and that screw machine time costs $35/hr.
The cost of brass and steel will vary with market conditions, but the assumptions made here are consistent with prices over the last few years. It is not intended to imply that the prices herein are current; however, they fairly reflect the relative market prices of the metals.
Screw machine operators view parts in terms of scrap percentage, i. H. the weight of chips (scrap) produced divided by the total weight of raw material. Most screw machine products have reject rates between 50% and 75%; the rate for the vehicle equipment shown here is 71%. It takes 290 lbs to craft 1,000 of the leaded steel fittings. (131.15 kg) half-inch hex bar stock, including 84 lbs. (38.1 kg) is converted to finished product and 206 lbs. (93.4 kg) remains as chips. Free-cutting brass is eight percent denser than steel, so making the same 1,000 parts from brass uses 314 lbs. (142.4 kg) 1/2 inch hex bar, 91 lbs. (41.3 kg) as product and 223 lbs. (101 kg) as chips.
The raw material cost for 1,000 pieces of steel is 290lb x $0.42/lb $121.80. Steel shavings are disregarded as they have little or no value. The raw material cost for 1,000 brass parts is 314lb x $1.08/lb = $339.12 minus a chip allowance of 223lb x $0.88/lb $142.88. Thus, the net raw material add-on for brass in this example is about 17%, far less than the standard price of the metals would suggest. For steel, it takes 2.53 hours per 1,000 pieces to make the fitting on a standard multi-spindle screwdriver. To account for tool changes, stock replenishments, etc., machinists’ estimates usually include an efficiency factor (typically around 70% for steel, 80% for brass); Therefore, the cost of machining 1,000 parts in steel is (2.53h/M 0.70) x $35/h = $126.39. Brass parts require only 1.56 hr/m machining time and the corresponding cost is (1.56 hr/m – 0.80) x $35/hr = $68.06. Therefore, the cost of making the fitting from steel is $121.80 + $126.39 = $248.19. The brass cost is $142.88 + $68.06 = $210.94. As machined, the brass part costs $37.25/m (15%) less than steel. This is actual production data generated by a Midwest bolt shop that fabricated the fittings in both metals.
The savings don’t end there. The steel fittings must be coated to resist corrosion. Here are some representative coating costs for a selection of common protection systems:
Galvanized Zinc + Dip Chromate $0.14/lb Zinc/Iron $0.35/lb Galvanized Cadmium + Dip Chromate $0.27/lb Zinc/Cobalt $0.40/lb
By using brass and not using the cheapest zinc chromate plating, the fitting shown above costs 19.9% less than steel.
How do you calculate brass?
How to convert one cubic meter into brass? As you know, 1brass = 100 cubic ft. and 1cubic meter= 35.315 cubic feet. So, 1 brass = 100/35.315 = 2.831 cubic meter.
Wikipedia
What is the value of 1 brass?
1 brass is equal to 100 cubic feet volume and it is also used as measuring of surface area of 100 square foot.
Wikipedia
People are wondering how many bricks are needed in 1 brass? 1 brass equals 100 cubic feet in volume and is also used to measure the surface area of 100 square feet. Considering the size of the dumper tractor truck loaded with bricks with a loading area of 8′ × 5′ and a height of up to 2.5′. Now the volume 8′ × 5′ × 2.5′ equals 100 cft.
How many bricks are in 1 brass?
We gave 1 brass = 100 cft
Convert cubic foot volume to cubic meter
We know that 35.3147 cft = 1 m3
100 cft = 100/35.3147 m3 = 2.83168 m3
In India, the standard brick size is a modular brick measuring 190mm × 90mm × 90mm.
Now size of a brick = 190mm × 90mm × 90mm
Value in m3 = 0.190 m × 0.090 m × 0.090 m = 0.001539 m3
Volume of 1 brick = 0.001539 m3
Number of bricks = 1 brass volume/brick volume
Number of stones = 2.83168 m3/ 0.001539 m3
Number of stones = 1839.94 = 1840
Approximately 1840 number of bricks required in 1 brass in carts such as dump trucks, tractor wagons with a capacity of 100 cft, or 1 brass without adding mortar thickness.
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When painters or bricklayers bill for their masonry or masonry work. When calculating the number of bricks in the brick wall for 1 brass, we should also consider the thickness of the mortar. Now the question arises, how many bricks are needed in 1 brass in the masonry.
Brick size = 190mm × 90mm × 90mm
Mortar thickness = 10 mm
Brick size with mortar = 200mm × 100mm × 100mm
Now volume of brick size with mortar = 0.2m × 0.1m × 0.1m = 0.002m3
Number of bricks = 1 brass volume/brick volume
Number of stones = 2.83168 m3/ 0.002 m3
Number of stones = 1415.84 = 1416
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1 brass 10mm & 20mm total weight in kg
How many stones are needed for 1 brass?
1840 bricks needed for 1 brass when loaded into a dump truck or tractor wagon and if you calculate the number of bricks in 1 brass of masonry then 1416 bricks needed in 1 brass. Less number of bricks in 1 brass is required in masonry as mortar thickness is added to brick size.
How do you convert m3 to brass?
1 cubic meter= 35.315 cubic feet. So, 1 brass = 100/35.315 = 2.831 cubic meter. Therefore, 1 m3 is 0.353 brass.
Wikipedia
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Is brass heavy?
The simplest test for you would be a weight test; gold is much heavier than brass, well over twice as heavy, 19.3 g/cm for gold vs. the vicinity of 8.5 g/cm for brass, depending on composition.
Wikipedia
How to tell the difference between gold and brass coins?
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An ongoing discussion that started way back in 2004…
Q. ASAP… PLEASE… I have a coin and I can’t tell if it’s gold or brass. The only test I can do with it is the magnet test. And the magnet will not stick to the coin. But that still doesn’t tell me if it’s brass or gold. I’m kind of a collector and it drives me crazy, I don’t have the means to go and buy something to do the test. I thought I heard that there was a test you could do with regular household items to check for brass. PLEASE HELP!
THANKS VERY MUCH
CYNTHIA H
[Last name deleted by editors for privacy reasons]HOBBYIST – DENVER, COLORADO, USA
^
A. There must be coin dealers and jewelers in Denver who can answer that question “by eye” almost before you cross the threshold of their store, Cynthia, but who can test it immediately if necessary. The easiest test for you would be a weight test; Gold is much heavier than brass, well over twice as heavy, 19.3 g/cm for gold versus about 8.5 g/cm for brass, depending on composition. Look up “Archimedes shift experiment” if you don’t quite understand it. Much luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
Finishing.com – Pine Beach, New Jersey
^
A. Try hydrochloric acid [affil. Link to info/product on Amazon] if it’s a gold coin it won’t be damaged, if it’s brass well who cares…it wasn’t gold anyway. bo king
– Odense, Denmark
^
A. For small metal objects, specific gravity is a very good test. You just need an accurate balance.
1. Weigh object in air
2. Weigh the object immersed in distilled water
3. Calculate density
(mass in air)X(density of liquid)
————————————–
(mass in air)-(mass immersed in liquid)
4. Comparative values: pure gold = 18.88, 18K gold (light yellow) = 15.4, 14K gold (yellow) = 13.6, brass (yellow) = 8.40-8.55, water = 1, 00 (20°C temp.)
Much luck! Goran Budya
– Zagreb, Croatia
^
A Density. Gold is much denser than brass.
Trevor Crichton
R&D practitioner
Chesham, Bucks, UK
^
A. Open up an old fashioned car battery (unfortunately the new ones are sealed). Wrap a small piece of cotton or rag around a long wooden or plastic stick, take out some “battery acid” and touch the coin. If the color or reaction doesn’t change, it’s gold (or at least a very good and thick plate of gold). The safest method remains the leak test. Guillermo Marrufo
Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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A. Take your coin to a pawn shop. You will know the difference. Larry L [last name deleted by editors for privacy reasons]
Equipment Manager – Imperial Beach, California, USA
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A. The easiest method for many jewelers is to rub the brass object between or with your fingers. Brass has a unique odor that transfers to your fingers and is easily recognized. Conversely, rubbing a gold object with your fingers produces no odor at all. dr Alain G Harvey
– Houston, Texas
^
Grr, me too, brass or gold… I will also try to find out if my £2 coin is brass or gold or not using the methods you provided, thanks guys 🙂
Brian R
[Last name deleted by editors for privacy reasons]Consumer – Cornwall, United Kingdom
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A. Gold does not tarnish. Gold is much denser than brass, but it has exactly the same density as tungsten. Nitric acid dissolves almost all metals and alloys except gold. You can also tell the difference by the color. Brass is pale with a yellow tint. I hope it helps. CodyJohnson
– Daniel, Colorado, United States
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A. Rubbing between your fingers is the best way to tell if it smells like anything other than gold! juuan sosa
– Hayward California, United States
^
A. First wash the coin or small object you want to test with warm soapy water and dry it very well. Very easily but carefully place the coin on the upper middle part of your tongue and close your mouth, take a deep breath and taste it, if the coin has a funny taste it’s not gold as gold has no reaction to taste or odor has your mouth, other metals will do, even brass, but if you are in doubt as to whether it is brass or some other metal, you may not want to do this. Good luck, god bless and don’t swallow the coin 🙂 Doug Lang
– Havana, Illinois, United States
^
I bought a crystal ball paperweight with a gold colored angel on it. I wanted to know if it’s brass or not. After reading many different tests, I settled on the rub between fingers test. IT WORKED! My fingers had the most distinct smell afterwards. Now I know it’s brass! Thank you for the help in solving my problem.
sincerely,
Tracy B
– Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
^
Q. I’m trying to determine if a four poster bed (which appears to be brass) is all brass. I made the magnet, it doesn’t stick and it has a unique smell when rubbed on the inside of the pipe. It is very shiny on the outside and looks like dirty copper on the inside. I can’t find any markers. I inherited it from my mother a few years ago. Any help is appreciated.
Dorothy Hurt
– Bakersfield, California, United States
^
A. Hi Dorothy. Sounds like brass to me 🙂
If it wasn’t steel/iron, as demonstrated with a magnet, it would probably just be aluminum – and aluminum should be very light and probably wouldn’t look like dirty copper on the inside. Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
Finishing.com – Pine Beach, New Jersey
^
Q. My father gave me some door knobs, I would like to know if they are brass or real gold. They are heavy, how can I find out which one it is
Elizabeth Schoenner
Student – Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
^
A. That’s easy, Elizabeth: they’re not made of gold 🙂 But if you want to check, there are already many good answers on this page, but check the density like Archimedes did — put the button in one cup of water filled to the brim and catch and weigh the overflowing water. Weigh the button and divide it by the weight of the water it displaced to determine its specific gravity. If the button weighs 19.3 times as much as water, it’s gold. If only 8.5x as much, it’s probably brass. The difference is so great that there should be no ambiguity at all. Much luck. Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
Finishing.com – Pine Beach, New Jersey
^
A. The test is so simple that no mass shift is required. To test gold from brass, even plated brass will indicate this, take an eye drop of silver nitrate and of course the drop will change the face to pure silver. You know that old electron theory, right? Silver nitrate turns gold into silver, but it’s a one-way trip. You cannot create gold with just any molecular mixture. Anthony Nugey
-Rahway, New Jersey
^
A. Update on silver nitrate, I don’t really recommend more than one drop. The silver will wear off because it is atomic’s depth in nature. I realize that silver nitrate is not easy to obtain, check with your local jeweler and it is important if you want a coin uncirculated you cannot touch it. Also, gold does not tarnish like brass. Brass dulls to a grayish color and gold retains its yellow color. But the thought added here is that a brass coin has a specific tone when dropped on a Formica surface, as opposed to a gold coin which has a higher tone. But alas, if you’re only selling it for its element, you’ll find gold scratches and bends easier than brass. Anthony Nugey [returning]
– Linden, NJ, USA
^
Hello Anthony. There are typos in your first answer, but I’m not sure where exactly. I think the main takeaway is that silver nitrate does not produce a silvery deposit on gold. Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
Finishing.com – Pine Beach, New Jersey
^
Q. I have this ring that I can’t tell if it’s gold or brass. When I wear it, the inside turns dark but the outside shines.
Jacob Heinrich
– Nairobi, Kenya
^
Q. I have a large bell that is bronze and beautifully plated – with what appears to be gold. How can I tell if it’s really gold or if the plating is brass? The bell is marked “Gorham + Co.” 04-46.
Craig Loughery
Rotarian, Hobbyist – Ely, Minnesota, USA
^
Q. I have a brass ring with a coin on it, but I want to know if the coin on it is gold. How can I say?
Luise Altu
– United Kingdom
^
Q. I found a piece of metal while walking along the beach on the shore. It was green, covered with a green film that I had to scrape off with a knife. Thinking it was copper (because it turns green) I showed it to a guy who had a metal detector. He said it read like gold. Would gold turn green in sea water? The piece of metal looks raw and unrefined, like it just came out of the earth. Someone tell me what that could be? Thanks very much!
Joey McCormic
– Puyallup, Washington, America
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Q. I found this round, this amulet, this coin, whatever you want to call it. lol I’ve read all your posts about whether it’s brass or gold. On the front is an American flag on the left and a Chinese flag on the right. Between the flag is an eagle on top of the world. The coin reads “United States Marine Corp”. It says “Semper Fidelis” at the bottom, the reverse has some kind of kite with the words “Marine Security Guard Detachment” at the top. The bottom reads “Chengdu, China”.
Jennifer Marth
– Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
^
A. Hi Jennifer. Please google “Marine Security Guard Detachment” and you will understand what it is. You didn’t exactly ask a question and you say you’ve read the suggestions on distinguishing brass from gold, so I’m not sure what you want from us at this point, other than this answer: it’s not gold :- ) Although it has no value to others, it can hold strong sentimental meaning for someone who has served our country in Chengdu, so I urge you to leave a notice on the bulletin boards of shops or hangouts near the place attach it to where you found it. Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
Finishing.com – Pine Beach, New Jersey
^
Q. I recently found a round disc at a thrift store. After posting a picture on FB I found that it is an astrolabe. No tarnishing but a light film which I rubbed with a tissue for a nice shine. It has a slim flat bar that traverses the front and flakes off a bit. Looks like rust underneath. It seems like good value so I’m afraid to add chemicals in case the coating is pitted or more flaking. Arm is magnetic and disc lightweight. Are you thinking of Pot Metal Core? Since it didn’t really tarnish and shone slightly, I’m hoping for gold plating and not brass. Any thoughts?
Glenn Whitaker
– Port-Charlotte, Fla.USA
^
— This entry was appended to this thread by the editor instead of creating a duplicate thread
Q. Hello everyone
I have an alloy that I picked up like nuggets. I invited a friend of mine to test for me. He came back and said it was 75.6 copper, 21.7 zinc, 2.4 silver and 0.2 iron. When I picked them I thought they were gold. When polished, they shine like gold and become very smooth, almost slippery. Can my friend be wrong? You don’t react to anything. What is that brass? Does it have value? You pass all the gold tests. I still haven’t found nitric acid, but other acids can’t harm them. am confused now
ALDERTON NYOKA
Graphic Design – Johannesburg South Africa
^
A. Hello Alderton. I think it’s more likely your tests were wrong than your friend’s 🙁 But a really easy way to know something isn’t gold is to do the Archimedes weight test. Weigh the nuggets then give them place in a glass filled to the brim with water in a bowl that will catch the overflow Divide the weight of the nuggets by the weight of the overflow and you have the density of the nuggets As mentioned earlier on this page where we attached your query gold is about 19.3 times heavier than water and brass is only about 8.5 times heavier than water.
There are other heavy things that this test doesn’t rule out, but the difference between brass and gold will be dramatic. Much luck. Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
Finishing.com – Pine Beach, New Jersey
^
A. The best answer is, take a pencil light or household light and when it discolours, it makes its brass glow red. If it melts it’s gold, if it discolors it’s brass as stated in the question Taking things into account I think this would be the best answer. However, if it’s a valuable coin, you don’t want to melt or deform it, but care could be taken to test not to either. Carl Fuller Jr
Electronic Repair – Kuna Idaho
^
Hello Alderton
Your friend’s analysis shows that you have one of many types of solder alloys. I suspect your “nuggets” were pulled from under a poorly made joint, where they dripped onto the floor.
Just out of interest, I tried the suggested test. I shone my Maglite pencil light on a gold ring… Still waiting for it to get hot.
Geoff Smith
Hampshire, England
^
—-
Ed. Note: Here in the US, Maglite only makes flashlights. But they apparently make torches in the UK 🙂 A. The least invasive way to tell if it’s gold or brass is to take their standard electrode potential with a voltmeter.
Metals: Unknown piece of brass/gold, example copper (electrical wire grade) Electrolyte: salt water or magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts, about 10 grams per 100 ml), a sheet of absorbent paper towel, soak the towel in the electrolyte, place both metals next to each other (they should not touch or touch) if copper metal is cathodic to the sample metal then the unknown metal is brass but if copper is anodic to the sample metal then the unknown metal is gold (even 10k gold is nobler than copper)
Galvanic Cell: Anode (-) vs. Cathode (+) Marvin Sevilla
– Managua, Nicaragua
^
How much does a cubic inch of gold weigh?
One cubic inch of gold converted to pound equals to 0.70 lb. How many pounds of gold are in 1 cubic inch? The answer is: The change of 1 cu in – in3 ( cubic inch ) unit of a gold amount equals = to 0.70 lb ( pound ) as the equivalent measure for the same gold type.
Wikipedia
gold conversion
Quantity: cubic inch (cu in – in3) gold volume
Equivalent to: 0.70 pounds (lb) in mass of gold
Calculate pounds of gold per cubic inch. The Gold Converter.
TOGGLE : reversed from pounds to cubic inches.
Enter a new gold amount in cubic inches to convert from * Enter whole numbers, decimals, or fractions (ex: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8) Enter your amount:
Gold from Cubic Inches to Pounds Conversion Results: Quantity: Cubic Inches (cu in – in3) Gold
Equivalent to: 0.70 pounds (lb) in gold
Fractions: 7/ 10 pounds (lb) in gold
CONVERT: between other gold measurement units – full list.
Solid pure 24k gold lots
This calculation tool is based on pure 24k gold, with a calculated density of 19.282 g/cm3 (24k gold grade, finest raw and bulk gold quantity; sourced from domestic gold, the type we invest in commodity markets by trading forex platform and in commodities futures trading. Both the troy ounce and avoirdupois ounce units are listed under the gold metal main menu. I advise learning from a commodities trading school first. Then buy and sell.) Gold can be traded in either the Table listed under precious metals or with precious metals.
Is it possible to manage numerous calculations for the weight of other gold volumes on one page? Yes, all in one Au Multiunit Calculator makes it possible to manage just that.
Convert gold measurements between cubic inches (cu in – in3) and pounds (lb) of gold, but vice versa from pounds to cubic inches.
Gold Conversion Result: From Symbol Equals Result To Symbol 1 cubic inch cu in – in3 = 0.70 pounds lb
Precious metals: gold transformation
This online cu in – to lb (precious metal) gold converter is a handy tool and not only for certified or experienced professionals. It can help in selling scrap metal for recycling.
Other uses of this gold calculator are…
With the aforementioned unit calculation service it offers, this gold converter also proved to be a useful educational tool:
1. when exchanging cubic inches and pounds (cu in – in3 vs. lb).
2. for conversion factors Training exercises involving conversions from units of mass/weight vs. units of liquid/volume of liquid.
3. Work with the density values of gold, including other physical properties that this metal has.
International unit symbols for these two gold measures are:
Abbreviation or prefix (abbr. short brevis), unit sign, for cubic inch is: cu in – in3
Abbreviation or prefix (abbr.) brevis – short unit sign for pound is: lb
A cubic inch of gold converted to pounds equals 0.70 lb
How many pounds of gold are in 1 cubic inch? The answer is: The change in 1 cu in – in3 (cubic inch) unit of gold = 0.70 lb (pound) as an equivalent measure of the same type of gold.
In principle, professionals involved in every measurement task ensure that they always and everywhere receive the most accurate conversion results, and their success depends on this. Not just whenever possible, it always is. Having just one good idea ( or ideas ) is often not a perfect or good enough solution. Much too important are subjects with high economic value such as stocks, foreign exchange market and various units in precious metals trading, money, financing (to name just a few of all types of investments). Various matters seek accurate financial advice with a plan first. Particularly accurate prices compared to the sizes of gold can play a crucial/crucial role in investing. If there is an exact known measure in cu in – in3 – cubic inches for the quantity of gold, the rule applies that the number of cubic inches is converted to lb – pounds or some other unit of gold with absolute precision. It’s like insurance for a trader or investor who is buying. And a savings calculator to be more reassured about the amount of e.g. how much industrial commodities are bought long before they are paid for. It’s also part of my retirement fund savings. “Super funds”, as we call them in this country.
How is brass calculated?
As you know, 1brass = 100 cubic ft. and 1cubic meter= 35.315 cubic feet. So, 1 brass = 100/35.315 = 2.831 cubic meter. Inversely, 1 cubic meter = 35.315/100 =0.353 brass.
Wikipedia
The density of brass is 889 g/cm3 What is this in kg/m3?
See some more details on the topic density of brass grams per cubic inch here:
What is the density of brass in grams per cubic inch? – ForNoob
Brass weigh(s) 8.4 gram per (cubic centimeter) x 16.387 cubic centimeters per cubic inch = 137.65 grams per cubic inch …
Source: fornoob.com
Date Published: 2/27/2021
View: 5988
Q3 The density of brass is 84 What do you mean by this …
Q3) The density of brass is 8.4 g c m − 3 g\ cm^{-3} g cm−3. What do you mean by this statement? Answer: Solution: This statement means one cubic centimetre …
Source: www.lidolearning.com
Date Published: 6/7/2022
View: 9398
What is the density of brass in grams per cubic inch? | Study.com
Answer to: What is the density of brass in grams per cubic inch? Brass is the name for a common alloy. It is composed of copper and zinc, which are both…
Source: study.com
Date Published: 5/26/2021
View: 5689
What is the density of brass in g mL? – Swirlzcupcakes.com
Brass: 8.63 g/mL. 9. Copper: 8.93 g/mL. What’s the density of brass? 8.73 g/cm³ (max.)max. Brass …
Source: www.swirlzcupcakes.com
Date Published: 2/11/2022
View: 8298
What is the density of brass in pounds per cubic inch? – Answers
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The relative proportions are varied to make brass with different properties.
Source: math.answers.com
Date Published: 3/30/2022
View: 1151
Top 12 brass density in pounds per cubic inch hay nhất 2022
Tóm tắt: Bài viết về Weight & Density of Aluminum 6061 g/cm3, lbs/in3, …
Source: phohen.com
Date Published: 11/12/2022
View: 93
Density of Brass in g/cm3 – Jiga
The density of Brass is 8.73 g/cm3. The density of the Brass calculated from database of various manufacturing materials. Find out how to convert weight to …
Source: www.jiga.io
Date Published: 11/19/2021
View: 5698
The density of brass is 8.4 g cm^-3 . What do you mean by this …
This statement means one cubic centimetre volume of brass has mass of 8.4 g. · The density of water is 1gm/cm3. What is its value in SI units? · The C.G.S. unit …
Source: www.toppr.com
Date Published: 1/12/2021
View: 1342
What Is The Density Of Brass In LB In3? – Whoat Where Why
By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The density of brass …
Source: whoatwherewhy.com
Date Published: 10/20/2021
View: 9629
Density of Brass in 285 units of density
Food, Nutrients and Calories
CLEMENTEENIES, UPC: 846340023022 contains 53 calories per 100 grams (≈3.53 ounces) [ Price ]
6121 foods containing fatty acids, total trans. List these foods starting with the highest fatty acid, total trans content and the lowest fatty acid, total trans content
Gravel, substances and oils
CaribSea, Marine, Aragonite, Super Reef weigh 1361.6 kg/m³ (85.00191 lb/ft³) with a specific gravity of 1.3616 relative to pure water. Calculate how much of this gravel is needed to reach a given depth [ weight to volume | in a cylindrical, quarter-cylindrical, or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond volume to weight | Price ]
Solid slag weighs 2 114 kg/m³ (131.97271 lb/ft³) [weight to volume | volume to weight | Price | density ]
Volume to weight, weight to volume and cost conversions for refrigerant R-410A, liquid (R410A) with a temperature in the range of -40 °C (-40 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F)
Ball Weight and Density
bullet weight and density
How much does a sphere of a certain diameter weigh in a certain material?
The answer is calculated by multiplying the volume of the sphere by the density of the material.
$\text”weight” = \text”volume” ⋅ \text”density”$
For example, calculate the weight of a two inch diameter lead ball:
$\text”Volume” = {4 ⋅ π ⋅ R^3 }/ 3$
$π$, a universal constant $= 3.1416$
$4 ⋅ π = 12.566$
$R = \text”radius”$
$R = \text”diameter” / 2 = 2 / 2 = 1$
$R^3 = R ⋅ R ⋅ R = 1$
$12.566 ⋅ 1 = $12.566
$12.566 / 3 = $4.1887 cubic inches (is the volume of a 2 inch sphere)
4.1887 times the density of lead, or 0.409 pounds per cubic inch, gives a weight of 1.713 pounds.
What would a three inch diameter lead ball weigh?
The radius of 1.5 inches in cubic equals $3.375 ⋅ 4 ⋅ π = $42.410 divided by 3 equals 14.137 cubic inches times 0.409 (the density of lead) equals 5.782 pounds.
$\text”weight” = \text”volume” ⋅ \text”density”$
$\text”weight” = {4 ⋅ π ⋅ R^3/ 3 } ⋅ 0.409$
$\text”weight” = {4 ⋅ 3.1416 ⋅ {3/2}^3} ⋅ 0.409$
$\text”Weight” = 5.782 \text”Pounds”$
Note that a 1 inch increase in diameter resulted in a 4 pound weight increase. This three inch diameter sphere weighs more than three times the weight of the two inch diameter sphere.
Usual Bullet Material Density (Metric Units) Material Density (grams/cc) 300 Stainless Steel 8.02 Aluminum Alloy 2.73 Brass 8.47 Copper 8.91 Gray Iron 7.2 Lead 11.35 Magnesium 1.77 Monel 8.9 Steel 7.86 Titanium 4.51 Water (Liquid) 1.00 Zinc 7.14
Common Ball Metal Density (English Units) Material Density (lbs/cubic inch) Aluminum 0.0975 Brass 0.3048 Cast Iron 0.26 Copper 0.321 Lead 0.409 Magnesium 0.0628 Steel 0.283 Titanium 0.162 Zinc 0.254
*See also sphere mathematics
**See also: A density measurement conversion tool available at http://www.easyunitconverter.com/density-unit-conversion/density-unit-converter.aspx for converting density units of various materials such as brass, copper , steel and aluminum.
http://www.convertauto.com by Lilly Hammond at NCSU.
Wikipedia
Alloy of copper and zinc
Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), the proportions of which can be varied to achieve different mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties.[1] It is a substitution alloy: atoms of the two components can replace each other within the same crystal structure.
Brass is similar to bronze, another copper-based alloy that uses tin instead of zinc.[2] Both bronze and brass can also contain small amounts of a number of other elements including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), phosphorus (P), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn) and silicon (Si). Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear[3] and modern practice in museums and archeology is increasingly avoiding both terms for historical objects in favor of the more generic “copper alloy”.[4]
Brass has long been a popular decorative material due to its bright, gold-like appearance; Used for drawer handles and doorknobs. It was also widely used to make utensils due to properties such as a low melting point, good machinability (both with hand tools and modern lathes and milling machines), durability, and electrical and thermal conductivity.
Brass is still widely used in applications where corrosion resistance and low friction are required, such as B. locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, zippers, tubing, hose couplings, valves and electrical plugs and sockets. It is used extensively for musical instruments such as horns and bells, and is also used as a substitute for copper in the manufacture of costume jewelry, costume jewelry, and other imitation jewelry. Brass’s composition, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc, makes it a cheap substitute for copper-based jewelry due to its greater resistance to corrosion. For example, brass is not suitable for boat propellers because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper. The tin in bronze does not react with these minerals.
Brass is often used in situations where it is important that no sparks are produced, such as: B. in fittings and tools that are used in the vicinity of flammable or explosive materials.[5]
Properties[edit]
Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. Brass’s relatively low melting point (900 to 940 °C, 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on composition) and its flow properties make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, making hard and soft brasses possible. The density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).[6]
Today almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled.[7] Because brass is not ferromagnetic, it can be separated from ferrous scrap by passing the scrap past a strong magnet. Scrap brass is collected and transported to the foundry where it is melted and cast into billets. Billets are heated and extruded into the desired shape and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of cutting fluid, although there are exceptions to this.[8]
Aluminum makes brass stronger and more resistant to corrosion. Aluminum also causes a very beneficial hard aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) layer to form on the surface, which is thin, transparent and self-healing. Tin has a similar effect and is mainly used in seawater applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganese make brass resistant to wear and tear.[9] Remarkably, the addition of as little as 1% iron to a brass alloy results in an alloy with a noticeable magnetic attraction.[10]
Binary phase diagram
Brass will corrode in the presence of moisture, chlorides, acetates, ammonia and certain acids. This often happens when the copper reacts with sulfur to form a brown and eventually black surface layer of copper sulphide which, if regularly exposed to slightly acidic water such as urban rainwater, can then oxidize in air to form a patina of green-blue copper sulphate .[clarification needed] Depending on how the sulfide/sulfate layer was formed, this layer may protect the underlying brass from further damage.[11]
Although copper and zinc have a large difference in electrical potential, the resulting brass alloy does not experience internalized galvanic corrosion because there is no corrosive environment in the mixture. However, if brass is brought into contact with a more noble metal such as silver or gold in such an environment, the brass will galvanically corrode; On the other hand, if brass comes into contact with a base metal such as zinc or iron, the base metal will corrode and the brass will be protected.
Lead content [ edit ]
To improve the machinability of brass, lead is often added in concentrations of around 2%. Because lead has a lower melting point than the other constituents of brass, it tends to migrate to the grain boundaries in the form of globules as it cools from casting. The pattern that the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available lead surface area, which in turn affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface. These effects can result in significant lead leaching from relatively low lead brass.[12]
In October 1999, the California Attorney sued 13 major manufacturers and distributors for lead content. In laboratory tests, state researchers found that the average brass key, new or old, exceeded the California Proposition 65 limits by an average factor of 19 when handled twice a day.[13] In April 2001, manufacturers agreed to either reduce lead to 1.5% or warn consumers about lead levels. Keys plated with other metals are not affected by the regulation and can continue to use brass alloys with a higher lead content.[14][15]
Also in California, lead-free materials must be used for “every component that comes in contact with the wetted surface of pipe and pipe fittings, plumbing fixtures and fittings”. On January 1, 2010, California reduced the maximum lead content in “lead-free brass” from 4% to 0.25% lead.[16][17]
Corrosion-resistant brass for harsh environments[ edit ]
Brass sampling tap with stainless steel handle
Dezincification Resistant (DZR or DR) brasses, sometimes referred to as CR (Corrosion Resistant) brasses, are used where there is a high risk of corrosion and regular brasses do not meet the requirements. Applications with high water temperatures, the presence of chlorides or deviating water qualities (soft water) play a role. DZR brass is excellent for water boiler systems. This brass alloy must be manufactured with great care, paying particular attention to compositional balance and the right production temperatures and parameters to avoid long-term failures.[18][19]
An example of DZR brass is the brass C352 with about 30% zinc, 61-63% copper, 1.7-2.8% lead and 0.02-0.15% arsenic. Lead and arsenic significantly suppress zinc loss.[20]
“Red brasses”, a family of alloys high in copper and typically less than 15% zinc, are more resistant to zinc loss. One of the metals called “red brass” is 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Also known as “red brass,” copper alloy C23000 contains 84–86% copper, 0.05% each of iron and lead, with the balance being zinc.[21]
Another such material is gunmetal from the red brass family. Gunmetal alloys contain about 88% copper, 8-10% tin and 2-4% zinc. Lead can be added for ease of machining or for bearing alloys.[22]
“Marine brass”, for use in sea water, contains 40% zinc, but also 1% tin. The addition of tin suppresses zinc leaching.[23]
NSF International requires brass containing more than 15% zinc used in plumbing and plumbing fixtures to be dezincification resistant.[24]
Use in musical instruments[edit]
A collection of brass instruments
Brass’s high formability and machinability, relatively good corrosion resistance, and traditionally ascribed acoustic properties have made it the common metal of choice for the construction of musical instruments, whose acoustic resonators consist of long, relatively narrow tubes, often folded or coiled, to be compact ; Silver and its alloys and even gold have been used for the same reasons, but brass is the most economical choice. Collectively known as brass instruments, these include the trombone, tuba, trumpet, cornet, baritone horn, euphonium, tenor horn, and french horn, as well as many other “horns”, many in different sized families, such as the sax horns.
Other wind instruments may be made of brass or other metals, and indeed most modern flutes and student piccolos are made of a variety of brasses, usually a copper-nickel alloy similar to German silver (also known as German silver). Clarinets, particularly low clarinets such as double bass and sub-double bass, are sometimes made of metal due to limited availability of the dense, fine-grained tropical hardwoods traditionally favored for smaller woodwind players. For the same reason, some low clarinets, bassoons, and contrabassoons feature a hybrid construction with long, straight wooden sections and curved metal joints, necks, and/or bells. The use of metal also avoids the risk of exposing wooden instruments to temperature or humidity variations that can cause sudden cracks. Although the saxophones and sarrusophones are classified as woodwind instruments, they are usually made of brass for similar reasons, and because their wide, tapered bores and thin-walled bodies can be more easily and efficiently made by forming sheet metal than by machining wood.
The action of most modern woodwind instruments, including wood-bodied instruments, is also usually made of an alloy such as German silver. Such alloys are stiffer and more durable than the brass used to construct the instrument’s body, yet are still machinable with simple hand tools – a boon for quick repairs. The mouthpieces of both brass instruments and, more rarely, woodwind instruments are often made of brass in addition to other metals.
Besides the brass instruments, brass is most notably used in music in various percussion instruments, particularly cymbals, gongs, and orchestral (tubular) bells (large “church” bells are usually made of bronze). Small handbells and “jingle bells” are also commonly made of brass.
The harmonica is a free-tube aerophone, also often made of brass. In organ pipes of the reed family, strips of brass (called reeds) are used as reeds, striking against the shallot (or, in the case of a “free” reed, striking “through” the shallot). While not belonging to the brass section, snare drums are sometimes made from brass as well. Some parts on electric guitars are also made from brass, notably inertia blocks on tremolo systems for their tonal properties and for string nuts and saddles for both their tonal properties and low friction.
Germicidal and antimicrobial uses[edit]
Brass’s bactericidal properties have been observed for centuries, particularly in marine environments where it prevents biofouling. Depending on the type and concentration of pathogens and the medium in which they reside, brass kills these microorganisms within minutes to hours of contact.[26][27][28]
A large number of independent studies[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] confirm this antimicrobial effect, also against antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA and VRSA. The mechanisms of the antimicrobial action of copper and its alloys, including brass, are the subject of intense and ongoing investigation.[27][33][34]
Season crack[edit]
Cracking of brass due to ammonia attack
Brass is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking,[35] particularly from ammonia or substances that contain or emit ammonia. The problem is sometimes referred to as season cracking after it was first discovered in brass cartridges used in rifle ammunition in the British Indian Army in the 1920s. The problem was caused by high residual stresses from the cold working of the housings during manufacture, along with chemical attack from trace amounts of ammonia in the atmosphere. The cartridges were stored in stables and the ammonia concentration rose during the hot summer months, causing brittle cracks. The problem was solved by annealing the cases and storing the cartridges elsewhere.
Types [ edit ]
Class Weight Percent Notes Copper Zinc Alpha Brass > 65 < 35 Alpha brass is malleable, cold workable and is used in pressing, forging or similar applications. They contain only one phase with a face-centered cubic crystal structure. With their high copper content, these brasses have a more golden hue than others. The alpha phase is a solid substitution solution of zinc in copper. It has properties similar to copper, being tough, strong and somewhat difficult to machine. The best formability is 32% zinc. This includes corrosion-resistant red brasses with 15% zinc or less. Alpha Beta Brass 55-65 35-45 These are also known as duplex brasses and are suitable for hot forming. They contain both α and β' phases; The β' phase is body-centered cubic, with zinc atoms at the center of the cubes, and is harder and stronger than α. Alpha-Beta brass is typically hot worked. Due to the higher proportion of zinc, these brasses are lighter than alpha brasses. With 45% zinc, the alloy has the highest strength. Beta Brass [ citation needed ] 50–55 45–50 Beta brass can only be worked hot and is harder, stronger and suitable for casting. The high zinc content and low copper content means this is among the brightest and least golden of the common brasses. Gamma brass 33–39 61–67 There are also Ag-Zn and Au-Zn gamma brasses, Ag 30–50%, Au 41%.[36] The gamma phase is a cubic lattice intermetallic compound, Cu 5 Zn 8 . White Brass < 50 > 50 These are too brittle for general use. The term can also refer to certain types of German silver alloys, as well as Cu-Zn-Sn alloys with high proportions (typically 40% and more) of tin and/or zinc and predominantly cast zinc alloys with copper additions. These have practically no yellowing, but a much silverier appearance.
Phases other than α, β, and γ are ε, a hexagonal intermetallic CuZn 3 , and η, a solid solution of copper in zinc.
history [edit]
Although forms of brass have been used since prehistory,[48] its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until after the Middle Ages, since the zinc vapor that reacted with copper to form brass was not recognized as a metal. [49] The King James Bible frequently refers to “brass”[50] to translate “nechosheth” (bronze or copper) from Hebrew to English. The Shakespearean English usage of the word “brass” can mean any bronze alloy or copper, an even less accurate definition than the modern one. [51] In Roman times, brass was intentionally made from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process, the product of which was calamine brass, and variations on this method continued through the mid-19th century. It was eventually replaced by tinning, the direct alloying of copper and zinc metal, which was introduced to Europe in the 16th century.[51]
Brass has historically sometimes been referred to as “yellow copper”.
Early copper-zinc alloys[edit]
Copper-zinc alloys from the 3rd millennium BC are now found in western Asia and the eastern Mediterranean. in small numbers from a number of sites from 3rd millennium BC India, Uzbekistan, Iran, Syria, Iraq and Canaan.[55] Scattered examples of copper-zinc alloys have been known in China since the 1st century AD, long after bronze was widely used.[56]
The compositions of these early “brass” objects vary widely and most have zinc contents between 5 and 15% by weight, which is lower than in brass made by cementation.[57] These can be “natural alloys” produced by smelting zinc-rich copper ores under redox conditions. Many have similar tin content to contemporary bronze artefacts, and it is possible that some copper-zinc alloys arose accidentally and perhaps were not even distinguished from copper.[57] However, the large number of copper-zinc alloys known today suggests that at least some were intentionally produced and many have zinc contents in excess of 12% by weight which would have resulted in a characteristic golden colour.
By the 8th to 7th centuries B.C. c. cuneiform Assyrian tablets mention the exploitation of the “copper of the mountains” and this may refer to “natural” brass. “Oreikhalkon” (mountain copper),[60] the ancient Greek translation of this term, was later adapted to Latin auricalcum, meaning “golden copper”, which became the standard term for brass.[61] In the 4th century B.C. Plato knew that orichalcus was as rare and almost as valuable as gold[62] and Pliny describes how Aurichalcum came from Cypriot ore deposits that were depleted by the 1st century AD.[63] X-ray fluorescence analysis of 39 orichalcum ingots recovered from a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off Sicily revealed that it was an alloy of 75-80% copper, 15-20% zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron . 64][65]
Roman world[edit]
7th-century Persian jug in brass with copper inlay
In the later half of the first millennium B.C. From about 1000 BC, the use of brass spread over a wide geographical area, from Britain[66] and Spain[67] in the west to Iran and India in the east.[68] This seems to have been encouraged by exports and influences from the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean, where the intentional production of brass from copper and zinc metallic ores was introduced.[69] The 4th century BC writer Theopompus quoted by Strabo. describes how heating soil from Andeira in Turkey produced “droplets of false silver,” probably metallic zinc, which could be used to convert copper into oriharukon.[70] In the 1st century B.C. BC, the Greek Dioscorides seems to have recognized a connection between zinc minerals and brass, describing how cadmia (zinc oxide) was found on the walls of furnaces used to heat zinc ore or copper, and explaining that it was then used can make brass.[71]
By the first century B.C. Brass was available in sufficient quantity to be used as coinage in Phrygia and Bithynia,[72] and after the Augustan currency reform of 23 B.C. It was also used to make Roman dupondii and sesterces from around 1000 BC.[73] The uniform use of brass for coinage and military equipment throughout the Roman world may indicate some degree of state involvement in the industry,[74][75] and brass appears to have been deliberately boycotted even by Jewish communities in Palestine for its association with to be Roman authority.[76]
Brass was made through the cementing process, in which copper and zinc ore are heated together until zinc vapor is formed, which reacts with the copper. There is good archaeological evidence for this process and crucibles used to produce brass by cementing have been found at Roman-era sites including Xanten[77] and Nidda[78] in Germany, Lyon in France[79] and one Range of sites in Britain.[80] They vary in size from tiny, acorn-sized jars to large amphora-like jars, but all have increased zinc content inside and are lidded.[79] They show no evidence of slag or metal prills, suggesting that zinc minerals were heated to produce zinc vapor, which reacted with metallic copper in a solid-state reaction. The fabric of these crucibles is porous, presumably to prevent pressure build-up, and many have small holes in the lids that can be used to relieve pressure[79] or to add additional zinc minerals towards the end of the process. Dioscorides mentioned that zinc minerals were used for both the working and finishing of brass, possibly indicating secondary additions.[81]
Brass produced during the early Roman period appears to contain between 20% and 28% zinc by weight.[81] The high zinc content in coins and brass objects declined after the first century AD and it has been suggested that this reflects zinc loss during recycling and a disruption in the production of new brass.[73] However, it is now believed that this was probably an intentional change in composition[82] and overall the use of brass increased during this period, accounting for about 40% of all copper alloys used in the Roman world by the 4th century AD. were used.[83]
Middle Ages [edit]
Little is known about brass production in the centuries immediately following the collapse of the Roman Empire. Disruptions in the trade of tin for bronze from Western Europe may have contributed to the increasing popularity of brass in the East, and by the 6th–7th centuries AD over 90% of copper alloy artefacts from Egypt were brass. However, other alloys such as low-tin bronze were also used, and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the metal’s intended use, and access to zinc, particularly between the Islamic and Byzantine worlds.[85] Conversely, the use of real brass in western Europe seems to have declined during this period in favor of gunmetal and other mixed alloys,[86] but by about 1000 brass artifacts are found in Scandinavian tombs in Scotland,[87] brass was used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria[88] and there is archaeological and historical evidence of the production of calamine brass in Germany[77] and the Netherlands[89], areas rich in calamine ore.
These places remained important centers of brass production throughout the Middle Ages,[90] in particular Dinant. Brass objects are still collectively referred to as Dinanderie in French. The baptismal font of St. Bartholomew’s Church in Liège, Belgium (before 1117) is an outstanding masterpiece of Romanesque cast brass, but is also often referred to as bronze. The metal of the early 12th century Gloucester candlestick is unusual even by medieval standards, being a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony and arsenic with an unusually high silver content of 22.5% Base on 5.76% in the pan under the candle. The proportions of this mixture may indicate that the candlestick was made from a hoard of ancient coins, probably late Roman.[91] Latte is a term for decorative borders and similar items cut from sheet metal, be it brass or bronze. Aquamaniles were typically made of brass in both the European and Islamic worlds.
The cementation process continued to be used, but literary sources from both Europe and the Islamic world seem to describe variants of a higher-temperature liquid process that took place in open-topped crucibles.[92] In Islamic cementing, zinc oxide, known as tutiya or tutty, appears to have been used in place of zinc ores for brass manufacture, resulting in a metal with fewer iron impurities.[93] A number of Islamic writers and the 13th-century Italian Marco Polo describe how this was obtained by sublimation from zinc ores and condensed onto clay or iron ingots, archaeological examples of which have been identified at Kush in Iran.[94] It could then be used for brass making or medicinal purposes. In the 10th century, al-Hamdani of Yemen described how sprinkling al-iglimiya, probably zinc oxide, on the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor, which then reacted with the metal.[95] The 13th-century Iranian writer al-Kashani describes a more complex process in which tutiya was mixed with raisins and gently roasted before being added to the surface of the molten metal. A temporary lid was added at this point, presumably to minimize the escape of zinc fumes.[96]
In Europe, a similar liquid process took place in open-topped crucibles, which was probably less efficient than the Roman process, and Albertus Magnus’ use of the term tutty in the 13th century suggests an influence of Islamic technology.[97] The 12th-century German monk Theophilus described how preheated crucibles were one-sixth filled with calamine powder and charcoal, then topped up with copper and charcoal before being melted, stirred, and refilled. The final product was cast and then melted again with calamine. It has been suggested that this second melting may have occurred at a lower temperature to allow more zinc to be absorbed.[98] Albertus Magnus noted that Calamine and Tutty’s “power” could evaporate and described how the addition of glass powder could create a film to bond it to the metal.[99] German brass crucibles are known from 10th-century AD Dortmund and from 13th-century Soest and Schwerte in Westphalia, and corroborate Theophilus’ account as they are open at the top, although ceramic disks from Soest may have served as loose lids on the may have been used to reduce zinc evaporation and have slag inside resulting from a liquid process.
Africa [edit]
Some of the most famous objects in African art are the lost-wax castings of West Africa, mainly from present-day Nigeria, made first by the Kingdom of Ife and then by the Benin Empire. Although usually referred to as “bronzes”, the Benin bronzes now mainly in the British Museum and other Western collections, and the large portrait heads such as the bronze head of Ife, made of “heavy-lead zinc brass”, and the bronze head of Queen Idia, are both also British Museum, are better described as brass, although of different composition.[101] Works in brass or bronze continued to play an important role in Benin art and other West African traditions such as the Akan goldweights, where the metal was considered a more valuable material than in Europe.
Renaissance and post-medieval Europe[edit]
The Renaissance saw important changes in both the theory and practice of brass manufacture in Europe. From the 15th century there is evidence of the renewed use of cement crucibles with lids in Zwickau, Germany.[102] These large crucibles were capable of producing about 20 kg of brass.[103] Inside there are traces of slag and metal parts. Their irregular composition suggests that this was a non-fully liquid, lower-temperature process.[104] The crucible lids had small holes that were plugged with clay plugs towards the end of the process, presumably to maximize zinc absorption in the final stages.[105] Then triangular crucibles were used to melt the brass for casting.[106]
Technical writers of the 16th century such as Biringuccio, Ercker and Agricola described a variety of techniques for making cement brass and came closer to understanding the true nature of the process by noting that copper became heavier as it became brass and that it more golden was added as additional calamine was added.[107] Zinc metal was also becoming more common. Bis 1513 kamen metallische Zinkbarren aus Indien und China nach London, und ab etwa 1550 wurden Zinkpellets, die in Ofenabzügen am Rammelsberg in Deutschland kondensiert wurden, für die Zementmessingherstellung genutzt.[108]
Schließlich wurde entdeckt, dass metallisches Zink mit Kupfer legiert werden kann, um Messing herzustellen, ein Prozess, der als Verzinkung bekannt ist,[109] und 1657 hatte der deutsche Chemiker Johann Glauber erkannt, dass Galmei „nichts anderes als unschmelzbares Zink“ und dass Zink a war “halbreifes Metall”.[110] Einige frühere Messingteile mit hohem Zinkgehalt und niedrigem Eisengehalt, wie die Wightman-Gedenktafel aus Messing von 1530 aus England, wurden möglicherweise durch Legieren von Kupfer mit Zink hergestellt und enthalten Spuren von Cadmium, die denen ähneln, die in einigen Zinkbarren aus China gefunden wurden.
Der Zementierungsprozess wurde jedoch nicht aufgegeben, und noch im frühen 19. Jahrhundert gibt es Beschreibungen der Festkörperzementierung in einem Kuppelofen bei etwa 900–950 °C und einer Dauer von bis zu 10 Stunden.[111] Die europäische Messingindustrie blühte bis in die nachmittelalterliche Zeit hinein weiter auf, angetrieben von Innovationen wie der Einführung wasserbetriebener Hämmer zur Herstellung von Batteriewaren im 16. Jahrhundert.[112] Bis 1559 war allein die deutsche Stadt Aachen in der Lage, 300.000 cwt Messing pro Jahr zu produzieren.[112] Nach mehreren Fehlstarts während des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts wurde die Messingindustrie auch in England gegründet, indem sie sich die reichlichen Vorräte an billigem Kupfer zunutze machten, das in den neuen kohlebefeuerten Nachhallöfen geschmolzen wurde.[113] 1723 patentierte der Messinghersteller Nehemiah Champion aus Bristol die Verwendung von granuliertem Kupfer, das durch Gießen von geschmolzenem Metall in kaltes Wasser hergestellt wurde.[114] Dadurch vergrößerte sich die Oberfläche des Kupfers, was ihm bei der Reaktion behilflich war, und mit dieser neuen Technik wurden Zinkgehalte von bis zu 33 Gew.-% berichtet.[115]
1738 patentierte Nehemiahs Sohn William Champion eine Technik für die erste Destillation von metallischem Zink im industriellen Maßstab, die als Destillation per Descencum oder “das englische Verfahren” bekannt ist. Dieses lokale Zink wurde beim Speltern verwendet und ermöglichte eine bessere Kontrolle über den Zinkgehalt von Messing und die Herstellung von Kupferlegierungen mit hohem Zinkgehalt, die durch Zementierung schwierig oder unmöglich herzustellen gewesen wären, für die Verwendung in teuren Objekten wie wissenschaftlichen Instrumenten, Uhren, Messingknöpfe und Modeschmuck.[118] Champion verwendete jedoch weiterhin die billigere Galmei-Zementierungsmethode, um Messing mit niedrigem Zinkgehalt herzustellen,[118] und die archäologischen Überreste bienenkorbförmiger Zementierungsöfen wurden in seinen Werken in Warmley identifiziert.[119] Mitte bis Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts erhöhten Entwicklungen bei der billigeren Zinkdestillation wie die Horizontalöfen von John-Jaques Dony in Belgien und die Senkung der Zölle auf Zink[120] sowie die Nachfrage nach korrosionsbeständigen Legierungen mit hohem Zinkgehalt die Popularität des Verzinnens und infolgedessen wurde die Zementierung Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts weitgehend aufgegeben.
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