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These include flowstones, stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, soda straws and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems.
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NAME SOMETHING YOU’D FIND IN A CAVE: Text or Die …
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Wikipedia
Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
“Cavern” redirects here. For other uses, see Cave (disambiguation)
A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground,[1][2] specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves are often formed by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word cave can refer to smaller openings such as sea caves, rock shelters and grottos that extend relatively short in the rock and are called exogenous caves. Cavities that extend further underground than the opening is wide are called endogenous caves.[3][4]
Speleology is the science of exploring and studying all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be referred to as spelunking, spelunking, or spelunking.
Formation types [ edit ]
The formation and development of caves is known as speleogenesis; it can occur over millions of years.[5] Caves can vary greatly in size and are formed by various geological processes. These can involve a combination of chemical processes, water erosion, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure and atmospheric influences. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments to determine the timescale of geological events that formed and shaped modern-day caves.[5]
It is estimated that a cave cannot be more than 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) vertically below the surface due to the pressure of the overlying rocks. However, this does not set a maximum depth for a cave measured from the highest entrance to the deepest point, as the amount of rock above the deepest point depends on the topography of the landscape above. For karst caves, the maximum depth is determined based on the lower limit of the karst formation processes, which coincides with the base of the soluble carbonate rock.[6] Most caves are formed in limestone by dissolution.[7]
Caves can also be classified in several other ways, including a contrast between active and relic: active caves have water flowing through them; Relic Caverns do not, although water can be retained within them. Types of active caves include inflow caves (“into which a stream descends”), outflow caves (“from which a stream emerges”), and through-flow caves (“crossed by a stream”).
Solution [ edit ]
Solution caves or karst caves are the most common caves. Such caves form in soluble rock; Most are found in limestone, but they can also form in other rocks such as chalk, dolomite, marble, salt, and gypsum. Rock is dissolved by natural acidity in groundwater that seeps through bedding planes, faults, fissures, and similar structures. Over time, cracks enlarge into caves and cave systems.
The largest and most common solution caves are in the limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater laden with H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) and naturally occurring organic acids. The dissolution process creates a distinctive landform known as karst, characterized by sinkholes and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with calcium carbonate formations formed by slow precipitation. These include dripstones, stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, soda stalks and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems.
The parts of a solution cave that lie below the water table or the local water table will be flooded.[9]
Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico and nearby Carlsbad Cave are believed to be examples of a different type of solution cave. They were formed by H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide) gas rising from below where oil reservoirs give off sulphurous fumes. This gas mixes with groundwater and forms H 2 SO 4 (sulphuric acid). The acid then loosens the limestone from below rather than above, with acidic water seeping from the surface.
Primary [ edit ]
Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called primary caves.
Lava tubes are formed by volcanic activity and are the most common primary caves. As lava flows downhill, its surface cools and solidifies. Hot liquid lava continues to flow beneath this crust, and when most of it flows out, leaving a hollow tube. Such caves are found in the Canary Islands, in Jeju-do, in the basaltic plains of eastern Idaho, and elsewhere. Kazumura Cave near Hilo, Hawaii is a remarkably long and deep lava tube. It is 65.6 km long (40.8 mi).
Lava caves include, but are not limited to, lava tubes. Other caves formed by volcanic activity include fissures, lava forms, open vertical channels, inflationary bubbles, and bubbles, among others.[10]
Sea or coast[ edit ]
Sea caves can be found on coasts around the world. A special case are coastal caves, which are formed by wave action in weak zones of sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they can also be dikes or bedding plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level due to later uplift. Elsewhere, in places like Phang Nga Bay in Thailand, solution caves have been inundated by the sea and are now subject to coastal erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5 to 50 meters (16 to 164 ft) long but can exceed 300 meters (980 ft).
Corrosion or Erosion[ edit ]
Corrosion or erosion caves are those formed entirely by erosion from flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rock like granite. In general, there has to be a zone of weakness to guide the water, such as B. a warp or a seam. A subtype of erosion cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-borne sediments.[10] Many caves originally formed by solution processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosion or vadose expansion in which active streams or rivers flow through them.
Glacier[ edit ]
Glacial caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water in and under glaciers. The cavities are affected by the very slow flow of ice, which tends to collapse the caves again. Glacial caves are sometimes incorrectly referred to as “ice caves”, although this latter term is actually reserved for bedrock caves that contain ice formations year-round.
break [ edit ]
Fracture cavities form when layers of more soluble minerals, such as gypsum, break out between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks break and collapse into boulders.[11]
Talus [ edit ]
Talus caves are formed by the openings between large boulders that have fallen into a random pile, often at the base of cliffs.[12] These unstable deposits are called talus or boulders and are often subject to rockfalls and landslides.
Anchialin[edit]
Anchialine caves are usually coastal caves containing a mixture of fresh and salt water (usually sea water). They are found in many parts of the world and often contain highly specialized and endemic fauna.[13]
Physical patterns[ edit ]
Branching cavities resemble dendritic current patterns on the surface; They are made up of passages that join downstream as tributaries. Branching caves are the most common cave patterns and are formed near sinkholes where groundwater collects. Each passage or branch is fed from a separate recharge source and converges into other higher-order branches downstream. [14]
resemble dendritic current patterns on the surface; They are made up of passages that join downstream as tributaries. Branching caves are the most common cave patterns and are formed near sinkholes where groundwater collects. Each passage or branch is fed from a separate recharge source and converges into other higher-order branches downstream. Angular network cavities form from intersecting fractures of carbonate rock whose fractures have been widened by chemical erosion. These breaks form tall, narrow, straight passages that persist in extended closed loops. [14]
are formed from intersecting fissures of carbonate rock whose fractures have been widened by chemical erosion. These breaks form tall, narrow, straight passages that persist in extended closed loops. Anastomotic cavities largely resemble braided surface currents, the passages of which separate and then meet drainage further down. They usually form along a bed or structure and only rarely cross into upper or lower beds. [14]
largely resemble braided surface streams, with their passages separating and then meeting the drainage further down. They usually form along a bed or structure and only rarely cross into upper or lower beds. Sponge work cavities are formed when solution cavities are joined by mixing chemically different waters. The cavities form a three-dimensional and random pattern resembling a sponge. [14]
are formed when solution voids are joined by mixing chemically dissimilar water. The cavities form a three-dimensional and random pattern resembling a sponge. Ramiform caves form as irregular large rooms, galleries and passages. These randomly arranged three-dimensional spaces are formed from a rising water table eroding the carbonate rock with hydrogen sulfide-enriched water. [14]
Form as irregular large rooms, galleries and passages. These randomly arranged three-dimensional spaces are formed from a rising water table eroding the carbonate rock with hydrogen sulfide-enriched water. Pit caves (vertical caves, potholes, or simply “pits”) consist of a vertical shaft rather than a horizontal cave passage. They may or may not be associated with any of the above structural patterns.
Geographical distribution[ edit ]
Finland) An entrance of Torhola Cave in Lohja
Caves can be found all over the world, although the distribution of the documented cave system is heavily biased toward the countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are widespread in Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania, but sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica.
This is a gross generalization since large parts of North America and Asia contain no documented burrows, while areas such as the dry deciduous forests of Madagascar and parts of Brazil contain many documented burrows. As the world’s expanses of soluble bedrock are explored by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example, despite containing about half of the world’s exposed limestone – more than 1,000,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi) – China has relatively few documented caves.
Records and superlatives[ edit ]
Five longest measured [ edit ]
Ecology [ edit ]
Cave dwellers are often categorized into troglobites (species confined in caves), troglophiles (species that can spend their entire lives in caves but are also found in other environments), trogloxenes (species that use caves but cannot fully complete their life cycle). in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of the previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (e.g. stygobites, stygophiles, and stygoxenes).
Of these animals, perhaps the most unusual organisms are the troglobites. Troglobite species often exhibit a set of traits called troglomorphs associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These traits may include loss of pigment (often resulting in pale or white coloration), loss of eyes (or at least optical functionality), elongation of appendages, and enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to perceive vibrations in water). ). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), like the critically endangered Alabama cave shrimp, live in bodies of water found in burrows and obtain nutrients from detritus washed up into their burrows and from the droppings of bats and other cave dwellers. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish and cave salamanders such as the olm and Texas blind salamander.
Cave insects such as Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 millimeters (0.067 in) in length. They have a wide distribution and have been studied quite extensively. Most specimens are females, but a male specimen was collected from St Cuthbert’s Swalet in 1969.
Bats such as the gray bat and Mexican free-tailed bat are trogloxenes and are often found in caves. They look for food outside the burrows. Some species of cave crickets are classified as trogloxenes because they roost in burrows during the day and forage above ground at night.
Due to the fragility of cave ecosystems and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves are home to a number of endangered species, such as the toothed cave spider, the Liphistius trapdoor spider, and the gray bat.
Caves are frequented by many surface animals, including humans. Due to the lack of light and food, these are usually relatively short-lived raids.
Cave entrances often have typical flora. For example, in the eastern temperate United States, burrow entrances are most commonly (and often densely) populated by the onion fern Cystopteris bulbifera.
Archaeological and cultural significance[ edit ]
Taíno petroglyphs in a cave in Puerto Rico
Throughout history, primitive peoples have used caves. The earliest human fossils found in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai B, Drimolen, Malapa, Cooper’s D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat Caves have produced a number of early human species that arose between three and one million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba and Paranthropus robustus. However, it is not generally believed that these early humans lived in the caves, rather that they were brought into the caves by carnivores who killed them.
Also, the first early hominid found in Africa in 1924, the Taung Child, originated for many years from a cave where it had been dumped after being scavenged by an eagle. However, this is now being discussed (Hopley et al., 2013; Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.). Caves form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau including the Early, Middle and Late Stone Age site of Wonderwerk Cave; However, the caves that form along the edge of the escarpment, like that conjectured for the Taung Child, are formed in a secondary limestone deposit called tuff. There is ample evidence of other early human species that inhabited caves in different parts of the world at least a million years ago, including Homo erectus in China in Zhoukoudian, Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa in the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat), Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at the archaeological site of Atapuerca, Homo floresiensis in Indonesia and the Denisova people of southern Siberia.
In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves for shelter, beginning around 180,000 years ago when they first learned to use the sea.[22] The oldest known site is PP13B at Pinnacle Point. This may have enabled rapid human expansion from Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at Giant’s Castle. Caves like the Yaodong in China served as shelters; other caves were used for burial (e.g. rock tombs) or as religious sites (e.g. Buddhist caves). Well-known sacred caves include China’s Cave of a Thousand Buddhas[23] and the Sacred Caves of Crete.
Caves and Acoustics[ edit ]
The importance of sounds in caves predates a modern understanding of acoustics. Archaeologists have discovered relationships between dot and line paintings at specific resonance areas in the caves of Spain and France, as well as instruments depicting Palaeolithic motifs,[24] indicators of musical events and rituals. In areas with notable acoustics, clusters of paintings were often found, sometimes even mimicking the sounds of the animals depicted on the walls. It has also been theorized that the human voice is used as an echolocation device to navigate through darker areas of the caves where torches were less useful. Dots of red ocher are often found in most resonant spaces where painting has been too difficult to produce. Singing is said to be the most efficient way to explore caves here.[26]
Caves continue to serve modern-day explorers of acoustics. Today, Cumberland Caverns offer one of the finest examples of the modern musical use of caves. Caves are used not only for reverberation, but also for the deadening properties of their unusual faces. The irregularities in the walls of Cumberland Caverns scatter sounds bouncing off the walls, giving the space an almost recording-studio quality.[27] During the 20th century, musicians began exploring the possibility of using caves as venues for clubs and concert halls, including artists such as Dinah Shore, Roy Acuff and Benny Goodman. Unlike today, these early performances usually took place in the openings of the caves, as the lack of technology made the depths of the interior inaccessible with musical equipment.[28] A working organ was developed at Luray Caverns, Virginia, which produces sound by striking mallets on stalactites, each of which has a different pitch.[29]
See also[edit]
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